phytoremidation

PHYTOREMEDIATION

Submitted to : Dr. Abudul GhaniSubmitted by : Mujahid Hussain (12)Subject : Advance Plant

EcologyClasss : M.Phil Botany

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Mujahid Hussain (12) M.Phil Botany, Department of Botany, Unversity of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan 1

What is Phytoremediation?

Phytoremediation from Ancient Greek (phyto), meaning "plant", and Latin Remedium, meaning "restoring

balance"

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The process of removing contamination from soil or water using potential plants.

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Technology that use plants to clean up contaminated sites including contaminated water or soil

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Phytoremediation Diagram

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History

Basically Phytoremediation technique was first introduced in 1983 but the concept was actually implemented since last 300 years

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Applications

Phytoremediation may be applied to

contaminated soil and contaminated water

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Phytoremediation can be performed following different methods:

1. PHYTOEXTRACTION2. PHYTOSTABILIZATION3. PHYTOVOLATILIZATION4. PHYTOTRANSFORMATION5. PHYTOSTIMULATION6. RHIZOFILTERATION

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Process dependence

These processes totally rely on the ability of plants to take up, accumulate or metabolize to less toxic substances.

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The plant potential to uptake, accumulate and degradation of contaminants vary from plant to plant.

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Selection of plants

The plants which are used in phytoremediation are generally selected on the basis their growth rate and biomass, their ability to accumulate and tolerate contaminants, the depth of their root zone, and their potential to transpire ground water

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The plants used in phytoremediation should be able to degrade, accumulate or volatilize the contaminants, and grow rapidly in wide range of different conditions

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Advantages

This technology has many advantages, beneficial in that way because it is inexpensive, natural, conserves soil resources and has no secondary contaminations and enhances the soil quality and productivity

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Other methods

Ion exchange chemical precipitation reverse osmosis

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Other methods

These are the most helpful methods that have being using to remove lead and cadmium (metal) and other contaminations from wastewater.

But these methods are very expensive and also they produce a large amount of sludge requiring special disposal, also decrease the fertility of soil leading to infertile soil

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PHYTOEXTRACTION

Phytoextraction: Uptake and concentration of pollutants from the environment into the plant biomass.

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Phytoextraction

Work well on metals (heavy metals) such as lead, cadmium, copper, nikel

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source

source of these metals are industrial waste, mining operation, smelting, combustion sources and solid waste incinerators are the primary sources.

Other sources include paint, batteries, metal plating, automobiles exhausts, lead piping and fertilizers pesticides

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Phytoextraction

for example lead and cadmium is soluble in water and the excessive amount of lead and cadmium in water cause many physiological and biochemical stress symptoms in plants

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Phytoextraction

symptoms include such as growth reduction, disturbed mineral nutrition, water imbalance.

Like any other metal When they enter into the cell they produce an oxidative stress in plant and lead to cell damage

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Phytoextraction

Heavy metals also have serious effects on human health cause many problems to human like are carcinogenic increase the risk of cancer including liver cancer, skin cancer, pulmonary damage

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Phytoextraction

lungs cancer, bladder, kidney, colon, nasal, paranasal sinuses itai-itai disease, skeletal damage, also effect metabolism, mental and intelligence problems, Anaemia, pink disease, Neurasthenia, Diarrhea, high blood pressure, nervous system disorders, vomiting, fever, Multi-organ effect and also cause lead to death

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Phytoextraction

Plants used for treatment are as follows Water lettuce Sunflower Indian mustard Mostly these plants are used for treatment

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But also some other plant as well used Pteris vittata, Triticum aestivum, Brassica campestris, Brassica juncea Brassica Rapa Brassica napus, Salix sp., Populus sp., Sanvitalia procumbens Sorghum Sudanese

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Specificity

For Arsenic, lead using the Sunflower (Helianthus annuus)

or the Chinese Brake fern (Pteris vittata) a hyperaccumulator. Chinese Brake fern stores arsenic, lead in its leaves.

Salt-tolerant (moderately halophytic) barley and/or sugar beets are commonly used for the extraction of sodium chloride (common salt) to reclaim fields that were previously flooded by sea water.

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PHYTOVOLATILIZATION

Phytovolatilization: Removal of substances from soil or water with release into the air.

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Plants used

Liriodendron tulipifera Arabidopsis thaliana Stanleya pinnata Astragalus bisulucatus

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Phytostimulation

Phytostimulation —

This process is also known as rhizosphere degradation. Enhancement of soil microbial activity for the degradation of

contaminants, typically by organisms that associate with roots.

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Phytostimulation

Organisms involve may be bacteria or mycorrhizal fungi

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RHIZOFILTRATION

Rhizofiltration: Filtering water through a mass of roots to remove toxic substances or excess nutrients.

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Plants used

Helianthus Annus Euchronia crassipes chloridemia sp. cladophore

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PHYTOSTABILIZATION

Reduction of mobility of contaminants in environment

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PHYTOSTABILIZATION

Stabilize the contaminants Prevent mechanical transportation of chemicals Trees transpire large quantities of water (even

some more than 15gal/day) So pumping action prevents contaminants from

migration into the water table

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How stabilization occur

Phytostabilization focuses on the long term stabilization

For example, the plant's presence can reduce wind erosion;

or the plant's roots can prevent water erosion, In this way immobilize the pollutants by

adsorption or accumulation, and provide a zone around the roots where the pollutant can precipitate and stabilize.

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Unlike phytoextraction, phytostabilization focuses mainly on sequestering (attached) pollutants in soil near the roots but not in plant tissues. Pollutants become less bioavailable, and livestock, wildlife, and human exposure is reduced.

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Plant used

Mostly tree species are used

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Phytotransformation

Chemical modification of the environmental substances (contaminants) takes place by plant.

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Phytotransformation

In the case of organic pollutants, such as pesticides, explosives, solvents, industrial chemicals, and other toxic substances are taken up by plants and transformed into less toxic or non-toxic form when plant metabolize them.

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Phytotransformation

certain plants are used, such as Cannas, convert these substances (contaminants) into non-toxic substances by their metabolism.

In other cases, microorganisms living in association with plant roots may metabolize these substances in soil or water.

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These complex compounds cannot be broken down to basic molecules (water, carbon-dioxide, etc.) by plants

hence, the term phytotransformation represents a change in chemical structure (less toxic) without complete breakdown of the compound.

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Phase I metabolism

"Green Liver" is used to describe phytotransformation,

as plants behave analogously to the human liver when dealing with these xenobiotic compounds (foreign compound/pollutant).

After uptake of the xenobiotics, plant enzymes increase the polarity of the xenobiotics by adding functional groups such as hydroxyl groups (-OH).

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Phase II metabolism

In the second stage of phytotransformation, known as Phase II metabolism,

plant biomolecules such as glucose and amino acids are added to the polarized xenobiotic to further increase the polarity (known as conjugation).

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Phase III metabolism

In the final stage of phytotransformation (Phase III metabolism),

a sequestration (segregation) of the xenobiotic occurs within the plant.

The xenobiotics polymerize in a lignin-like manner and develop a complex structure that is sequestered in the plant. This ensures that the xenobiotic is safely stored, and does not affect the functioning of the plant.

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Eurasian Watermilfoil (Eurasian Watermilfoil (Myriophyllum spicatumMyriophyllum spicatum))

Water Hyacinth (Water Hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipesEichhornia crassipes ) )

Duckweed (Duckweed (Lemna trisulcaLemna trisulca L.) L.)

Fool's Watercress (Fool's Watercress (Apium Apium nodiflorumnodiflorum))

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Mujahid Hussain (12) M.Phil Botany, Department of Botany,

Unversity of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan 48

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Plant ClassificationPlant Classification

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Pot Marigold and Pot Marigold and Common HollyhockCommon Hollyhock

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Features of Ornamental Features of Ornamental PhytoremediationPhytoremediationBeautyCleaning

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Advantages

Natural. Lo cost Environmentally friendly Increase soil fertility Increase productivity Increase growth and yield

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Disadvantages

May take several years to remediate Consumption of contaminated plant tissue is also

a concern (may enter into food chain Possible effect on the food chain.

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Conclusion So overall we have to understand their (mean

contaminants especially heavy metals) toxic effects on living lives, on all living organisms (including animals, humans and plants as well).

Pakistan is an agricultural country and much of its economy based on agriculture

By using potential plants, curing this problem we can increase yield and production in agriculture

So in this way we can happy our farmers by overall increasing yield production and also in this way we can improve our economy and income

And overall overcome economic losses

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7Mujahid Hussain (12) M.Phil Botany, Department of Botany, Unversity of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan 58

Thank you

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phytoremidation

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