Plant Diversity. Overview: The Greening of Earth Imagine all land without life. Completely barren.
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Transcript of Plant Diversity. Overview: The Greening of Earth Imagine all land without life. Completely barren.
![Page 1: Plant Diversity. Overview: The Greening of Earth Imagine all land without life. Completely barren.](https://reader037.fdocuments.in/reader037/viewer/2022110401/56649e0f5503460f94af9e90/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Plant Diversity
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Overview: The Greening of Earth
• Imagine all land without life.Completely barren.
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Overview: The Greening of Earth
• Land surface WAS lifeless for >3 billion years!
• Now there’re about 290,000 plant species on land. Seriously. Wow.
• Plants supply oxygen and are the ultimate source of most food eaten by land animals
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Land plants evolved from green algae• Green algae called charophytes are the closest relatives of land plants
Green AlgaeMosses
Ferns
Conifers(Gymnosperms)Flowering Plants (Angiosperms)
*Some biologists think the plant kingdom should be expanded to include some or all green algae!
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What do plants need to survive?
WaterCarbon DioxideSunlight Nutrients. . .
Not much!
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The Move to Land. . . • Benefits of moving to land:
• unfiltered sun • more CO2 • nutrient-rich soil (yes!)
• few herbivores or pathogens
• Challenges: • scarcity of water • lack of structural support
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Plant Traits Enabling the Move to Land• Roots – suck up water and minerals in soil, anchor
• Leaves – produce energy/sugar through photosynthesis
• Vascular tissue • Xylem – pumps water & minerals
from roots to rest of plant• Phloem – pumps sugar/food/energy
from leaves to rest of plant
• Cuticle • Water and gas-tight; reduces water loss• Stomata – pores in leaf cuticle; open to allow gas flow
and close to reduces water loss
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Fig. 29-UN7
Green Algae vs. Plants: SIMILARITIESTraits of Green Algae
Eukaryotic – have a nucleus
Multicellular – more than one cell
sexual and asexual reproduction
Photosynthetic – autotrophs that use chlorophyll
Extra energy stored as starches
Cells have cell walls made of cellulose
Traits of Plants
Eukaryotic – have a nucleus
Multicellular – more than one cell
sexual and asexual reproduction
Photosynthetic – autotrophs that use chlorophyll
Extra energy stored as starches
Cells have cell walls made of cellulose
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Green Algae vs. Plants: DIFFERENCES• Universal plant traits:
– 1) Alternation of generations– 2) Sporangia - make walled spores– 3) Gametangia (multicelled)– 4) Apical meristems
– Common plant traits: – Roots -Leaves/Fronds -Stems– Vascular tissue -Cuticles -Stomata. . .– Seeds -Flowers
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Universal Plant Trait #1: Alternation of
Generations• Reproductive cycle: alternation of generations.
• Sporophytes (2n) produce spores (n).• Spores grow into gametophytes (n).• Gametophytes make gametes (n), which
fuse to become a fertilized zygote (2n).• Zygotes grow into sporophytes.
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Fig. 29-5a
Gametophyte(n)
Gamete fromanother plant
n
n
Mitosis
Gamete
FERTILIZATIONMEIOSIS
Mitosis
Sporen
n
2n Zygote
Mitosis
Sporophyte(2n)
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Universal Plant Traits #2 and #3:
3) Gametophytes use gametangia to make gametes.
• archegonia are female gametangia • Remember: archeEGGonia produce EGGS!
• antheridia are male gametangia• site of sperm production and release
2) Sporophytes use sporangia to make spores.
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Fig. 29-5c
SporesSporangium
Sporophyte
Sphagnum sporangium (LM)
Gametophyte
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Universal Plant Trait #4:
Apical Meristems
• at tips of roots and stems
• Cells from apical meristems can become almost ANY type of plant tissue! (exciting)
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Fig. 29-5e
Apicalmeristemof shoot
Developingleaves
Apical meristems
Apical meristemof root Root100 µm 100 µmShoot
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Nonvascular plants (mosses)
Seedless vascular plants (ferns)
Gymnosperms (conifers)
Angiosperms (flowering)
Classifying Land Plants
• Most plants have vascular tissue; they’re vascular plants• Mosses have no vascular tissue; they’re nonvascular
plants
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• Most plants have vascular tissue; they’re vascular plants• Mosses have no vascular tissue; they’re nonvascular
plants
Nonvascular plants (mosses)
Seedless vascular plants (ferns)
Gymnosperms (conifers)
Angiosperms (flowering)
Classifying Land Plants
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• Most plants have vascular tissue; they’re vascular plants• Mosses have no vascular tissue; they’re nonvascular
plants
Nonvascular plants (mosses)
Seedless vascular plants (ferns)
Gymnosperms (conifers)
Angiosperms (flowering) }Vascular Plants
Classifying Land Plants
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• Most plants have vascular tissue; they’re vascular plants• Mosses have no vascular tissue; they’re nonvascular
plants
Nonvascular plants (mosses)
Seedless vascular plants (ferns)
Gymnosperms
Angiosperms }Seed Plants }Vascular Plants
Classifying Land Plants
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• Most plants have vascular tissue; they’re vascular plants• Mosses have no vascular tissue; they’re nonvascular
plants
Nonvascular plants (mosses)
Seedless vascular plants (ferns)
Gymnosperms
Angiosperms }Seed Plants }Vascular Plants
Classifying Land Plants
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Table 29-1
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Table 29-1
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Table 29-1
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Table 29-1
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Table 29-1
*
*
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• Most plants have vascular tissue; they’re vascular plants• Mosses have no vascular tissue; they’re nonvascular
plants
Nonvascular plants (mosses)
Seedless vascular plants (ferns)
Gymnosperms (conifers)
Angiosperms (flowering)
Classifying Land Plants
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Nonvascular plants (Mosses and
worts!) • Past: many GIANT mosses • Now: small herbaceous plants
• No vascular system• Absorb water all over• Dominant gametophyte, small dependent
sporophyte
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Fig. 29-9b
Plagiochiladeltoidea,a “leafy”liverwort
Nonvascular plants
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Fig. 29-9c
An Anthoceroshornwort species
Sporophyte
Gametophyte
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Fig. 29-9d
Gametophyte
Sporophyte
Polytrichum commune,hairy-cap moss
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Fig. 29-5c
SporesSporangium
Sporophyte
Longitudinal section ofSphagnum sporangium (LM)
Gametophyte
Sporophytes and sporangia of Sphagnum (a moss)
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Fig. 29-8-3
Key
Haploid (n)
Diploid (2n) Protonemata(n)
“Bud”
“Bud”
Malegametophyte(n)
Femalegametophyte (n)
Gametophore
Rhizoid
Spores
Sporedispersal
Peristome
Sporangium
MEIOSIS SetaCapsule(sporangium)
Foot
Maturesporophytes
Capsule withperistome (SEM)
Femalegametophytes
2 m
m
Raindrop
Sperm
Antheridia
Egg
Archegonia
FERTILIZATION
(within archegonium)Zygote(2n)
Embryo
Archegonium
Youngsporophyte(2n)
•Sperm swim through a film of water to reach and fertilize the egg!
Nonvascular plants(mosses)
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From nonvascular to vascular. . .
• NONVASCULAR PLANTS owned Earth for 100 million years!
• BUT they needed moist environments:• No vascular system to take water up from soil!• Sperm have to SWIM to egg
• So later, VASCULAR PLANTS took over!• Vascular tissue pumped water up from soil AND allowed
them to grow TALL!
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• Most plants have vascular tissue; they’re vascular plants• Mosses have no vascular tissue; they’re nonvascular
plants
Nonvascular plants (mosses)
Seedless vascular plants (ferns)
Gymnosperms
Angiosperms
We just did:
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• Most plants have vascular tissue; they’re vascular plants• Mosses have no vascular tissue; they’re nonvascular
plants
Nonvascular plants (mosses)
Seedless vascular plants (ferns)
Gymnosperms
Angiosperms }Vascular Plants
Moving on to:
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Traits of Vascular Plants
• Dominant sporophyte generation• Vascular tissues• True roots and leaves• Can grow TALL!
• So. . .they can live farther from water!
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Dominant Gametophyte or Sporophyte?• In non-vascular
plants, the gametophyte dominates
Sporophyte
• In vascular plants, the sporophyte dominates
Sporophyte
GametophyteGametophyte
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Ferns (seedless vasc. plants)
• vascular tissue• spores, not seeds
• spores are sexual and haploid: not yet fertilized!
• Dominant sporophyte or gametophyte? • Diverse - more than 12,000 species of
ferns!• Mostly tropical, some temperate
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Fig. 29-15a
Ferns (seedless vasc. plants)
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Fig. 29-15b
Selaginella apoda,a spike “moss”
Ferns (seedless vasc. plants)
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Fig. 29-15c
Isoetesgunnii, a quillwort
Seedless vascular plants
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Fig. 29-15d
a club “moss”
Seedless vascular plants
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Fig. 29-15f
Athyriumfilix-femina,lady fern
25 c
m
Ferns (seedless vasc. plants)
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Fig. 29-13-1
Key
Haploid (n)
Diploid (2n)
MEIOSISSporedispersal
Sporangium
SporangiumMaturesporophyte(2n)
Sorus
Fiddlehead
FERN Alternation of Generations
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Fig. 29-13-2
Key
Haploid (n)
Diploid (2n)
MEIOSISSporedispersal
Sporangium
SporangiumMaturesporophyte(2n)
Sorus
Fiddlehead
Spore(n)
Younggametophyte
Maturegametophyte(n) Archegonium
Egg
Antheridium
Sperm
FERTILIZATION
FERN Alternation of Generations
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Fig. 29-13-3
Key
Haploid (n)
Diploid (2n)
MEIOSISSporedispersal
Sporangium
SporangiumMaturesporophyte(2n)
Sorus
Fiddlehead
Spore(n)
Younggametophyte
Maturegametophyte(n) Archegonium
Egg
Antheridium
Sperm
FERTILIZATION
Newsporophyte
Gametophyte
Zygote(2n)
FERN Alternation of Generations
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Fig. 29-13-3
Key
Haploid (n)
Diploid (2n)
MEIOSISSporedispersal
Sporangium
SporangiumMaturesporophyte(2n)
Sorus
Fiddlehead
Spore(n)
Younggametophyte
Maturegametophyte(n) Archegonium
Egg
Antheridium
Sperm
FERTILIZATION
Newsporophyte
Gametophyte
Zygote(2n)
Where’s the dominant sporophyte?
Fern
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Fig. 29-13-3
Key
Haploid (n)
Diploid (2n)
MEIOSISSporedispersal
Sporangium
SporangiumMaturesporophyte(2n)
Sorus
Fiddlehead
Spore(n)
Younggametophyte
Maturegametophyte(n) Archegonium
Egg
Antheridium
Sperm
FERTILIZATION
Newsporophyte
Gametophyte
Zygote(2n)
DOMINANT sporophyte
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Review: Dominant Gametophyte or Sporophyte?• In non-vascular plants, the gametophyte dominates
Sporophyte
• In vascular plants, the sporophyte dominates
Sporophyte
GametophyteGametophyte
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You should now be able to:Tell whether the gametophyte generation or the sporophyte generation is dominant in each of the following major groups of plants:
1. In non-vascular plants?
2. In seedless vascular plants?
3. In seed plants?
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• Most plants have vascular tissue; they’re vascular plants• Mosses have no vascular tissue; they’re nonvascular
plants
Nonvascular plants (mosses)
Seedless vascular plants (ferns)
Gymnosperms
Angiosperms } Seed Plants }Vascular Plants
Classifying Land Plants
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And finally, seed plants!• A seed is an embryo and nutrients surrounded by a protective coat
• Seed plants form a clade and can be divided into further clades:– Gymnosperms, the “naked seed” plants, including
the conifers– Angiosperms, the flowering plants
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Parts of a Seed Cotyledon – “seed leaf”
Purpose: reproduction - protects embryo, provides nutrients, may aid in dispersal
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Gymnosperms (mostly conifers) Basics: have vascular tissue, seeds,
dominant sporophytes
Gymnosperm - means “naked seed” Conifer - cone-bearing trees: pine, fir, spruce Cone - scaly structure produced by some
seed plants; support either male or female reproductive structures; site of seed-production
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Table 29-1
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Angiosperms (flowering plants) WAY most common Produce flowers Seeds are enclosed in fruits
Either monocots or dicots (1 seed leaf or 2) May be annuals, biennials, or perennials
Annuals – only live one year, seeds survive winter Biennials – complex 2-year life cycle Perennials – “hibernate” through winter, come back
year after year
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Parts of a Flower? Parts of a flower!
-Pistil
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New terms (will be on next vocabulary sheet)
Gymnosperm
Conifer Cone Angiosperm Flower Cotyledon Monocot Dicot
Annual Biennial Perennial Petal Sepal Stamen Pistil