Plant anatomy & physiology
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Transcript of Plant anatomy & physiology
![Page 1: Plant anatomy & physiology](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022052618/5549840fb4c90582588b4dc5/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Plant Anatomy & Physiology
By: Johnny M. JessupAgricultural Instructor/FFA
Advisor
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The Four Basic Parts of Plants
Leaves Stems Roots Flowers
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Leaves
Functions Make food through photosynthesis Site of gas exchange
Respiration Photosynthesis
Store food
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Tissues of the Leaf (Epidermis)
Cuticle Waxy substance
that covers the leaves & stems
Waterproof layer that keeps water in plants
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Tissues of the Leaf (Epidermis)
Stomata Openings in the
epidermis mainly located on the underside of leaves
Exchange of gases
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Tissues of the Leaf (Epidermis)
Guard Cells Two cells located
on each side of stomata
Open and closes stomata
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Tissues of the Leaf(Mesophyll Layer)
Palisade mesophyll Primary site of photosynthesis
Spongy mesophyll Contains air & chloroplasts Site of photosynthesis and gas
exchange
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Tissues of the Leaf
Vascular Bundles Called veins In spongy mesophyll Phloem moves food
from leaf to the rest of the plant
Xylem moves water & minerals up to leaves from roots
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Tissues of the Leaf
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External Parts of the Leaf
Petiole Leaf stalk or part that connects the
leaf to the stem. Blade
The large, flat part of a leaf. Midrib
The large center vein.
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External Parts of the Leaf
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Leaf Forms
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Leaf Margins
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Leaf Tips
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Leaf Bases
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Leaf Arrangements (Simple)
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Leaf Arrangements (Compound)
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Leaf Crops
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Stems
Functions Movement of materials
Water & minerals from roots to leaves Manufactured food from leaves to roots
Support leaves & reproductive structures
Food storage
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External Stem Structure
Lenticels Breathing pores.
Bud Scale Scars Show where terminal buds have been
located. Leaf Scars
Show where leaves were attached.
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External Stem Structure
Terminal Bud Bud on the end of the stem.
Axillary Lateral Bud Bud on the side of the stem.
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External Stem Structure
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Internal Stem Structure
Xylem The tissue that transports water & nutrients
up from roots to stems & leaves. Phloem
Tissue that transports food down from leaves to roots.
Cambium Thin, green, actively growing tissue located
between bark & wood and produces all new stems cells.
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Internal Stem Structure
Bark Old, inactive phloem.
Heartwood Old, inactive xylem.
Sapwood New, active xylem.
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Internal Stem Structure (Monocots)
Vascular bundles contain both xylem & phloem.
Examples: Grasses Corn
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Monocot Stems (Vascular Bundle)
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Internal Stem Structure (Dicots)
Plant stems have xylem & phloem separated by the cambium.
Example: Trees
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Internal Stem Structure (Dicots)
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Specialized Types of Stems
Corm Underground Solid, fleshy, scale
covered Examples
Gladiolus Crocus
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Specialized Types of Stems
Bulb Layers of fleshy
scales that overlap each other
Underground stem Examples
Tulips Lilies Onions
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Specialized Types of Stems
Tubers Food Storage Area Short, thick
underground stem Examples
Potato Caladium
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Specialized Types of Stems
Crown Closely grouped
stems or plantlets Just above or
below ground Examples
African violet Ferns
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Specialized Types of Stems
Spurs Short stems found
on woody limbs adapted for increased fruit production
Examples Apple Pear
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Specialized Types of Stems
Rhizomes Underground
stems that produce roots on the lower surface and extend leaves and flower shoots above ground
Examples Iris Lily of the Valley
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Specialized Types of Stems
Stolens Stem that
grows horizontally above the soil surface
Examples Strawberries Airplane Plant
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Stem Crops
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Roots
Functions Anchor the plant Absorb water & minerals Store food Propagate or reproduce some plants
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Different Types of Roots
Tap Root One main root, no
nodes Continuation of the
primary root Ideal for anchorage Penetration is
greater for water Storage area for
food
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Different Types of Roots
Fibrous Root Many finely
branched secondary roots
Shallow roots cover a large area
More efficient absorption of water & minerals
Roots hold the soil to prevent erosion
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Different Types of Roots
Aerial Roots Clinging air roots
Short roots that grow horizontally from the stems
Roots that fasten the plant to a support
Absorptive air roots Absorb moisture
from the air
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Different Types of Roots
Adventitious Roots Develop in places
other than nodes Form on cuttings
& rhizomes
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External Parts of Roots
Root Cap Indicates
growth of new cells.
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External Parts of Roots
Root Hairs Tiny one celled
hair-like extensions of the epidermal cells located near the tips of roots.
Increase surface area.
Absorb water & minerals.
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Internal Parts of Roots
Much like those of stems with phloem, cambium and xylem layers.
Phloem The outer layer. Carries food down the plant.
Xylem The inner layer. Carries water & minerals up to the stem.
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Root Crops
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Flowers
Function Contain the sexual
organs for the plant. Produces fruit,
which protects, nourishes and carries seeds.
Attracts insects for pollination.
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Parts of the Flower
Sepals Outer covering of
the flower bud. Protects the
stamens and pistils when flower is in bud stage.
Collectively known as the calyx.
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Parts of the Flower
Petals Brightly colored Protects stamen &
pistils. Attracts
pollinating insects. Collectively called
the corolla.
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Parts of the Flower (Stamen)
Male reproductive part Anther
Produces pollen Filament
Supports the anther
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Parts of the Flower (Pistil)
Female reproductive part Ovary
Enlarged portion at base of pistil
Produces ovules which develop into seeds
Stigma Holds the pollen
grains
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Parts of the Flower (Pistil)
Style Connects the stigma with the ovary Supports the stigma so that it can be
pollinated
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Parts of the Flower
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Imperfect Flower
Male or female reproductive organs not, but not both.
Example: A male flower has
sepals, petals, and stamen, but no pistils.
A female flower has sepals, petals, and pistils, but no stamen.
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Perfect Flowers
Contains both male and female reproductive structures.
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Incomplete Flowers
Missing one of the four major parts of the flower. Stamen Pistil Sepal Petal
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Complete Flowers
Contains male and female reproductive organs along with petals and sepals.
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Flowers
Imperfect flowers are always incomplete but……..
Perfect flowers are not always complete and……..
Complete flowers are always perfect.
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Importance of Flowers
Important in florist & nursery businesses.
Many plants are grown solely for their flowers.
Plants have flowers to attract insects for pollination, but people grow them for beauty & economic value.
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Important Flower Crops
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Johnny M. Jessup, FFA Advisor Hobbton High School
Designed By: