Chapter 31 Plant reproduction and growth Plant growth Fig 31.7.
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Transcript of Chapter 31 Plant reproduction and growth Plant growth Fig 31.7.
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Chapter 31
Plant reproduction and growth
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Plant growthFig 31.7
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Plant growth
• Plants have indeterminate growth• Annuals, biennials, periannials• Meristems
– Apical; grows at tips of shoots and roots• Gives rise to cortex, epidermis, and vascular tissues
• Primary growth lenghtens shoots and roots• Secondary Growth (from cambium)
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Primary growthFig 31.7
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Secondary GrowthFig 31.8A
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Secondary Growth
• Increases girth of woody plants– Meristems that grow laterally– Vascular cambium; develops from parenchyma
between xylem and phloem– Outer layers (older) slough off as bark– Cork cambium; produces layers of cork that
protect the plant
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Anatomy of a logFig 31.8B
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Anatomy of a log
• Heartwood; xylem plugged with resins, acts as an endoskeleton
• Sapwood; secondary xylem that conducts water
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Sexual lifecycle in AngiospermsFig 31.9
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Show videos
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Sexual lifecycle in Angiosperms
• Flowers; compressed shoots with modified leaves– Sepals; green, protect flowers– Petals; colorful, attract pollinators– stamens; male, have anthers at tip, deliver
pollen– carpels+ female, stigma, style ,ovule bear
ovules– What is pollination?
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• Monocots and eudicots differ in seed leaf number and in the structure of roots, stems, leaves, and flowers
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Angiosperms
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Ovule to SeedFig 31.11
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Seed development
• Triploid cell- develops into endosperm• Zygote develops into embryo• Ovule coat develops into the seed coat
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Seed StructureFig 31.11
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Seed Germination31.13
Previously developing embryo starts again after dormancy
Seed takes up water, expands, ruptures its coat, stored nutrients are broken down and fuel growth
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Fruit DevelopmentFig 31.12
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Fruits
• Houses, protects, disperses seeds• Types of fruits
– Simple; pea pod (single carpel and ovary)
– Aggregate; blackberry (many carpels)– Multiple; pineapple (many flowers)
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Plant Cells
• Two part cell wall• Stiff secondary cell wall• Middle lamellae• Plasmodesmata
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31.5 Plant cells and tissues are diverse in structure and function
Figure 31.5A
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• There are five major types of plant cells– Parenchyma– Collenchyma– Sclerenchyma– Water-conducting cells– Food-conducting cells
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• Parenchyma cells function in food storage, photosynthesis, and aerobic respiration
• Thin primary cell walls
Figure 31.5B
Primarywall(thin)
Pit
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• Collenchyma cells provide support in parts of the plant that are still growing
• Unevenly thickened primary cell walls
Figure 31.5C
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• Sclerenchyma cells provide a rigid scaffold that supports the plant
– Rigid secondary cell walls (Lignin)
– Fiber cells– Sclerid cells
Figure 31.5D
– Sclereids (stone cells) (gritty pear)
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• Water-conducting cells convey water from the roots to the stems and leaves
– Chains of tracheids (long w/tapered ends) or vessel elements(shorterand broader) form a system of tubes for water transport
Figure 31.5E
Pits
Vessel element
Tracheids
Pits
Openingsin end wall
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• Food-conducting cells function in the transport of sugars, other compounds, and some mineral ions
– Sieve-tube members are arranged end-to-end, forming tubes
– Their end walls are perforated with plasmodesmata, forming sieve plates
– At least one companion cell flanks each sieve-tube member
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Figure 31.5F
Sieve plateCompanioncell
CytoplasmPrimarywall
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• Complex tissues are composed of more than one type of plant cell
• Vascular tissues are complex tissues that conduct water and food – Xylem contains water-conducting cells that convey
water and dissolved minerals – Phloem contains sieve-tube members that transport
sugars