Plant Anatomy and Physiology Just the Concepts. Anatomical Features and Their Functions.
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Transcript of Plant Anatomy and Physiology Just the Concepts. Anatomical Features and Their Functions.
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Plant Anatomy and
PhysiologyJust the Concepts
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Anatomical Features and
Their Functions
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Objectives• Describe the structures, types, and the function of
seeds;• Describe the components, the types, and the functions
of roots;• Describe the structures, types, and the functions of
stems;• Describe the structures, types, and the functions of
leaves;• Describe the major parts of a flower and their
functions;• Describe the types and forms of flowers; and • Describe the structures, types, and the purpose of
fruit.
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Plant Parts• Vegetative parts
o Stemso Rootso Leaves
• Reproductiveo Flowerso Fruitso Seeds
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Seeds• Types of seeds
o Monocot• These seeds have one cotyledon
o Dicot• These seeds have two Cotyledons
Bean Seed
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Seeds• Seed Structures
o Seed Coat• Protects the fragile contents of the seed until germination
conditions are met• Germination: When the seed sprouts
o Embryo• Tiny plant that eventually grows into a mature plant
o Cotyledons• Embryonic leaves that are the first to emerge from the soil surface• Food storage in dicots
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Seeds• Seed Structures
o Epicotyl• Becomes stem
o Plumule• Becomes leaves
o Radicle• Becomes root
o Endosperm• Food Storage in monocots
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Seeds• What are seeds used for?
o Protect genetic information of the new planto Nourish it when it germinates
• The seed coat protects a seed while it is transportedo How can a seed be transported?
• Air• Water• Animals
o How?
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Roots• Types of roots
o Fibrous root system• Many small roots spreading throughout the soil
with no main root structure• Example: Grass, Petunia, Palm
o Taproot system• One central root with many small branches
spreading throughout the soil• Example: Carrot, Radish, Beet
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Roots• Parts of roots
o Primary Root• First root to emerge from the seed
o Secondary Root• Sometimes called lateral roots• Branch out through the soil
o Root Cap• Cell division causing root growth is
done hereo Root Hairs
• Smallest parts of the root• Absorb water that contains dissolved
nutrients
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Roots• What does a root do?
o Grows in the soil (or other media)o Two or three things
• Provides anchorage• Absorb water and nutrients• Sometimes store food for the plant
o In the form of sugars
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Stems• Stems can look very different
depending on the species of planto Can be vertical or horizontalo Some are modified for climbingo Some store water or food
• Types of stemso Herbaceous stems
• No stiffened ligneous structure• Generally frail• Example: Tulip, Grass, most annual plants
o Ligneous stems• Contain rigid structures, usually known as
wood • Very strong• Example: Trees, Shrubs, Bushes
o Specialized Stems• Several different types • Modified to serve a specific purpose for the
plant
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Stems• Specialized Stems
o Bulb• Short flattened stem with several fleshy leaves• Grow beneath the soil• Produces a new plant each year
o Corm• Spherical structure similar to a bulb• No layers• Dies each year but produces new corms for the following year
o Rhizome• Underground stems that grow horizontally• New plants will sprout and emerge as this stem creeps under the soil surface
o Stolon• Similar to the rhizome, but grows above ground• Can be called a runner
o Tuber• It is the end of a rhizome that has swollen up with stored food• New plant will grow from the eyes of the tuber
o Tendril• Slender structure used to attach to a support• Can be twisty, sticky, or hooky
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Stems• Parts of a stem
o Internode• Section of stem between nodes
o Node• Location on stem from which leaves and branches
growo Terminal bud
• AKA – apical bud• Bud at the end of stem growth• Usually found on perennial plants
o Axillary bud• Form at the node and produce a new stem
o Xylem • Vascular tissue in the stem that moves water and
dissolved nutrients from the root to the rest of the plant
o Phloem• Vascular tissue in the stem that moves food that
was made in the leaves to other parts of the planto Xylem up – Phloem down
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Stems• What do stems do?
o All stems• Provide support• Position the leaves• Responsible for size and shape of the plant• Transport water, nutrients, and food• Allow new growth
o Some stems• Green stems produce food• Store food• Distribute growth
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Leaves• Parts of a Leaf
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Leaves• Parts of a Leaf
o Stomata• Very important pores found on the underside of most leaves• Allow water and oxygen to escape and carbon dioxide to enter
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Leaves• Types of Leaves
o Simple Leaf• Has only one blade on the petiole
o Compound Leaf
• A leaf with many blades
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Leaves• Types of Leaves
o Vein Pattern• Parallel
o Veins never cross, run parallel to midribo Found in monocots
• Pinnateo Veins branch off the midribo Found in dicots
• Palmateo Veins form a network, originate from common point at the
base of the bladeo Found in dicots
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Leaves• Leaf Arrangement
o Three Types • Alternate
o Leaves grow one at each node alternating one side of the branch or stem to the other
• Oppositeo Leaves grow two at each node on either side of the branch or
stem• Whorled
o Leaves grow several at each node rotating around the branch or stem
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Leaves• What do leaves do?
o Photosynthesis!• They make food for the plant
o Transpiration• Cool the plant
o Some leaves store food
o Leaf blade collects sunlighto Petiole supports the leaf and holds it away from the stemo Midrib provides structure to the leaf and transport food and water
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Parts of a Flower
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Parts of a Flower• Petals
o Colorful leaf-like structureso Attract animals and insects
• Peduncleo Stem of the flower o Provides support
• Sepalso Green leaves that protect the flower
before it opens
• Calyxo All sepals fused together
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Parts of a Flower• Female: Pistil
o Stigma • Sticky part of pistil• Receives pollen
o Style• Rod that holds up stigma
o Ovary• Contains the eggs
o Ovule• Reproductive cell (eggs) that become seeds once fertilized
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Parts of a Flower• Male: Stamen
o Filament• Stalk-like structure that holds up anther
o Anther• Sack-like structure that holds pollen
o Pollen• Contains reproductive cells
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Flowers• Types of Flowers
o Sympetalous• Petals fused together
o Polypetalous• Many individual petals
o Actinomorphic• Symmetrical on many axis • Funnel or bell shaped
o Zygomorphic• Bilateral symmetry – only one axis
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Flowers• Types of Flowers
o Terminal• Grow from the end of a branch or stem
o Axillary• Grow from the junctions of stems and leaves
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Flowers• Types of Flowers
o Single Flower• Plant with a single flower growing at the tip of the stem
o Cluster• Three or more flowers branched together
o Inflorescence• Many flowers growing and blooming independently on one
peduncle
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Flowers• Types of Flowers
o Perfect flower• Contains male and female parts
o Imperfect flower• Contains only male or only female parts, not both
o Complete flower• Contain sepals, petals, pistil, and stamen
o Incomplete flower• Missing either sepals, petals, pistil, or stamen
Imperfect flowers are always incompleteIncomplete flowers are not always imperfect
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Fruits• Once fertilization occurs, the flower is no longer
needed and dries up. The ovary of the flower becomes the fruit of the planto Name some different fruits
o How are these fruits different?
o How are they the same?
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Fruits• Types of fruits
• Fleshy fruito Fibrous structure that surrounds the seedo Pome
• Several seedso Drupe
• Single seed
• Dry fruito Formed in a pod or hullo Pod
• Definite seamo Hull
• No seamo Caryopsis
• Thin wallo Samara
• Wings attached
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Fruits• What do fruits do?
o Seeds are produced in the fruito Protects the seedo Provides a mode of transportationo Offers the seedling a bit of fertilizer
• Directly and/or indirectly
• Fruits are generally the most valuable part of a crop
• Fruits must be sufficiently mature to guarantee viable seedso Why is it important to the plant for seeds to be produced?
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Fruits• Does a producer (like a farmer) want their plants
to produce seeds? o This is a trick question
• Some plants are grown to produce as many seeds as possibleo Like what?
• Some plants are grown to not have seedso Like what?
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Fruits• Fruit or Veggie? That is the question
o Carroto Appleo Peacho Celeryo Cucumbero Tomatoo Watermelono Zucchinio Green Beano Coconuto Pinto Bean
Veggie
Fruit
Fruit
Veggie
Fruit
Fruit
Fruit
Fruit
Fruit
Fruit
Seed