PIA 3090 Comparative Public Administration. Week 3 Historical Models, “Contemporary Models” and...
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Transcript of PIA 3090 Comparative Public Administration. Week 3 Historical Models, “Contemporary Models” and...
PIA 3090
Comparative Public Administration
Week 3
Historical Models, “Contemporary Models” and Socio-Economic Change
Presentations
“Golden Oldies”
Literary Maps
Overview
The Public Sector and the Economy
Debates Over Development Management
The European Model, North Atlantic Unity and Japan
Comparative Public Administration Issues
Ideology as Social Science
The Public Sector and the Economy
Reminder:
Karl Marx- The Other German-
Source of ideas about the developmental state. Marx as a Social Scientist not an Ideologue. The contemporary of Max Weber
Karl Marx: Another Five Minutes
a.. Original Marxian views- State as the instrument of the ruling classes
b. The dialectic and Historical Materialism
c. Model: (John Armstrong- The Conservative Marxist)
-Thesis
-Antithesis
-Synthesis
Dialectic
Thesis Antithesis
Synthesis
Class Conflict: Four Epochs
SlaveryFeudalismCapitalismSocialism
e. Functionaries as the petty bourgeoisie
f. Communism- state and the bureaucracy whither away
Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov (Lenin)(April 22 1870 – January 21, 1924)
Command Economy- Revised by Lenin
1. Under socialism, government, the bureaucracy should manage the economy
2. The development of an elaborate national planning system
1. Keynes- Failure of market
Command Economy
4. The debate: Keynesianism and European Socialism (the Rose)- How much is this part of Command Economy Framework? (Guy Peters)
5. Development Administration: Command Economics in the Third World? (Heady, Riggs vs. Vincent and Eleanor Ostrom)
Debate over the Economy
1. The International Contemporary State: Continental Europe vs. the U.S. or the U.K.
2. Adam Smith, "the hidden hand" and Classical Economics- An Anglo-Saxon View
3. Eastern Europe and Former Soviet Union: Command Economy (whole or part)
Adam SmithJune 5, 1723 – July 17, 1790
Continental Europe
Counter-influence of St. Simonism- an interventionist view (See John Armstrong).
“the era of abundance could be attained certainly and quickly. The guaranteed means were applications of science and technology to unrestricted mastery of nature.”
Count de Saint-Simon
1760-1825
Count Henri de Saint-simon
Social Democracy
The Rose
Socialism and the Rise of Labor in Europe
The Second International
American Activism vs. European Socialism (U.S. Social Democratic Party)
“We’re All Keynesians Now”Friday, Dec. 31, 1965
Unification of the North Atlantic- 1930s-1970s- The Primacy of Keynesianism
1. Monetary Policy
2. Fiscal Policy
3. Wage and Price controls
The Functions of Government under Keynesian Control
1. Traditional- police and law and order
2. National Defense
3. Social Services- Education and Health and Welfare
4. Resource Mobilization
The Functions of Government under Keynesian Control- Continued
5. Economic Growth generation
6. LDCs and Modernization Theory: Agraria vs. Industria (Turner and Holm)
7.The challenge of Public Choice, rationalism and the University of Chicago School: Neo-Orthodoxy- less influence outside of the Anglo-Saxon world
Agraria vs. Industria
Development
Agraria
Attitudes: parochial – fixed rulesCustoms: particularistic / inheritedStatus: ascriptiveFunctionally: diffuseHolistic ChangeLack of Specialized Roles
Result
Agricultural, rural, poorOral / illiterateAuthoritarian instabilitySubsistence – non-monetaryRevolution and violenceOccupation fixed
Industria
UniversalisticLegal / RationalAchievement OrientedRoles Functionally SpecificHigh Degree of TechnologyManufacturing and Production
Oriented
Result
CommercialDemocratic / PeacefulOccupational mobilityLiterateUrban, RichIncrementalism, Stability and Gradual
Change
Breaktime
Ten Minute Break
Chalmers JohnsonAuthor of the Week
(Japan and Economic Development)
Prologue: Two quotes:
"There are several ways in which the government has influenced the structure of Japan's special institutions."[1]
"What is lawful and therefore is unlawful, depends on the culture and the country in question."[2]
[1] Chalmers Johnson, MITI and the Japanese Miracle (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1982), p. 14.
[2] Robert Klitgaard, Controlling Corruption (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988), p. 3.
Japan and Ministry of International Trade and Industry (MITI)
Asian Model
Corporatist- Inter-meshing of state and Private Sector
Management (not Political) Focus
Growth and Export
Model for Asian Tigers
Ministry of International Trade and Industry
Block 10, Government Offices Complex, Jalan Duta,50622 KL, MalaysiaTel no: 603-6203 3022Fax no: 603-6201 2337Email:[email protected]
Fred Warren Riggs, 90, University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa, professor emeritus of political science, passed away on February 9, 2008
Riggs Life
Professor Riggs was born in Kuling, China on July 3, 1917, the son of agricultural missionary parents Charles H. and Grace (Frederick) Riggs. He attended Nanking University, 1934-35.
Comparative Public Administration Issues
a. The politics-administration dichotomy
b. Environmental and cultural factors are important. Ecology as an issue
c. Bureaucracy as a Negative? Keep government out of people's lives
ISSUES
d. Comparative as a method- structural-functionalist
e. Systemic influence on the individual- role definition, socialization and development of organizations vs. institutions
Comparative Methods
Development Administration: C.A.G.- Focus on comparative and development administration. Bad reputation
Foundations and CAG- chalets in Italy to discuss administrative and political development
US AID and Universities- 3 out of every 4 dollars never left the U.S. Now .93 never leaves.
Post-Vietnam and Iran
CAG Contined NIPAs, staff colleges and IDMs spring up all over Africa and
Asia
After 1975/80- Foundations pulled the plug
CAG End of Ford grant, 1974
Post-Vietnam syndrome: Withdrawals, Ayatollas, now nine-one-one
End of Development as a consensus Northern Tier goal
THEORY: Civil Society vs. State
DEBATES
John D. Montgomery vs. Milton Esman
End of Macro-Approach
1.The Macro Approach: No Longer In Vogue (except with Ferrel Heady)
a. Systems building from Almond to Riggs
b. Almond's functions and Easton's black boxes
c. Theme- Look at common functions- focus on INSIDE processes of executive government
End of Macro-Approach
2. Things often done by different structures and processes
Key:- Who makes rules- who carries out,
implements
3. Critics: Lack of systems level theory
The Situation in 1983:Modified "traditional Approach"- A Micro and Meso level approach
a. Most like an "orthodoxy" of public administration
b. Comparative Study of:
1. Parts of the System- budgeting, personnel, inter-governmental relations, policy process
2. Or whole systems- Britain vs. France, U.S. vs. Russia, Botswana vs. Tanzania-
Not Comparative
Middle Range Theory:
a. Problem- largely non-theory
b. Focus on specific relationships: eg. bureaucracy and political and moral variables within a country
c. Mostly case studies- Egypt, Botswana, the U.S. All the same method. "The Case Study"
Robert King Merton July 4, 1910 - February 23, 2003
The Situation in 1989
c. Often turns out to be very specific: i.e. focused institutions
1. Ombudsman2. Auditor General3. Territorial Governor as rep. of national authority- the Prefectoral system
d. The Problem: Comparative studies of institutions are very expensive-run out of money/go back to case studies
From 1989-2001
End of Cold War
Application of Structural Adjustment to Socialist Countries
September 11
Democracy and Governance
SICA- The Current Generation: Public-Private Partnerships
Jennifer Brinkerhoff: George Washington University
2001-Present
Micro-Issues:
Debate about “Whole of Government
1. Public-Private Partnerships
2. Contracting Out
3. Three D’s: Diplomacy, Defense and Development
Mock Question
According to Johnson, "There are several ways in which the government has influenced the structure of Japan's special institutions."[1] Assess the Asian Model from a Comparative Public Management Perspective. What Socio-Economic Systems does Chalmers Johnson identify? How do they relate to the state? How has government grown according to Peters?
[1] Chalmers Johnson, MITI and the Japanese Miracle (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1982), p. 14.