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Transcript of Phytophthora ramorum: Educate to Detect (PRED) Phytophthora ramorum: Educate to Detect (PRED)...
Phytophthora ramorum:Phytophthora ramorum: Educate to Detect Educate to Detect
(PRED)(PRED)
University of Illinois Extension
in cooperation withUSDA-Forest Service
USDA-Cooperative State Research Education & Extension Service
IPM Regional CentersNational Plant Diagnostic Network
USDA-Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service
OverviewOverview
Introduction History of P. ramorum Symptoms and look-alikes Regulations and management Sample collection and handling Questions and answers
2
Illinois Task ForceIllinois Task Force► Co-chairs: Monica David- U of I Extension
Bruce Paulsrud- U of I Extension► Dave Bender- IL. Nurseryman’s Association► Mark Cinnamon-IL. Dept of Agriculture► Steve Knight- IL. Plant Health Director► Dick Little- IL. Forestry Development Council► Karel Jacobs- Morton Arboretum► Edith Makra- Morton Arboretum► Nancy Pataky- U of I Plant Clinic► Dave Shiley- U of I Extension
3
History outlineHistory outline
Status in North American forests
Status in Europe
Status in North American landscapes and nurseries
4
Photo: Marin County Fire Department
Marin County, CA (north of San Francisco)
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Photo: Marin County Fire Department
Marin County, CA (north of San Francisco), 2000
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Phytophthora ramorumPhytophthora ramorum
Photo: UC Davis & UC Berkeley
Phytophthora ramorum in culture
Chlamydospores
Sporangia releasing zoospores
7
Photo: Joseph O’Brien, USDA-Forest Service
Phytophthora ramorum infection on the leaves of California bay laurel (Umbellularia californica)
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Two sets of symptoms caused byTwo sets of symptoms caused by Phytophthora ramorumPhytophthora ramorum
Sudden Oak Death Red oak group hosts and tanoak Stem lesions beneath the bark May bleed or ooze Can kill adult plants
Phytophthora ramorum Foliar Blight Non-oak hosts Spots and blotches on leaves Shoot dieback Can kill juvenile plants, occasionally mature
plants
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Photo: Mike McWilliams, ODF
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P. ramorumP. ramorum confirmations in confirmations in
forestsforests
Map from www.suddenoakdeath.orgKelly, UC-Berkeley
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Map: USDA- Forest Service
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European garden & nursery European garden & nursery findsfinds
Photo: Hans DeGruyter, Netherlands Plant Protection Institute
Phytophthora ramorum infection on rhododendron in Europe
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Quercus rubra
Infected trees in Infected trees in EuropeEurope
Photo: DEFRAFagus sylvatica
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Photo: Jennifer Parke, Oregon State University
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Photo: Jonathan Jones, APHIS, PPQ
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Trace-forward & trace-backTrace-forward & trace-backinvestigationsinvestigations
Trace forwards = to the nurseries where stock was shipped TO
Trace backs = to the nursery where stock was shipped FROM
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Phytophthora ramorum Phytophthora ramorum national surveynational survey
Most states have started or completed their surveys
Over 3,000 nurseries / garden centers have been surveyed
Over 50,000 samples have been taken
Originally 15 positives in 7 states
All samples taken in Illinois were negative
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As of January 10, 2005:• 3,130 sites surveyed (51,520 samples)• Confirmed in 22 states (176 positives)
Sudden Oak Death/P. ramorum Blight Survey Findings
Not found
Positive sample(s)
Pathogen is established
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25
24
3
1
1
1
11
1 1
5 6 16
4
2
9
2
11 (indoor)
1
3
3
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Symptoms & look-alikesSymptoms & look-alikes
Sudden Oak Death on oak hosts
Symptoms on other hosts
Screening questions at the NCIPM website (www.ncipm.org/sod) and
in the Illinois plan:
focus on recently purchased (or near recently purchased) camellia, kalmia, lilac, pieris, rhododendron, or viburnum
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True oaks (Quercus spp.) Tanoak (Lithocarpus densiflorus) Chestnut (Castanea) [Europe only] Beech (Fagus) [Europe only]
Symptoms caused by Symptoms caused by P. P. ramorumramorum differ on different differ on different
hostshosts
Sudden Oak Deathaffects members of the oak
family (Fagaceae)
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Photo: Pavel Svihra, UC Cooperative Extension
P. ramorumP. ramorum on coast live oak on coast live oak
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‘‘Bleeding’ canker on tree trunkBleeding’ canker on tree trunk
‘Bleeding’ or oozing on the bark
Not associated with cracks in bark or insect holes
Usually on the lower 6 ft. of tree trunks
Photo: Garbelotto lab, UC Berkeley
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Phytophthora ramorumPhytophthora ramorum
Photos: Mike McWilliams, ODF & Bruce Moltzen, Missouri Dept. of Conservation
“bleeding”
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Photo: Dave Rizzo, UC Davis
Cankers (in inner Cankers (in inner bark) are bark) are surrounded by a surrounded by a black lineblack line
Phytophthora ramorumPhytophthora ramorum25
Phytophthora ramorumPhytophthora ramorum
outer bark inner bark
Photo: Bruce Moltzen, Missouri Department of Conservation
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Bleeding canker caused by Armillaria
outer bark inner bark
Similar symptoms – not Similar symptoms – not P. P. ramorumramorum
Photo: Steve Oak, USDA-Forest Service
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Similar symptoms – not Similar symptoms – not P. P. ramorumramorum
outer bark inner bark
Bleeding canker caused by inner-bark boring insect
Photo: Steve Oak, USDA-Forest Service
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Similar symptoms – submit sampleSimilar symptoms – submit sample
outer bark inner bark
Bleeding canker caused by Inonotus hispidus
Photo: Steve Oak, USDA-Forest Service
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Similar symptoms – not Similar symptoms – not P. P. ramorumramorum
Scorching of foliage and vascular discoloration typical of Oak Wilt
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Similar symptoms – not Similar symptoms – not P. P. ramorumramorum
Scorching of foliage caused by Bacterial Leaf Scorch
31
Other common diseases & injuriesOther common diseases & injuries
Bacterial wetwood
Boring insects
Mechanical injury
Fungi
32
On other plant hosts, On other plant hosts, P. P. ramorumramorum causes symptoms of causes symptoms of
foliar blightfoliar blight
Pyracantha Honeysuckle Yew Douglas-fir Grand fir Coast redwood
Camellia Rhododendron Viburnum Pieris Mountain
laurel Lilac
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Symptoms on camelliaSymptoms on camellia
Photos: Oregon Dept. of Agriculture & Cheryl Blomquist, CDFA
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Symptoms on camelliaSymptoms on camellia
Photo: Cheryl Blomquist, CDFA
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Symptoms can be subtle
Look for irregular-shaped brown lesions on the leaves
Sometimes only the tips of leaves are brown
Look for lower leaves that have fallen off
Symptoms on camelliaSymptoms on camellia
Photo: Cheryl Blomquist, CDFA
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Sun scorch on camellia
Similar symptoms – submit sampleSimilar symptoms – submit sample
Photo: Carrie Harmon, University of Florida
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Cold injury on camellia
Similar symptoms – submit sampleSimilar symptoms – submit sample
Photo: Richard Regan, Oregon State University
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P. ramorumP. ramorum symptoms on symptoms on rhododendronrhododendron
Rhododendron macrophyllum
Shoot dieback Foliar blight Foliar blight
Photo: Everett Hansen, Oregon State University
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P. ramorumP. ramorum symptoms on symptoms on rhododendronrhododendron
Photo: Everett Hansen, Oregon State UniversityRhododendron macrophyllum
40
P. ramorumP. ramorum symptoms on symptoms on rhododendronrhododendron
Photo: Bruce Moltzen, Missouri Dept. of Conservation
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P. ramorumP. ramorum symptoms on symptoms on rhododendronrhododendron
Rhododendron ‘Unique’Photo: Jennifer Parke, Oregon State University
42
Photo: Paul Tooley, USDA-ARS
P. ramorumP. ramorum symptoms on eastern symptoms on eastern native rhododendrons native rhododendrons
(inoculation trials)(inoculation trials)
43
Photo: Jay Pscheidt, Oregon State University
Similar symptoms – submit sampleSimilar symptoms – submit sample
Foliar blight caused by Phytophthora syringae
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Photo: Mike Benson, NCSU
Foliar blight caused by Phytophthora species
Similar symptoms – submit sampleSimilar symptoms – submit sample
45
Phytophthora root rot - not caused by P. ramorum
Similar symptoms – not Similar symptoms – not P. P. ramorumramorum
Photo: Jay Pscheidt, Oregon State University
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Sun scorch
Gray blight can develop on sun scorched rhododendron leaves
Similar symptoms – not Similar symptoms – not P. P. ramorumramorum
Photo: Rich Regan, Oregon State University
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Pieris japonicaPhoto: Oregon Dept. of Agriculture
Symptoms on pierisSymptoms on pieris48
Pieris japonica
P. ramorumP. ramorum symptoms on pieris symptoms on pieris
Photo: Oregon Dept. of Agriculture
49
Photo: Oregon Dept. of Agriculture
Viburnum x bodnantense ‘’Dawn’
P. ramorumP. ramorum symptoms on symptoms on viburnumviburnum
50
Viburnum x bodnantense ‘Dawn’Photo: Oregon Dept. of Agriculture
P. ramorumP. ramorum symptoms on symptoms on viburnumviburnum
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Viburnum plicatum tomentosum ‘Mariesii’
P. ramorumP. ramorum symptoms on symptoms on viburnumviburnum
Photo: Jennifer Parke, Oregon State University
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stem canker
Photo: Sabine Werres, Institute für Pflanzenschutz im Gartenbau, Germany
P. ramorumP. ramorum symptoms on symptoms on viburnumviburnum
53
P. ramorumP. ramorum symptoms on symptoms on kalmia kalmia
(mountain laurel)(mountain laurel)
Photo: DEFRA
54
Photo: Robert Linderman, USDA-ARS
Similar symptoms – submit sampleSimilar symptoms – submit sample
Kalmia latifolia (mountain laurel)
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Photo: Peter Angwin, USDA-Forest Service
Similar symptoms – submit sampleSimilar symptoms – submit sample
Kalmia latifolia (mountain laurel)
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P. ramorumP. ramorum symptoms on lilac symptoms on lilac
Photo: Alexandra Schlenzig, Scottish Agricultural Science Agency
57
Photo: Jay Pscheidt, Oregon State University
Bacterial blight on lilac
Similar symptoms – submit sampleSimilar symptoms – submit sample 58
P. ramorumP. ramorum symptoms on symptoms on conifersconifers
Photo: Santa Clara Co. (CA) Agriculture Dept. & Dave Rizzo, UC Davis
Grand fir Douglas-fir
59
Regulations & ManagementRegulations & Management
P. ramorum quarantines Federal vs. State quarantines Quarantine goals What areas are under quarantine? What is the impact of a quarantine?
(Why we don’t really want to find out!)
P. ramorum management strategies
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Federal quarantines Authorization: Plant Protection Act Prevent movement between states
State quarantines Authorization in IL: IL Pest and Disease Act 505 ILCS 90
(www.ilga.gov/legislation/ilcs/ilcs.asp) Prevent introductions and movement within a
state
Phytophthora ramorumPhytophthora ramorumregulations & quarantinesregulations & quarantines
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Federal Federal P. ramorumP. ramorum quarantine quarantine program goalsprogram goals
Prevent the artificial spread of P. ramorum
Take the least restrictive action necessary
Determine status of disease, nationwide
Keep the regulations current with the science and risk
Identify where infected items came from and went to
Clean up infested nurseries and garden centers
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Federal quarantine areas 14 California counties & part of an Oregon
county “Pest is present and being officially controlled” P. ramorum is established in natural
environment, but within the quarantined area.
Federal regulated areas All of California, Oregon, and Washington “…is subjected to phytosanitary measures” Think of this as a buffer between known
infested and non-infested areas
Phytophthora ramorumPhytophthora ramorumregulations & quarantinesregulations & quarantines
63
Impact on Federal quarantined areas: Each shipment of host or associated
host plants or regulated articles must be inspected before shipping interstate – must be free of P. ramorum.
Annual inspection - even in nurseries that don’t contain or ship P. ramorum hosts or associated hosts.
Phytophthora ramorumPhytophthora ramorumregulations & quarantinesregulations & quarantines
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Phytophthora ramorumPhytophthora ramorumdomestic regulated domestic regulated articles/materialsarticles/materials
Nursery stock*
Forest stock
Wood
Bark
Soil
Wreaths & greenery
65
* See www.aphis.usda.gov/ppq/ispm/sod for a current list of hosts and associated hosts
Impact on Federal regulated areas: Nurseries may not ship hosts or
associated hosts until inspection proves the nursery is not infested with P. ramorum.
Annual inspection - even in nurseries that don’t contain or ship P. ramorum hosts or associated hosts.
Phytophthora ramorumPhytophthora ramorumregulations & quarantinesregulations & quarantines
66
USDA-APHIS website: USDA-APHIS website: www.aphis.usda.gov/ppq/ispm/sodwww.aphis.usda.gov/ppq/ispm/sod
67
Prevention & ManagementPrevention & Management Cultural tactics:
Thoroughly inspect all new plants for unusual symptoms prior to introducing them into the nursery, garden center, forest, or landscape.
Avoid planting P. ramorum-foliar hosts under or adjacent to oak trees.
Avoid wetting the plant foliage, which will stimulate foliar diseases such as P. ramorum.
Monitor host plants frequently and promptly submit a sample from any suspicious plant.
68
Prevention & ManagementPrevention & Management Fungicides:
Information now emerging: interpret with caution Two established active ingredients seem to have
the most promise (and data) - mefenoxam (Subdue Maxx): Foliar infections - phosphorous acid (AGRI-FOS): Trunk cankers Regular or supplemental labels are expected soon Read the labels carefully See the “IL P. ramorum Detection & Response
Plan” for further details.
69
P. ramorumP. ramorum procedures procedures
Review of material just presented
Goal of PRED
Overview of the program
What to do…
70
Sample referral criteriaSample referral criteria Plants likely to be infected by Phytophthora
ramorum (as indicated by the screening questionnaire):
Affected plant is on host list and purchased since 2002
Affected plant is near a recently purchased host plant
Symptoms are consistent with Phytophthora ramorum
Screening questions at the NCIPM website (www.ncipm.org/sod) or the same questions modified for Illinois and found in the Illinois plan
71
CommunicationCommunication Submit the suspect sample to:
University of Illinois extension office near you
for DDDI submission If still suspect, the sample will need to be sent to:
University of Illinois Plant Clinic
1401 W. St. Mary’s Rd.
Urbana, IL 61802
217-333-0519 Avoid alarming behavior. Don’t jump to
conclusions. Wait for lab result Maintain confidentiality
72
If you’re asked to collect a If you’re asked to collect a samplesample
Collect leaves that show various stages of symptom development.
Take pictures of symptoms and environment.
73
Packaging a samplePackaging a sample Place sample on a paper
towel. Do not wet the towel.
Double bag and seal the sample in zippable bags.
If shipping, use a crush proof box with seams sealed completely with tape.
Be sure to include the sample submission form required by your state.
74
Delivering a sampleDelivering a sample
Contact the Plant Clinic (217-333-0519).
Samples must be fresh and in good condition. Enclose in plastic as if mailing. Label the bags.
Rapid delivery is critical (no Friday shipments).
75
Sampling remindersSampling reminders
The accuracy of a disease diagnosis can only be as good as the sample and information provided.
Sample must be representative of symptoms and severity in the field and must contain the right material.
76
Sampling remindersSampling reminders
Sanitation disposal of material containment while shipping clean tools
Chain of custody restrict access to sample make sure sample collection location is
retraceable
77
Diagnostics: laboratory testsDiagnostics: laboratory tests
There are three detection methods: Antibody test (ELISA) Plating on selective
media DNA (PCR)
Relatively expensive
Time consuming
ELISA
Plating
PCR
Photo: Natalie Goldberg, New Mexico State University
78
Where to go for more Where to go for more informationinformation
APHIS: www.aphis.usda.gov/ppq/ispm/sod
California Oak Mortality Task Force:www.suddenoakdeath.org
NC IPM:www.ncipm.org/sod
IL Home, Yard, & Garden Pest Newsletter: www.ag.uiuc.edu/cespubs/hyg
79
AcknowledgmentsAcknowledgments
Original authors Jennifer Parke Susan Frankel Janice
Alexander Carla Thomas
80
Revising authors Monica David Nancy Pataky Bruce Paulsrud
Dave Bender, Mark Cinnamon, Monica David, Nancy Pataky, Bruce Paulsrud, Dave Shiley, Karel Jacobs, Edith Makra, Steve Knight, Dick Little, and Tom Wilson
Illinois Sudden Oak Death Task Force Members