Plant Growth and Reproduction
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Transcript of Plant Growth and Reproduction
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PLANT GROWTH AND REPRODUCTION
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GrowthRoots and Shoots
Roots grown downward Shoots grow upward
Meristems – area of actively dividing plant cells tissue that is growing on the plant
Primary Growth increases length or height of plant Uses Apical meristems which are located at the tips of shoots & roots tissues that result from primary growth are known as primary tissues
Secondary Growth increases a plant’s stem and root width.
Mineral Nutrients Plants need at least 14 mineral nutrients for growth. They also need carbon dioxide and water for and oxygen for cellular respiration.
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Type of GrowthPlant responses to the direction of light,
gravity, and touch are called tropisms. Tropisms can be positive or negative. Tropisms include:
phototropism gravitropism thigmotropism
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Environmental Influences on GrowthPhototropism -
caused by changes in availability of light, also the length of days and nights
http://plantsinmotion.bio.indiana.edu/plantmotion/movements/tropism/phototropism/corn/cornworship.html
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Gravitropism-If a plant is knocked over or in a thick
forest, it will move back to the vertical position or the leaves will move vertically, in response to gravity
http://plantsinmotion.bio.indiana.edu/plantmotion/movements/tropism/gravitropism/gravi1/gravitrop.html
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ThigmotropismResponse to touch or physical contact of a solid
object Ex: vines growing up lattace work or the side of a house http://plantsinmotion.bio.indiana.edu/plantmotion/move
ments/nastic/nastic.html http://plantsinmotion.bio.indiana.edu/plantmotion/move
ments/nastic/nastic.html http://plantsinmotion.bio.indiana.edu/plantmotion/move
ments/nastic/nastic.html
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Reproduction Vocabulary
Gamete- a haploid (unpaired chromosome) reproductive cell that unites with another haploid reproductive structure to form a zygote (fused cell)
Gametophyte- the phase in which gametes are formed
Sporophyte- in plants and algae, the diploid (a cell that contains two haploid sets of chromosomes) individual produced haploid spores
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Spore vs. Seed Nonvascular plants-
Water needed for fertilization Reproduces with spores
Vascular seedless plants Water needed for fertilization Reproduces with spores
Vascular seeded plants Gymnosperms- Cones Angiosperms
Make pollen and ovules (ovaries) Once fertilized, the ovules produce fruit Fruit houses/protects seeds
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Pollen grains contain sperm. They are produced in the
anthers of the flowers in angiosperms.
Ovaries with ovules become fruits with seeds after the ovule (egg) is fertilized by sperm from the pollen
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FlowersFlowers have four types of parts—petals, sepals,
stamens, and pistils.
Sepals- outermost structure that protect a flower from damage
Petals- innermost structure that is colorful to attract pollinators
Stamen- male reproductive structures Anther produce pollen Filament holds anther
Pistil- Female reproductive structures Stigma- top of the style, tacky so pollen sticks Style- stalk rising from the ovary Ovary- where ovules develop
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Parts of a Seed A seed contains an embryo, which
is a new sporophyte, and a supply of nutrients for the embryo.
The cotyledons of an embryo help transfer nutrients to the embryo.
A seed coat covers and protects a seed.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Capsicum0.jpg
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Seed Dispersal/Pollination by many vectors, including:
Wind- some seeds are shaped to be carried by the wind easily
Animals- Some seeds stick to animals that brush past it When insects drink nectar, they get coated in pollen which
will, in turn, be passed on to the next flower the insect gathers nectar from
Water- can easily carry seeds miles away from parent plant