Plant Names and Iden-ficaon · • Species were originally iden-fied as a group of plants that...
Transcript of Plant Names and Iden-ficaon · • Species were originally iden-fied as a group of plants that...
PlantNamesandIden-fica-on
ThemostfunyoucouldpossiblyhaveonaSaturdaymorninginApril!
PresentedbyLauraCaddy,April21,2018
CommonNames
• OGeneasytoremember.• Canbeverydescrip-ve.– Use
• Sugarmaple– Colour
• Redosierdogwood– Formorhabit
• CreepingJenny– Dangerousorobnoxious
• Poisonoak• Bindweed
Dianthusgra,anopolitanus'Bath'sPink'
CommonNames
• Noregula-ons.– Thereforeso“correct”commonname.
– Noproperwaytowritethem.
• OGendifferinregions,language.• Onespeciesmayhavemanycommonnames.
• Onecommonnamemaybeusedformanycompletelydifferentspecies.
CommonNamesAustrocedruschilensis:Chilean
cedar
Calocedrusdecurrens:incensecedarChamaecyparislawsoniana:Port
Orfordcedar
C.thyoides:Atlan-cwhitecedarCryptomeriajaponica:Japanese
cedarCupressuslusitanica:Mexicanwhite
cedarC.nootkatensis:yellowceda
Juniperusbermudiana:Bermudacedar
J.virginiana:easternredcedarLibocedrusbidwillii:NewZealand
cedarThujaoccidentalis:easternwhite
cedar
Thujaplicata:westernredcedarWiddringtoniacedarbergensis:
ClanwilliamcedarCedrelaodorata:Spanishcedar
Toonaciliata:Australianredcedar
Cedrusspp.:Lebanon,Atlas,Deodarcedar
Tamarixspp.:saltcedar
Taxonomy
• Kingdom• Division• Class• Order• Family
• Genus• Species
Family
• agroupoflikeplants• thehighestclassifica-onweasgardenersgenerallyuse.
• OGenhavequitedis-nctvisiblefeaturesthatunitethem
• Endinaceae(unlessyou’reBri-sh…)– Asteraceae=Compositae– Lamiaceae=Labiatae– Brassicaceae=Cruciferae
Genus
• Plural:genera• adefinedgroupwithinaFamily
• alwaysfirstlebercapitalized,andwribeninitalics
Abies
Magnolia
Species
• Specieswereoriginallyiden-fiedasagroupofplantsthatwereinter-fer-le
• Abinomialname Genus+specificepithet=species
• Specificepithetlowercaseanditalicized. Thujaplicata
Cul-vars
• AKAcul-vatedvarie-es• Acul-varisagene-callyuniqueplantselectedforaspecifictrait.– Theplantmaybenaturallyoccurring,orbred.
• Propagatedasexually(cloned)• Acul-varnameneedstoberegistered• Cul-varnamescomeattheendofthescien-ficname
Trilliumgrandiflorum‘FlorePleno’Hosta‘TinyTears’
BotanicalLa-n
“How[scien-ficnamesofplants]arepronouncedreallymaberslibleprovidedtheysoundpleasantandareunderstoodbyallconcerned.”
-WilliamTStearn,BotanicalLa,n
BotanicalLa-n
WhyLa-n?• Commonacademiclanguagewhenthebinomialsystemwasstarted(Linnaeus,1753)
• Manywordsadapted,created,orgivennewdefini-onstofacilitatedescribingplantsindetail– Resultedina“new”unifyinglanguagetocommunicateaboutplantsaroundtheworld
BotanicalLa-n?
• AncientGreekalsooGenadaptedandusedinscien-ficbotanicallanguage
• Manynounsusedtonameplantsretainlanguageororigin
Pronuncia-on
Severalwaystopronouncela-n– Different,dependingonfirstlanguageorregion– AsEnglishspeakers,twomainones
• English(tradi-onal)– usedbybotanists,gardeners
• Reformed– Usedbyacademic,classicalscholars
Pronuncia-on:Vowels
• Everyvoweltypicallypronounced– Exceptpairspronouncedasonesound(diphthong)
• ae,au,ei,eu,oe,ui– Includingwhenwordendsinvowel
Cotoneaster Sphaerocephala-Co-to-ne-as-ter -Sphaer-o-ceph-a-la-Not:coton-easter -Not:spha-er-o-ceph-a-laLiriope-Li-ri-o-pee-Not:Li-ri-op
Pronuncia-on:Vowels
Anigozanthos
Pronuncia-on:Vowels
AnigozanthosAn-i-go-zan-thos
Pronuncia-on:Vowels
AnigozanthosAn-i-go-zan-thos
Silene
Pronuncia-on:Vowels
AnigozanthosAn-i-go-zan-thos
Silene
Si-le-nee
Pronuncia-on:Vowels
AnigozanthosAn-i-go-zan-thos
Silene
Si-le-nee
Pseudotsugamenziesii
Pronuncia-on:Vowels
AnigozanthosAn-i-go-zan-thos
Silene
Si-le-nee
Pseudotsugamenziesii
Pseu-do-tsu-gamen-zies-i-i
Pronuncia-on:Consonants
• Ch=K– Chlorophyll
• J=j– Juncus
• Ph=f– Macrophyllus
Pronuncia-on:Emphasis
• Wordsoftwosyllables
– Emphasizefirst • Rosa=RO-sa• Acer=A-cer
Pronuncia-on:Emphasis
• Threeormoresyllables
– Emphasizesecondtolast(penul-mate)when:– Vowelisfollowedby2consonants
» Cornuscanadensis:COR-nuscan-a-DEN-sis– Vowelislong
» Equisetum:E-qui-SE-tum
– Emphasizethethirdtolastwhen:• Thepenul-matesyllablehasashortvowel
– Lilium:LI-li-um– Chrysanthemum:chry-SAN-the-mum
BotanicalLa-n
“How[scien-ficnamesofplants]arepronouncedreallymaberslibleprovidedtheysoundpleasantandareunderstoodbyallconcerned.”
-WilliamTStearn,BotanicalLa,n
Pronuncia-on:Emphasis
Whenindoubt,gowithwhatsoundspleasingtoyou.
• Clema,s:
– CLE-ma--s,Cle-MA--s• Cyclamen:
– sci-CLA-men,SICK-la-men
Pronuncia-on
Proper(peopleorplace)names– Ideally,rootwordispronouncesasinoriginallanguage
• Suffix,asinLa-n– Realis-cally,inLa-n,English,ororiginallanguage.Dependson
name
– Fuchsia• NamedaGerGermanbotanistLeonhartFuchs
– Kniphofia• NamedaGerGermanbotanistH.Kniphof• K-nip-of-i-a(aspronouncedinGerman)• Ni-FO-fi-a,nip-HO-fe-a(morecommonbygardeners)
Pronuncia-on
Proper(peopleorplace)names– Halesiacarolina
• NamedaGerEnglishphysiologistReverendHales• English=HALES-i-a,La-n=Hal-ES-i-a
– Paeoniamlokosewitschii• NamedaGerPolishbotanistLudwikMlokosiewicz
• Molly-the-witch
La-nSuffixes
Theendofthespeciesnamecanbeinforma-ve.
Namedreferencingpeople:…iae(f),…ii(m),…iana(f),…ianus(m)• Irisdanfordiae• Rhododendronmenziesii• Piceasmithiana
La-nSuffixes
Theendofthespeciesnamecanbeinforma-ve.
Namedreferencingcountry/placeorgrowth
…sis(m),…is(f),…e(n)
• As,llbechinensis• Thujaoccidentalis• Cirsiumarvense
La-nSuffixes
Theendofthespeciesnamecanbeinforma-ve
Indica-ngresemblance…oides,…eum,…opsis• Catalpabignonioides• Schizophragmahydrangeoides• Sempervivumarachnoideum• Echinopsis
Transla-ngLa-n
Specificepithetsareeithernouns(propernames)oradjec-ves(descrip-ve)
Descrip-ve– grandiflora=bigflowers– prostrata=prostrategrowth– macrophylla=bigleaf– cercidiphyllum=leaflikecercis– rubra=red– officinalis=withherbaluses– arvensis=ofthefield(oGenweedy)– sylvestris=ofthewoods
PlantIden-fica-on
• Knowingbasicplantmorphologyisessen-al• Somegroupsofplantshaveveryspecificterms– Glossariesareourfriends
WoodyStemMorphology
A. Terminal/ApicalBud
B. Lateral/AxillaryBudC. NodeD. Internode
A.
B.
C.
D.
Stern,Introduc,ontoPlantBiology,11thed.,2008
LeafMorphology
• Blade• Midrib• Pe-ole=leafstalk• AxillaryBud• Margin• Apex
hbps://www.flickr.com/photos/71183136@N08/7128074957
LeafTypeSimple PalmatelyLobed PinnatelyLobed
CompoundLeafTypes
HarrietL.Keeler,viaWikimediaCommons
Palmate Pinnate Bipinnate
ByNinjatacoshell(Ownwork),viaWikimediaCommons
FlowerStructure
A.ReceptacleB.Sepal(Sepals=Calyx)C.Petal(Petals=Corolla)D.Stamen
– Anther– Filament:stalk
E.Pis-l– S-gma– Style:narrowpor-onof
pis-l– Ovary:swollenbasalpart
• Containsovules
C
A
DE
B
FlowerTypes
• Complete:allpartspresent,calyx,corolla,stamen(s),pis-l
• Incomplete:onepartmissing• Perfect:allsexualpartspresent• Imperfect:unisexual• Monoecious(onehouse):bothsexflowersonsameplant.
• Dioecious(twohouses):imperfectflowers,onlyonesexperplant
InflorescenceTypes
Solitary Spike Raceme
Inflorescence:groupsofflowersabachedtoacommonaxisinaspecificarrangement
InflorescenceTypes
Panicle Umbel Cyme
Inflorescence:groupsofflowersabachedtoacommonaxisinaspecificarrangement
PlantIden-fica-on
Dichotomouskeys• Themostusedmethodscien-fically
• Setoftwochoices,un-lyougettoanendpoint
Conifer key 1a. Plant deciduous………..…Larix,
Metaseqouia, Taxodium 1b. Plant evergreen……………...…2 2a. Cone is fleshy…..…….……......3 2b. Cone is dry…………..………...4 3a. Cone is red.…..Taxus, Podocarpus 3b. Cone is not red….…….Juniperus 4a. Needles in bundles……......Pinus 4b. Needles not in bundles….…..….5 5a. Needles scale like…Cupressus,
Thuja, Chamaecyparis, Sequoiadendron
5b. Needles singular……….….……6 6a. Needles stiff, 4 angled…….Picea 6b. Needles flat…………………….7
7a. Cones have fork scale sticking out..............................Pseudotsuga
7b. Cones not as above….…………8 8a. Cones hang down, fall
intact………………...…….Tsuga 8b.Cones sit upright, shatter as
fall……………………..……….9 9a. Leaves single on new growth, spur
like on mature stems……….…Cedrus
9b. Leaves not as above……….Abies
PlantIden-fica-onKeyFeatures• Conifer?• FloweringPlant?
– Woody?• Leafarrangement?• Evergreenordeciduous?• Leafform• Flower• Bark
– Herbaceous?• Dicot,ormonocot?• Flower• Evergreenordeciduous?• Leafform?• Size,habit
Woody,Flowering
OppositeM:Maplefamily
A:Ashfamily
D:Dogwoodfamily
CAP:Caprifoliaceae
Alternate
• Mosteverythingelse
HerbaceousFlowering
Dicot(2cotyledon)• Flowerpartsin4,5’s• Nebedveins
Monocot(1cotyledon)• Flowerpartsin3’s• Parallelveins
Asteraceae
Flowers:many,inCapitulum.Rayand/ordiskflorets.
Fruit:Achenewithpappus.
Leaves:Everyvaria-onpossible.
Habit:Herbaceous,shrub,tree
Other:Milkysap(some-mes).
AsteraceaeAnthemiscappadocica Antennariadioica Centaureamontana
Brassicaceae
Flower:Monecious,perfect.Foursepals,fourpetals.
Fruit:Silique
Leaves:Alternateorbasalrosebes.Simple.
Habit:Herbaceous,shrubs(some,andaresmall).
BrassicaceaeAlliariape,olata
Rosaceae
Flowers:Monecious,perfect,5sepals,5disQnctpetals,stamenstypicallynumerous,pis-ls1-many.Fruit:various
Leaves:Alternate,serratemargins,withsQpules
Habit:Herbaceous,shrubsandtrees.
RosaceaePoten,llaatrosanguinea
RosaceaeAruncusdioicus
RosaceaePrunus
Liliaceae
Flowers:Showy,monecious,perfect.6tepals(oTenmarked/spoVed),6stamens,1pis-l(with3chambers).Nectariesatbaseoftepals.
Fruit:Capsule.Seedflat,notblack.
Leaves:Alternateorwhorled.Simple,en-re.
Habit:Herbaceous.Bulborrhizome.
LiliaceaeTulipasaxa,lis
LiliaceaeFri,llariamichailovskyi
Prac-cemakesProgress
• Prac-ceasmuchaspossible• Sayplantnamesoutloud– Don’tworryifyou’resayingit“right”
• Lookatplantlabels– Nurseriesandgardencentres– BotanicGardens
ResourcesLa-ntransla-ons:• hbp://theseedsite.co.uk/la-n.html• hbp://www.calflora.net/botanicalnamesPronuncia-onInforma-on• hbp://baygardens.tripod.com/botla-n.html• hbp://anpsa.org.au/APOL33/mar04-2.htmlAudioClips• hbp://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/
• hbp://www.finegardening.com/pronuncia-on-guide
ResourcesSomeofmyfavouritebooks:• ThePronouncingDic-onaryofPlantNames,byTheAmericanNurseryman
PublishingCompany,2006.• PlantNames:AGuidetoBotanicalNomenclature,byLumley,Crossand
Spencer,2007.• TheKEWPlantGlossary,byHenkBeentje,2010.
– Alsogreat:PlantIden-fica-onTerminologybyJamesHarrisandMielindaWoolfHarris
• PhotographicAtlasofBotanyandGuidetoPlantIden-fica-on,JamesL.Castner
• BotanicalLa-n,WilliamHStearn– notforthefaintofheart,mostlyrelatestowri-ngBotanicalLa-n
• TreesinCanada(akaTreesofNorthernUSAandCanada),JohnFarrar• Muenster'sKeystoWoodyPlants,EdwardACope• TreesofVancouver,GeraldB.Straley