PLANT KINGDOM

Non-Vascular PlantsEx: bryophytes & ferns

Vascular Plants(tracheophytes)

Seedless plants(pteridophytes)

Ex: ferns

Plants with seeds(spermatophytes)

“naked seeds”(gymnosperms)

“enclosed seeds”(angiosperms)

MAJOR DIVISIONS OF KINGDOM PLANTAE

CHARACTERISTICS OF PLANTS

• Lack mobility• Cells are eukaryotic• Numerous organelles• Cell walls contain

cellulose• Photosynthetic• CO2 + H2O C6H12O6 + O2

• Vascular plants:• Have both xylem &

phloem tissue• Used to transport

dissolved materials throughout the plant

• Non-Vascular Plants• Do not have xylem &

phloem

BRYOPHYTES:MOSSES & FERNS• Mosses are non-vascular• Transportation of water & nutrients occurs through elongated

cells• Sporophyte & gametophyte generations occur in the same plant• Only gametophyte plants are photosynthetic• Haploid spores are produced by meiosis in the sporoangium• Spore germinates and grows by mitosis into a protonema• Protonema grows into a gametophyte plant with sex organs• Sperm transfer occurs in moist conditions only• A zygote develops into a sporophyte

• Ferns have a vascular system• Ferns do not produce seeds or flowers• Gametophyte plant (prothallus) has

rhizoids instead of roots.• Sperm produced in the archeogonia • Eggs produced in the antheridia• Sperm transfer in moist conditions only• Prothallus withers sporophyte plant

matures• Frond (leaf) is the familiar part of the plant• Sori on underside of leaf produces haploid

spores

LIFE CYCLE OF FERN

GYMNOSPERMS

• Cone bearing plants & most have needle like leaves

• “naked seeds” in cones (pine cones)

• male cones produce pollen• female cones produce eggs• Pollen gets trapped by sticky

sap produced by female cones• Fertilization takes place,

embryo develops• Ovule contains the embryo• Mature “seeds” then fall out of

female cone

ANGIOSPERMSFlowering plants: • male part (anther)

produces pollen• female part (ovule)

produces egg• Pollination aided by wind,

water, insects, birds, bats• Pollen gets trapped in the

female stigma & a pollen tube grows towards the ovule.

• Pollen reaches the egg forms the zygote

• Zygote develops into embryo, which remains in the ripened ovule now called a seed

• Seeds develop inside fruit