Criteria and Indicators for Sustainable Plantation Forestry in Indonesia
Plantation Forestry: A Global Look
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Transcript of Plantation Forestry: A Global Look
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Plantation Forestry: A Global Look
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Forest Area: 3,952,025,000 ha
Woodland Area: 1,375,829,000 ha
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620,138,943 m3 wood (USDA 2008)
620,138,943 m3 wood (USDA 2008)
620,138,943 m3 wood (USDA 2008)
620,138,943 m3 wood (USDA 2008)
620,138,943 m3 wood (USDA 2008)
Annual World Wood Removal
3.1 billion cubic meters
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Total Wood Removal 2005: 3.1 billion cubic meters
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Rank Country Productive Protective Total Percent
Plantation Plantation Plantation Plantation
million ha
1 China 28.5 2.8 31.4 15.9%
2 USA 17.1 0.0 17.1 5.6%
3 Russian Federation 11.9 5.1 17.0 2.1%
4 Brazil 5.4 0.0 5.4 1.1%
5 Sudan 4.7 0.7 5.4 8.0%
6 Indonesia 3.4 0.0 3.4 3.8%
7 Chile 2.7 0.0 2.7 16.5%
8 Thailand 2.0 1.1 3.1 21.3%
9 France 2.0 0.0 2.0 12.7%
10 Turkey 1.9 0.6 2.5 24.9%
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The Gorilla in the Room
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The Gorilla in the Room
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Let’s Do The Math
• Current World Population: 6,785,564,850• Forest/Woodland Area (ha): 5,327,854,000
• Forest/Woodland per Person
ha 1.278506,785,564,
0005,327,854,
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Role of Plantations: Benefits
• Plantations are < 4% of land base, but supply 35% of global roundwood
• Increased productivity over natural forests– e.g., loblolly pine (400% increase)
• Natural Stand: 42 tons per acre
• Intensively Managed Plantation: 210 tons per acre
• Restoration of Degraded Lands
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Copper Basin Tennessee
Restoration of Degraded Lands
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Role of Plantations: Potential Tradeoffs
• Biodiversity• Environmental Services• Impact on Local Communities• Nutrient Depletion• Monocultures of Exotics
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How can silviculture enhance productivity to such a degree?
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Tree Species
• Physiologically suited to establishing on exposed sites and growing in competition
• Examples– Pinus spp. (e.g., loblolly pine, radiata pine)– Eucalyptus spp.– Acacia spp.– Populus spp. (cottonwood, aspen, improved hybrids)– Douglas-fir– Norway spruce– Black locust
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Tree Planting and Density Management
• Seed, seedling, or vegetative propagation
• Initial plantation spacing controls stand development and growth rates
• Thinning can be used to alter growing space utilization during rotation
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Genetic Improvement
• Seed, Seedling, or Vegetative Propagation
• Traditional breeding programs– “Natural” selection– Improved seed orchards
• Hybrids and Clones– Pitch x loblolly pine hybrid
– Hybrid poplar (cottonwood x Black Poplar)
• Biotechnology and clonal forestry
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Loblolly Pine Improvement Program
• Open pollinated– $45 to $70 per 1000 seedlings
• Mass controlled pollinated– $140 to $230 per 1000 seedlings
• Varietal– Produced through embryogenesis– $400 per 1000 seedlings
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FlexStand System
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Site Preparation
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Competition Control
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Fertilization
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Loblolly Pine
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Plantations and Diversity
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Fundamental dissimilarities between naturally regenerating stands and plantations
• Diversity in plant species composition
• Configuration of vertical layers and horizontal patterns of vegetation
– Differences in branching patterns and lower uniformity in within-stand tree height contribute to greater diversity in older natural stands
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14 Year Old Loblolly Pine Plantation – 9 ft x 9ft Spacing
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Habitat quality of any given plantation (any forest stand) is defined by:– Within-stand characteristics – Adjacent land-uses– Alternative land-use– Cumulative landscape-scale and regional-scale land-use
patterns
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Plantation Establishment, Past, and Alternative Land-Use
Scenarios• Pine plantation replacing a mature stand of mixed
pine-hardwoods
• Pine plantation establishment on highly erodible cropland
• Mature stand of mixed pine-hardwoods replaced by:– Pine plantation– A housing development or Walmart
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Reading:
M. J. Hartley. 2002. Rationale and methods for conserving biodiversity in plantations forests. Forest Ecology and Management 155:81-95.
• Management considerations– Harvest– Species composition– Site-preparation– Tending
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M. J. Hartley. 2002. Rationale and methods for conserving biodiversity in plantations forests. Forest Ecology and Management 155:81-95.
• Harvest Considerations– Retain legacy trees
• Dispersed individuals• Aggregated clumps• Linear strips• Riparian buffer strips
– Size/shape– Regeneration type
• Incorporate irregular shelterwood or selection systems
– Lengthen rotations
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M. J. Hartley. 2002. Rationale and methods for conserving biodiversity in plantations forests. Forest Ecology and Management 155:81-95.
• Species composition– Favor natives over exotics– Spatially and temporally juxtapose exotic and native stands– Maintain genetic diversity– Mixed species stands
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M. J. Hartley. 2002. Rationale and methods for conserving biodiversity in plantations forests. Forest Ecology and Management 155:81-95.
• Site preparation– Avoid intensive, soil disturbing site preparation– Retain snags and course woody debris– Prescribed fire to promote native understory species where
appropriate
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M. J. Hartley. 2002. Rationale and methods for conserving biodiversity in plantations forests. Forest Ecology and Management 155:81-95.
• Tending– Thin some plantation early and heavy to promote diverse
understory– Retain unthinned plantations– Mosaic of thinned and unthinned plantations– Avoid complete competition control with herbicides