Sudden Oak DeathSudden Oak Death

and other diseases caused byand other diseases caused byPhytophthora ramorumPhytophthora ramorum

Forest and/or Landscape Settings:United States

California - 12 counties (urban & forest) Oregon - 9 sites over~40 acres

Nursery Incidents:United States – 125 nurseries in 17 States Canada - British ColumbiaEuropean Union – Belgium, Denmark

France, Germany the Netherlands Poland, Slovenia Republic of Ireland Spain, Sweden United Kingdom

Current P.ramorum distribution

Current U.S. DistributionCurrent U.S. Distribution

Based on host type, climate, nursery imports

Forest SurveyForest Survey

Proven hosts:Scientific Name (29) Common Name

Acer macrophyllum Bigleaf maple

Aesculus californica California buckeye

Arbutus menziesii Madrone

Arctostaphylos manzanita Manzanita

Camellia japonica Japanese camellia

Camellia sasanqua Sasanqua camellia

Hamamelis virginiana Witch hazel

Heteromeles arbutifolia Toyon

Lithocarpus densiflorus Tanoak

Lonicera hispidula   California honeysuckle

Pieris formosa Himalaya pieris

Pieris formosa x japonica Pieris ‘Forest Flame’

Pieris floribunda x japonica Pieris ‘Brouwer’s Beauty’

Pieris japonica Japanese pieris

Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii Douglas-fir

Quercus agrifolia Coast live oak

Quercus chrysolepis Canyon live oak

Quercus kelloggii California black oak

Quercus parvula v. shrevei Shreve’s oak

Rhamnus californica California coffeeberry

Rhododendron spp Rhododendron (including azalea)

Rosa gymnocarpa Wood rose

Sequoia sempervirens Coast redwood 

Trientalis latifolia Western starflower

Umbellularia californica California bay laurel, pepperwood, Oregon myrtle

Vaccinium ovatum Evergreen huckleberry

Viburnum x bodnantense Bodnant Viburnum

Viburnum plicatum var. tomentosum Doublefile Viburnum

Viburnum tinus Laurustinus

Other suspected hosts:

Scientific Name (31) Common Name, Date & Source of Report

Abies grandis Grand fir – June 03 (1)

Aesculus hippocastanum Horse-chestnut – Dec 03 (3)

Arbutus unedo Strawberry tree – Dec 02 (7)

Camellia reticulata Camellia – Oct 03 (3)

Camellia x williamsii Camellia – Oct 03 (3)

Castanea sativa Sweet Chestnut – Feb 04 (3)

Corylus cornuta California hazelnut – Dec 02 (5)

Fagus sylvatica European beech – Dec 03 (3)

Kalmia latifolia Mountain laurel – Fall 02 (3)

Leucothoe fontanesiana Drooping leucothoe - Oct 03 (3)

Pieris formosa var. forrestii Chinese pieris – Oct 03 (3)

Pieris formosa var. forrestii x Pieris japonica Pieris – Oct 03 (3)

Pittosporum undulatum Victorian box – Dec 02 (6)

Pyracantha koidzumii Formosa firethorn – Apr 04 (9)

Quercus cerris European turkey oak - Feb 04 (3)

Quercus falcata Southern red oak – Nov 03 (3)

Quercus ilex Holm oak – Dec 03 (3)

Quercus rubra Northern red oak – Nov 03 (8)

Rhamnus purshiana Cascara – Dec 02 (4)

Rubus spectabilis Salmonberry – Dec 02 (4)

Syringa vulgaris Lilac – 2003 (3) updated Oct 03

Taxus baccata European yew – Aug 03 (3)

Toxicodendron diversiloba Poison oak – Dec 02 (4)

Vaccinium vitis-idaea Lingonberry – Poland, 2002 (reported by 3)

Viburnum davidii David Viburnum - Oct 03 (3)

Viburnum farreri (=V. fragrans) Fragrant Viburnum – Oct 03 (3)

Viburnum lantana Wayfaringtree Viburnum – Oct 03 (3)

Viburnum opulus European cranberrybush Viburnum – Oct 03 (3)

Viburnum x burkwoodii Burkwood Viburnum – Oct 03 (3)

Viburnum x carlcephalum x V. utile Viburnum – Oct 03 (3)

Viburnum x pragense Prague Viburnum – Oct 03 (3)

Eastern species susceptible in Eastern species susceptible in artificial inoculation tests:artificial inoculation tests:

25 species of Ericaceous ornamentals 25 species of Ericaceous ornamentals

(susceptibility varied greatly) (susceptibility varied greatly)

Tooley, 2002Tooley, 2002

6 oak species (white, red, chestnut, 6 oak species (white, red, chestnut, cherrybark, live and laurel oak)cherrybark, live and laurel oak)

Nursery IncidentsNursery Incidents

Infected plants shipped to 125 garden Infected plants shipped to 125 garden centers in 17 Statescenters in 17 States

States attempting to locate plants that States attempting to locate plants that have been soldhave been sold

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INFECTED CAMELLIAS

P. ramorumP. ramorum in Europe in Europe Different mating type; more pathogenicDifferent mating type; more pathogenic Hundreds of nursery incidents, sanitizedHundreds of nursery incidents, sanitized Over a dozen ornamental rhododendron & Over a dozen ornamental rhododendron &

Viburnum plantings ( few > one acre)Viburnum plantings ( few > one acre) One northern red oak in The NetherlandsOne northern red oak in The Netherlands One southern red oak in Sussex, EnglandOne southern red oak in Sussex, England Beech, horse chestnut, holm oak in Cornwall, all Beech, horse chestnut, holm oak in Cornwall, all

near infected rhododendronnear infected rhododendron

P. ramorum on Southern Red Oak in Sussex, England

Nursery ProtocolNursery Protocol

2 meter buffer – destroy all hosts

10 meters – hold all host genera

Destroy all hosts in infected block

Forest and Landscape ProtocolForest and Landscape Protocol

SurveySurvey Phytophthora ramorum outbreaks must be detected early for eradication to be effective. Early detection monitoring in areas with susceptible hosts is recommended.

Eradication Eradication Eradication measures require removal and destruction of all all host plants and associated plant species. A regulated or quarantine area will be established around the eradication zone.

Monitoring Monitoring Sites being treated for P. ramorum will continue to be monitored for two years. These vegetated areas will remain under quarantine for a minimum of two years from the date of the last pathogen detection.

Restoration Restoration Take steps to stabilize soil, and to prevent off-site movement of the pathogen. Replant the site with appropriate non-host plants. Avoid planting other members of any host genera, as the host list continues to expand.

FIND those plants!FIND those plants!

Cheapest alternative Cheapest alternative Removing infected plants from landscape now will save money and ecological damage in the long run.

Cooperation Cooperation States, the nursery industry, and federal agencies must form strong partnerships to achieve this goal.

Public Outreach Public Outreach Homeowners who have purchased Camellias, Rhododendron, Viburnum, and Lilac in the last three years should examine them to see if they look diseased.

NETWORK!NETWORK!

State Departments of AgricultureState Departments of AgricultureState Forestry OrganizationsState Forestry Organizations

Forest ServiceForest ServiceAPHIS APHIS

CSREESCSREESUniversity ExtensionUniversity Extension

Garden CentersGarden CentersMaster GardenersMaster Gardeners

Gardening MagazinesGardening MagazinesNewspapersNewspapers

Forest Service National PlanForest Service National Plan

Monitoring & DetectionMonitoring & Detection Eradication where feasibleEradication where feasible Quarantine enforcementQuarantine enforcement

(nursery stock, firewood, (nursery stock, firewood, leaf material, soil with leaf material, soil with OM)OM)

Forest detection survey Forest detection survey programprogram

Education & OutreachEducation & Outreach PartnershipsPartnerships