Phytochemical and Pharmacological Profiling of Ficus glomerata Roxb

42
Phytochemical and Pharmacological Profiling of Ficus glomerata Roxb Department of Biotechnology, Gulbarga University, Kalaburagi Page 162 References Chapter 8

Transcript of Phytochemical and Pharmacological Profiling of Ficus glomerata Roxb

Page 1: Phytochemical and Pharmacological Profiling of Ficus glomerata Roxb

Phytochemical and Pharmacological Profiling of Ficus glomerata Roxb

Department of Biotechnology, Gulbarga University, Kalaburagi Page 162

References

Chapter 8

Page 2: Phytochemical and Pharmacological Profiling of Ficus glomerata Roxb

Phytochemical and Pharmacological Profiling of Ficus glomerata Roxb

Department of Biotechnology, Gulbarga University, Kalaburagi Page 163

8. REFERENCES

Abdul Aziz Ramlan, Mohd, Roji Sarmidi, Sivakumar Kumaresan, Zarani Mat

Taher and Foo Chwan Yee (2000). Chemical Engineering Pilot Plant, University

Technology Malaysia.

Abdul Rashid AB (2008). Chemical Constituents From The Stems Of Ficus

deltoideae. University Teknologi Mara.

Abie ΗU (1983). Catalase : in methods in enzymatic analysis. Η U Bergmeyer

,New York: Academic Press 3:276-286.

Abul Hasnat, Mehnaz Pervin and Beong Ou Lim (2013). Acetylcholinesterase

Inhibition and in Vitro and in Vivo Antioxidant Activities of Ganoderma

lucidum Grown on Germinated Brown Rice, Molecules 18:6663-6678.

Adlercreutz H, Honjo H, Higashi A, Fotsis T, Hamalainen E, Hasegawa T and

Okada H (1991). Urinary excretion of lignans and isoflavonoid phytoestrogens in

Japanese men and women consuming a traditional Japanese diet. Am J Clin Nutr

54: 1093-1100,

Afolayan AJ, Meyer JJ, (1997). The antimicrobial activity of 3, 5, 7

trihydroxyflavone isolated from the shoots of Helichrysum aureonitens, J

Ethnopharmacol 57: 177–181.

Aguiar JS, Costa MCCD, Nascimento SC, Sena KXFR (2008). Antimicrobial

activity of Lippia alba (Mill.) N. E. Brown (Verbenaceae). Rev Bras

Pharmacogn18(3):436-40.

Ahmad I, Aqil F, Farah A (2006) In: Modern Phytomedicine: Turning Medicinal

plants into drugs. Wiley- VCH, Germany, 59-76.

Page 3: Phytochemical and Pharmacological Profiling of Ficus glomerata Roxb

Phytochemical and Pharmacological Profiling of Ficus glomerata Roxb

Department of Biotechnology, Gulbarga University, Kalaburagi Page 164

Ahmed M Abu, Monirul Islam, Atiar Rahman and Anwar Hossain, (2014).

Thrombolytic, Cytotoxic and Antidiabetic Effects of Paederia foetida L. Leaf

Extract, British Journal of Medicine & Medical Research 4(5): 1244-1256.

Akbar N, Mohammad Y, Abbas AM and Sanjay Gupta (2011). Evaluation of

Anticancer Properties of Medicinal Plants from the Indian Sub-Continent. Mol

Cell Pharmacol 3(1): 21-29.

Akiyama T, Ishida J, Nakagawa S, Ogawara H, Watanabe S, Itoh N, Shibuya M

and Fukami Y (1987): Genistein, a specific inhibitor of tyrosine kinases. J Biol

Chem 262: 5592-5595.

Alexy Lagunin, Alla Stepanchikova, Dmitrii Filimonov and Vladimir Poroikov

(2000) PASS: Prediction of activity spectra for biologically active substances.

Bioinformatics 16(8): 747-748.

Alfred Hall J (1937). A system of structural relationships in phytochemistry.

Chemical reviews 20(3):305-344.

Alok Sharma, Shanker C, Lalit Kumar T, Mahendra Singh and Ch.Rao V (2008).

Herbal Medicine for Market Potential in India: An Overview. Academic Journal

of Plant Sciences 1(2): 26-36.

Alothman M, Rajeev B, Karim AA (2009). Antioxidant capacity and phenolic

content of selected tropical fruits from Malaysia, extracted with different

solvents. Food Chemistry 115( 3):785-788.

Andressa Blainski, Gisely, Cristiny Lopes, João Carlos, Palazzo de Mello (2013).

Application and Analysis of the Folin Ciocalteu Method forthe Determination of

the Total Phenolic Content from Limonium Brasiliense L. Molecules; (18):6852-

6865.

Page 4: Phytochemical and Pharmacological Profiling of Ficus glomerata Roxb

Phytochemical and Pharmacological Profiling of Ficus glomerata Roxb

Department of Biotechnology, Gulbarga University, Kalaburagi Page 165

Andrews J (2001). Determination of minimum inhibitory concentrations, J

Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 48:5-16.

Angayarkanni JK, Ramkumar M, Poornima T, and Priyadarshini P(2007)

Cytotoxic activity of Amorphophallus paeoniifolius Tuber extracts in vitro,

American-Eurasian Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, 2(4):

395– 398.

Anita Rani Shiksharthi, Stuti Mittal (2011). Ficus Racemosa: Phytochemistry,

Traditional Uses and Pharmacological Properties: A Review. International

Journal of Recent Advances in Pharmaceutical Research 4: 06-15.

Anna Lewington (1993). Medicinal plants and plant extracts: A review of the

importation of medicinal plants and plant extracts into Europe. A traffic network

report.

Antolovich M, Prenzler P, Robards K and Ryan D, (2000). Sample preparation in

the determination of phenolic compounds in fruits. Analyst 125:989–1009

Arulpriya P, Lalitha P and Hemalatha S (2013). Competence of different solvent

extraction methods in the isolation of bioactive principles from Samana saman

(jacq.)merr, An International Journal Of Pharmaceutical Sciences 2(2-1),184-

199.

Arunachalam A, Venkatesan N, Senthilraj R, Vijayakumar G, M Karthikeyan

and Ashutoshkumar (2010). Phytopharmacognostical properties of Ficus

racemosa Linn. Pharmacie Globale (IJCP) 5 (04).

Aruoma OI, Cuppett SL (1994) Antioxidant Methodology: In Vivo and In Vitro

Concepts. AOCS Press, Illinois.

Page 5: Phytochemical and Pharmacological Profiling of Ficus glomerata Roxb

Phytochemical and Pharmacological Profiling of Ficus glomerata Roxb

Department of Biotechnology, Gulbarga University, Kalaburagi Page 166

Asita AO, Makhalemele R (2008). Genotoxicity of Chlorpyrifos, Alphathrin,

Efekto virikop and Springbok to onion root tip cells Afr. J. Biotechnol. 7(23):

4244-4250.

Askel Bernhoft (2010). In: Bioactive compounds in plants –benefits and risks for

man and animals. Oslo: The Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters.

Aslanturk O, Askin CT, (2006). Anti-mitotic and anti-genotoxic effects of

Plantago lanceolata aqueous extract on Allium cepa root tip meristem cells.

Biologia, 61(6). http://doi.org/10.2478/s11756-006-0142-5

Auti S, Pagare R, Ahire D and Sawale V (2010). Cytogenetical studies on the

effect of omnacortil on root tip cells of Allium cepa L.,” Journal of Cell and

Tissue Research 10(3): 2331–2335.

Azhaguraj R, Arokia Lenin E, Viswanathan C, Sangeetha B and Selvanayagam

M (2010). Predication Of Biological Activity Of Algal Antitumor Drugs Using

Pass, Pharmacologyonline 3: 22-34.

Baba H and Onanuga A (2011). Preliminary Phytochemical Screening And

Antimicrobial Evaluation Of Three Medicinal Plants Used In Nigeria, Afr J

Tradit Complement Altern Med. 8(4):387‐390.

Bagya SK, Rajashree PV, and Sam KG (2011). Preliminary Anticancer

Screening and Standardization of some Indigenous Medicinal Plants using Cell-

biology and Molecular Biotechnology Based Models. Research journal of

medicinal plant, 5(6).

Banerjee Anirban, Yusuf Chisti B, Banerjee UC, (2004). Streptokinase—a

clinically useful thrombolytic agent, Biotechnology Advances 22:287–307

Bassam Abdul Rasool Hassan(2012). Medicinal Plants: Importance and Uses.

Pharmaceut Anal Acta, 3:10.

Page 6: Phytochemical and Pharmacological Profiling of Ficus glomerata Roxb

Phytochemical and Pharmacological Profiling of Ficus glomerata Roxb

Department of Biotechnology, Gulbarga University, Kalaburagi Page 167

Beak SH, Yun SS, Kwon TK, Kim JR, Chang HW, Kwak JY (1999). The effects

of two new antagonists of secretory PLA2 on TNF-α, iNOS, and COX-2

expression in activated macrophages, Shock. 12 : 473-478.

Benjamin Sunkel and Qianben Wang (2012). Looking beyond androgen receptor

signaling in the treatment of advanced prostate cancer. Ohio State University

Comprehensive Cancer Center. 1-32.

Bhattacharya S and Haldar PK (2010). Evaluation of in vitro cytotoxic effect of

Trichosanthes dioica root,” Pharmacognosy Research,vol.2,no.6,pp.355–

358,2010.

Bhattacharya S, and Haldar PK, (2012). Evaluation of antimitotic and genotoxic

effects of the triterpenoid enriched extract from Trichosanthes dioica root.

American-Eurasian J Toxicol Sci 4: 20–3.

Biesaga M (2011). Influence of extraction methods on stability of flavonoids. J.

Chromatogr. A, 1218: 2505–2512.

Boffetta P and Nyberg F (2003). Contribution of environmental factors to cancer

risk, British Medical Bulletin 68: 71–94.

Bojase G, Majinda R, Gashe B, Wanjada C,( 2002) Antimicrobial flavonoids

from Bolusanthus speciosus. Planta Medica 68:615-620.

Borkataky M, Kakoty BB and Saikia (2013). Proximate analysis and

antimicrobial activity of Eclipta alba Hassk. - a traditionally used herb. Int j

pharm pharm sci 5(1):149-154.

Bors W, Michel C, Stettmaier K (2001). Structure–activity relationships

governing antioxidant capacities of plant polyphenols. Methods Enzymol

335:166–180.

Page 7: Phytochemical and Pharmacological Profiling of Ficus glomerata Roxb

Phytochemical and Pharmacological Profiling of Ficus glomerata Roxb

Department of Biotechnology, Gulbarga University, Kalaburagi Page 168

Bostwick DG, Burke HB, Djakiew D, Euling S, Ho SM, Landolph J(2004).

Human prostate cancer risk factors. Cancer 101: 2371–2490.

Breslow N, Chan CW, Dhom G, Drury RA, Franks LM, Gellei B (1977). Latent

carcinoma of the prostate at autopsy in seven areas. The International Agency for

research in Cancer; Lyons, France. Int J Cancer; 20: 680–688.

Brusal E, Gulcin I(2011). Polyphenol contents and in vitro antioxidant activities

of lyophilized aqueous extract of kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa). Food Res Int

44:1482-1489.

Cai YZ, Luo Q, Sun M, Corke H (2004). Antioxidant activity and phenolic

compounds of 112 traditional Chinese medicinal plants associated with

anticancer. Life Sci 74:2157–2184.

Cao G, Sofic E, Prior RL (1996). Antioxidant capacity of tea and common

vegetables. J. Agric. Food Chem 44: 3426–3431.

Capstick T, Henry, MT (2005). Efficacy of thrombolytic agents in the treatment

of pulmonary embolism. 864-874.

Cardellina JH, Gustafson KR, Beutler JA (1993). National cancer institute

intramural research on human immunodeficiency virus inhibitory and antitumor

plant natural products. Human Medicinal Agents from Plants 15: 218-227.

Carlo Di G, Mascolo N, Izzo AA, Capasso F(1999). Flavonoids: Old and new

aspects of a class of natural therapeutic drugs. Life Science, 65: 337–353.

Carlsward BS, Stern WL, Judd WS, Lucansky TW (1997). Comparative leaf

anatomy and systematics in Dendrobium, sections Aporum and Rhizobium

(Orchidaceae). Int J Plant Sci. 158:332– 342

Castellino FJ (1984). Biochemistry of human-plasminogen. Semin Thromb

Hemost 10:18–23.

Page 8: Phytochemical and Pharmacological Profiling of Ficus glomerata Roxb

Phytochemical and Pharmacological Profiling of Ficus glomerata Roxb

Department of Biotechnology, Gulbarga University, Kalaburagi Page 169

Castro-Vargas HI, Rodríguez-Varela LI, Ferreira SRS, Parada-Alfonso F (2010).

Extraction of phenolic fraction from guava seeds (Psidium guajava L.) using

supercritical carbon dioxide and co-solvents. J. Supercrit. Fluids 51:319–324.

Chanda Sumitra and Krunal Nagani (2013). In vitro and in vivo Methods for

Anticancer Activity Evaluation and Some Indian Medicinal Plants Possessing

Anticancer Properties: An Overview. Journal of Pharmacognosy and

Phytochemistry 2(2): 140-152.

Chattopadhayaya D (2010) Ethnomedicine: A Source of Complementary

Therapeutics. 149-178 ISBN: 978-81-308-0390-6

Chin YW, Mdee LK, Mbwambo ZH, Mi Q, Chai, HB, Cragg GM, Swanson SM,

Kingborn AD (2006). Prenylated flavonoids from the root bark of Berchemia

discolor, a Tanzanian medicinal plant, J. Nat. Prod. 69(11):1649-1652.

Choudhay Pradeep Kumar and Jadhav Sachin (2012). Extraction and Isolation of

Bioactive Compounds from Ficus racemosa Bark and Cissampelos Pareira Root

by Chromatographic Techniques. Int. J. Pharm. Sci. Rev. Res., 20(2): 101-106.

Collen D (1990). Coronary thrombolysis: streptokinase or recombinant tissue-

type plasminogen activator? Annals of Internal Medicine 112(7):529–538.

Collins CH, Lyne PM, Grange JM(1995). Microbiological Methods. 7th ed.

Butterwort-Heinemann Ltd. Britain. 175-190.

Constantinou A, Kiguchi K and Huberman E (1990): Induction of differentiation

and DNA strand breakage in human HL-60 and K-562 leukemia cells by

genistein. Cancer Res 50: 2618-2624,.

Cos P, Ying L, Calomme M (1986). Structure-activity relationship and

classification of flavonoids as inhibitors of xanthine oxidase and superoxide

scanvengers, J. Nat. Prod., 61:71-76.

Page 9: Phytochemical and Pharmacological Profiling of Ficus glomerata Roxb

Phytochemical and Pharmacological Profiling of Ficus glomerata Roxb

Department of Biotechnology, Gulbarga University, Kalaburagi Page 170

Cotton, CM (1996). Ethnobotany: Principles and Applications. John Wiley &

Sons: Chichester, U.K.

Cowan MM (1990). Plant products as antimicrobial agents, Clin. Microbiol. Rev.

12: 564–582.

Cowan MM (1999). Plant Products as Antimicrobial Agents, Clinical

Microbiology Reviews 12(4):564–582.

Cragg GM, Newman DJ (2000). Antineoplastic agents from natural sources:

achievements and future directions. Expet Opin Investig Drugs 9: 1-15.

Cristina MD, Las Llagas, Librado Santiago and John Donnie Ramos(2014).

Cytotoxicity and Apoptotic Activity of Ficus pseudopalma Blanco Leaf Extracts

Against Human Prostate Cancer Cell Lines, Tropical Journal of Pharmaceutical

Research; 13 (1): 93-100.

Cuyckens F, Claeys M(2005). Mass spectrometry in the structural analysis of

flavonoids. Journal of Mass Spectrometry. 39(1): 1-15.

D Incalci M, Steward WP, and Gescher AJ(2005). Use of cancer

chemopreventive phytochemicals as antineoplastic agents. Lancet Oncology.

6:899–904.

Dai J, Mumper RJ (2011). Plant phenolics: extraction, analysis and their

antioxidant and anticancer properties. Molecules 15: 7313-7352.

Dane F, & Dalgic O (2003). The effects of fungicide benomyl (benlate) on

growth and mitosis in onion (Allium cepa L.) root apical meristem. Acta

Biologica Hungarica 56(1) : 119–128.

Das S, Anjeza Coku (2013). Antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of osbeckia

stellata buch.-ham. Ex d. Don (melastomataceae) prevalent of darjeeling hills,

International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences 5(2): 551-554.

Page 10: Phytochemical and Pharmacological Profiling of Ficus glomerata Roxb

Phytochemical and Pharmacological Profiling of Ficus glomerata Roxb

Department of Biotechnology, Gulbarga University, Kalaburagi Page 171

Dasgupta S, Parmar A, Patel H (2013). Preliminary phytochemical studies of

Kalanchoe Gastonis- bonnieri. Int J Pharm Bio Sci 4:550-557.

De Flora S and Ferguson LR (2005). Overview of mechanisms of cancer

chemopreventive agents, Mutation Research 591: 8–15.

De Oliveira CB, Comunello LN, Lunardelli A, Amaral RH, Pires MGS, Da

Silva, GL, Manfredini V, Vargas, CR, Gnoatto SCB, de Oliveira JR (2012).

Phenolic enriched extract of Baccharis trimera presents anti-inflammatory and

antioxidant activities. Molecules 17: 1113–1123.

Deep P, Singh, AK, Ansari MT, and Raghav P (2013). Pharmacological

Potentials of Ficus racemosa-A Review. International Journal of Pharmaceutical

Sciences Review & Research, 22(1) :5–16.

Demain AL, Sanche SJ (2009) Journal of antibiotics, (62) 5 -16.

Dib MEA. et al., (2011). Antimicrobial activity and phytochemical screening of

Arbutus unedo L. Journal of Saudi Chemical Society,

doi:10.1016/j.jscs.2011.05.001

Dinanath DP, Dnyando KM, Gurumeet CW, (2011). Antibacterial and

antioxidant activity of Ocimum basilicum Labiatae (Sweet Basil), Journal of

Advanced Pharmacy and Education Research 2:104-111

Dineshkumar C (2007). Pharmacognosy can help minimize accidental misuse of

herbal medicine. Curr Sci 3:1356-1358.

Divisi D, Di TS, Salvemini S (2006). Diet and cancer. Acta Biomed 77: 118-123.

Djipa CD, Delmee M, Quentin LJ (2000): Antimicrobial activity of bark extract

of Syzygium jambos (Myrtaceae), J.Ethnopharmacol 71:307–313.

Page 11: Phytochemical and Pharmacological Profiling of Ficus glomerata Roxb

Phytochemical and Pharmacological Profiling of Ficus glomerata Roxb

Department of Biotechnology, Gulbarga University, Kalaburagi Page 172

Dorcas Moronkola Olufunke (2012). Developments in Phytochemistry, Drug

Discovery Research in Pharmacognosy, Prof. Omboon Vallisuta (Ed.), ISBN:

978-953-51-0213-7,

Doss A (2009). Preliminary phytochemical screening of some Indian medicinal

plants. Anc Sci Life 29(3):12-16.

Doughari JH (2012). Phytochemicals: Extraction Methods, Basic Structures and

Mode of Action as Potential Chemotherapeutic Agents, Phytochemicals - A

Global Perspective of Their Role in Nutrition and Health, Dr Venketeshwer Rao

(Ed.), ISBN: 978-953-51-0296-0.

Durling NE, Owen J Catchpole, John B Grey, Rosemary F Webby, Kevin A

Mitchell, Yeap Foo, Nigel B Perry (2007). Extraction of phenolics and essential

oil from dried sage (Salvia officinalis) using ethanol–water mixtures”, Food

Chemistry 101(4):1417-1424.

Dwivedi S (2007). Terminaliaarjuna Wight- A useful drug for cardiovascular

disorders. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 114(2):114–129.

Ebada SS, Edrada RA, Lin WH, Proksch, P (2008). Nat. Protocols 3:1820–1831.

Edewor-Kuponiyi, Theresa Ibibia (2013). A Review on Antimicrobial and Other

Beneficial Effects of Flavonoids, Int. J. Pharm. Sci. Rev. Res., 21(1):20-33.

Eduardo F, Luis G, Marcelo, Rodrigo and Ivan, (2014) Thrombolytic

Fibrinolytic Mechanism of Natural Products, Fibronolysis and thrombolysis;

Chapter 5;107-121.

Edwards JM, Raffauf RF and Quesne WL(1979). Antineoplastic activity and

cytotoxicity of flavones, isoflavones and flavanones. J Nat Prod 42: 85-91.

Page 12: Phytochemical and Pharmacological Profiling of Ficus glomerata Roxb

Phytochemical and Pharmacological Profiling of Ficus glomerata Roxb

Department of Biotechnology, Gulbarga University, Kalaburagi Page 173

Eloff JN (1998). Which extractant should be used for the screening and isolation

of antimicrobial components from plants. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 60: 1–

8.

Elumalai A, Eswariah MC, Chowdary CH, Kumar R, Anusha M, and Naresh K.

(2012). Screening of Thrombolytic Activity of Bougainvillea glabra Leaves

Extract by In-Vitro. Asian Journal of Research and Pharmaceutical Science 2(4):

134–136.

Farr DR (1997). Functional foods. Cancer Lett (114):59-63.

Felix C, Mills-Robertson, Samuel CK Tay, George DE, Williams W, Kingsley B

(2011). Invitro antimicrobial activity of ethanolic fractions of Cryptolepis

sanguinolenta, Annals of clinical microbiology and antimicrobials, 11(16):2-7.

Feng Shi, Xiaobin Jia, Chenglei Zhao and Yan Chen,(2010). Antioxidant

Activities of Various Extracts from Artemisisa selengensis Turcz (LuHao).

Molecules 15: 4934-4946.

Fernandes TCC, Mazzeo DEC, Marin-Morales MA (2007). Mechanism of

micronuclei formation in polyploidizated cells of Allium cepa exposed to

trifluralin herbicide. Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology. 88 (3):252-259.

Fernando and Rupasinghe (2013). Anticancer Properties of Phytochemicals

Present in Medicinal Plants of North America. In: Using Old Solutions to New

Problems - Natural Drug Discovery in the 21st Century 159-180.

Francis CW, Marder VJ (1991). Fibrinolytic therapy for venous thrombosis. Prog

Cardiovasc Dis 34(3): 193–204.

Furie and B, Furie BC (2008). Mechanisms of thrombus formation. The New

England Journal of Medicine, 359(9):938– 94.

Gaidhani SN, Singh A, Kumari S, Lavekar GS, Juvekar AS, Sen S, and Padhi

Page 13: Phytochemical and Pharmacological Profiling of Ficus glomerata Roxb

Phytochemical and Pharmacological Profiling of Ficus glomerata Roxb

Department of Biotechnology, Gulbarga University, Kalaburagi Page 174

MM (2013). Evaluation of some plant extracts for standardization and anticancer

activity. Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge, 12(4), 682–687.

Galatis MZB and Apostolakos P (2000). Study of mitosis in root-tip cells of

Triticum turgidum treated with the DNA-intercalating agent ethidium bromide

Protoplasma 211:151-164.

Galor SW, Benzie IFF(2011). An Introduction to Its History, Usage, Regulation,

Current Trends, and Research Needs. In: Herbal Medicine: Bimolecular and

Clinical Aspects. 2nd edition. Boca Raton (FL): CRC Press.

Galvez M, Martın-Cordero C, Lopez-Lazaro M, Cortes F and Ayuso MJ (2003).

Cytotoxic effect of Plantago spp. on cancer cell lines. Journal of

Ethnopharmacology 88: 125–130.

Gedara SR, Zaghloul MG (2005). The constituents of the leaves of Ficus

benjamina L. Zagazig. Journal of pharmaceutical science 14(1): 43-47.

General guidelines for methodologies on research and evaluation of traditional

medicine. World Health Organization. Geneva; 2000.

Gerhard VH (2002). Drug discovery and evaluation: Pharmacological assays.

Heidelberg, Springer Verlag 2: 942-943

Gey KF (1990). The antioxidant hypothesis of cardiovascular disease:

Epidemiology and mechanisms. Biochemical Society Transaction 18:1041–1045.

Giulia DC, Nicola M, Angelo AI, and Francesco Capasso(1999). Flavonoids:

Old And New Aspects Of A Class Of Natural Therapeutic Drugs, Life Sciences

65(4): 337-353.

Gomes A, Fernandes E, Lima JLFC, Mira L, and Corvo ML(2008). Molecular

Mechanisms of Anti-Inflammatory Activity Mediated by Flavonoids. Current

Medicinal Chemistry (15): 1586-1605.

Page 14: Phytochemical and Pharmacological Profiling of Ficus glomerata Roxb

Phytochemical and Pharmacological Profiling of Ficus glomerata Roxb

Department of Biotechnology, Gulbarga University, Kalaburagi Page 175

Gonzfilez-Ferngmdez A, Fernindez-Gdmez ME, Stockert JC, Lopez- Sfiez JF

(1970a) Effect produced by inhibitors of RNA synthesis on mitosis. Exp Cell Res

60:320-326

Gould DC and Kirby RS (2006). Testosterone replacement therapy for late onset

hypogonadism: what is the risk of inducing prostate cancer? Prostate Cancer and

Prostatic Diseases 9:14–18.

Government of India Planning Commission (2000). Report of the Task Force on

Conservation & Sustainable use of Medicinal Plants.

Grant WF (1982). Chromosome aberration assays in allium. A report of the U.S.

Environmental Protection Agency Gene-Tox Program. Mutation Research 99(3)

273–291.

Grant WF (1988). Chromosome Aberration in plants as monitoring system.

Environmental Health Perspectives. 27: 37-43.

Griffths K, Denis L, Turkes A and Morton MS(1998): Phytoestrogens and

diseases of the prostate gland. Baillieres Clin Endocrinol Metab 12: 625-647.

Griggs B (1997). New green pharmacy - the story of western herbal medicine.

Vermillion: London.

Grigonisa D, Venskutonisa PR, Sivikb B, Sandahlb M, Eskilssonc CS (2005),

Comparison of different extraction techniques for isolation of antioxidants from

sweet grass (Hierochloe odorata). The Journal of Supercritical Fluids. 33(3):

223-233.

Gupta S, Ahmad N, Mohan RR, Husain, MM, and Mukhtar H (1999). Prostate

cancer chemoprevention by green tea in vitro and in vivo inhibition of

testosterone-mediated induction of ornithine decarboxylase. Cancer Research,

59(9):2115–2120.

Page 15: Phytochemical and Pharmacological Profiling of Ficus glomerata Roxb

Phytochemical and Pharmacological Profiling of Ficus glomerata Roxb

Department of Biotechnology, Gulbarga University, Kalaburagi Page 176

Gurpreet Singh Wander, Shibba Takkar Chhabra, (2013). Critical Analysis of

Various Drugs Used for Thrombolytic Therapy in Acute Myocardial Infarction,

Cardiology,Chapter 24, 109-114.

Hackett AM, Plunt (1986) Flavonoids in Biology and Medicine: Biochemical,

Pharmacological and Structure-Activity Relationship. Cody V, Middleton E and

Harbome JB (Eds), 113-124, Alan R. Liss Inc., New York.

Halliwell B (1994). Free radicals, antioxidants, and human disease: curiosity,

cause, or consequence? Lancet 344 (8924):721–724.

Halliwell B (2001) Free Radicals and other reactive species in Disease,

Encyclopedia Of Life Sciences, 1-7.

Hamzah RU, Evans CZ, Adamu YK, Mary BM (2013). Phytochemical and in

vitro antioxidant properties of the methanolic extract of fruits of Blighia sapida,

Vitellaria paradoxa and Vitex donia. Oxid Antioxid Med Sci 2(3):217-223.

Hang Wang, Guohua Cao, and Ronald L Prior(1996), Total Antioxidant Capacity

of Fruits. J. Agric. Food Chem (44):701-705.

Harborne JB and Williams CA(2000): Advances in flavonoid research since

1992. Phytochemistry 55: 481-504.

Harshberger JW (1896). The purposes of ethnobotany. Botanical Gazette 21:

146-154.

Hartley DP, Kolaja KL, Peterson DR (1999) 4Hydroxynonenal and

malondialdehyde hepatic protein adducts in rats treated with carbon

tetrachloride: immunochemical detection and lobular localization. Toxicol Appl

Pharmacol 161(1):23– 33.

Page 16: Phytochemical and Pharmacological Profiling of Ficus glomerata Roxb

Phytochemical and Pharmacological Profiling of Ficus glomerata Roxb

Department of Biotechnology, Gulbarga University, Kalaburagi Page 177

Heinrich M, Barnes J, Gibbons S, Williamson EM (2004). Fundamental of

Pharmacognosy and Phytotherapy. Churchill Livingstone: Edinburgh. 49(8):

2417-2419

Heinrich M, Gibbons S (2001). Ethnopharmacology in drug discovery: an

analysis of its role and potential contribution. Journal of Pharmacy and

Pharmacology 53: 425-432.

Henry wassen (1967). Ethnopharmacologic search for psychoactive drugs. In:

proceedings of a symposium held in san francisco, california january edited by

Daniel H, Efron, Bo Holmstedt, Nathan S, Kline 28-30.

Hertog MGL(1993). Flavonoid intake and long term risk of coronary heart

disease and cancer in the 7 countries study. Arch Intern Med 155:1184–1195.

Hill et al. Text Book of Medicinal plant, 1979; 3: 274-277.

Hill, R. T., Fenical, W., Curr. Opin. Biotechnol. 2010, 21, 777–779.

Hoeg OA. Ed(1984). Våre medisinske planter. Trolldom, tradisjon og legekunst.

1ed. Oslo: Det Beste, 1984.

Hollman PCH, Katan MB(1998). Absorption, metabolism and bioavailability of

flavonoids, in Flavonoids in Health and Disease, ed. by Rice-Evans CA and

Parker L. Marcel Dekker, New York, 483–522.

Hossain Anwar, Ahmed M Abu, Monirul Islam, Atiar Rahman and (2012).

Thrombolytic, Cytotoxic and Antidiabetic Effects of Paederia foetida L. Leaf

Extract, British Journal of Medicine & Medical Research 4(5): 1244-1256.

Hostettmann K, O Potterat J.-L. Wolfender, Chimia 1998; 52:10.

Huang TT, Malke H, Ferretti JJ (1999). Heterogeneity of the streptokinase gene

in group A Streptococci. Infect Immun 57:502–506.

Ignat I, Volf I, Popa VI(2011). A critical review of methods for characterisation

Page 17: Phytochemical and Pharmacological Profiling of Ficus glomerata Roxb

Phytochemical and Pharmacological Profiling of Ficus glomerata Roxb

Department of Biotechnology, Gulbarga University, Kalaburagi Page 178

of polyphenolic compounds in fruits and vegetables. Food Chem. 126:1821–

1835.

Ionela daciana Ciocan, Ion I Bara(2007). Plant Products As Antimicrobial

Agents, Analele Ştiinţifice ale Universităţii Alexandru Ioan Cuza, Secţiunea

Genetica si Biologie Moleculara, TOM VIII.

Islam MA, Mahmud ZA, Rahman SA, Monirujjaman M, and Saha SK (2013).

Evaluation Of Thrombolytic Activity And Brine Shrimp Lethality Bioassay Of

Methanol Extract Of Stems Of Tinospora Crispa. International Journal of

Pharmaceutical Sciences & Research 4(3):234-241.

Islam Muhammad, Ejaz Ali, Muhammad Asif Saeed, Muhammad Jamshaid and

Muhammad Tahir Javed Khan (2000) antimicrobial and irritant activities of the

extracts of Malva parviflora L., Malvastrum coromandelianum L. and

Amaranthus viridis L.– A Preliminary Investigation, Pak. J. Pharm. 20-23 (1 &

2): 3-6.

Jacob RA (1995). The integrated antioxidant system, Nutrition Research,

(15):755-766.

Jai Kambli, Ashwini Patil, Chithrashree, and Rohini Keshava, (2014).

Phytochemical Screening, And Evaluation Of Antibacterial, Antioxidant And

Cytotoxic Activity. International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical

Sciences 6(4): 464-468.

James Omale, Okafor Polycarp Nnacheta, Hassan Sanusi Wara and Umar Rabiu

Aliyu (2009). Invitro And Invivo Studies On The Antioxidative Activities,

Membrane Stabilization And Cytotoxicity Of Water Spinach (Ipomoea Aquatica

Forsk) From Ibaji Ponds, Nigeria. International Journal of PharmTech Research

1(3):474-482.

Page 18: Phytochemical and Pharmacological Profiling of Ficus glomerata Roxb

Phytochemical and Pharmacological Profiling of Ficus glomerata Roxb

Department of Biotechnology, Gulbarga University, Kalaburagi Page 179

Jayashree Kanniah, Lee Sok Young and Jeffrey T Oliver (eds). 2004. Medicinal

Plants Research in Asia, Volume 1: The Framework and Project Workplans.

International Plant Genetic Resources Institute – Regional Office for Asia, the

Pacific and Oceania (IPGRI-APO), Serdang, Selangor DE, Malaysia.

Jayashree VH and Londonkar RL (2014). Comparative phytochemical studies

and antimicrobial potential of fruit extracts of Feronia limonia linn. International

Journal of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, 6(1).731-734.

Jemal A, Tiwari RC, Murray T, Ghafoor A, Samuels A, Ward E et al (2004)..

Cancer statistics, CA Cancer L Clin 54: 8–29.

Jordan MA(2002). Mechanism of action of antitumor drugs that interact with

microtubules and tubulin, Current Medicinal Chemistry. Anti-CancerAgents 2

(1): 1–17.

Jordan MA, Toso RJ, Thrower D and Wilson L(1993). Mechanism of mitotic

block and inhibition of cell proliferation by Taxol at low concentrations. Proc.

Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 90: 9552–9556.

Jordan, Hadfield JA, Lawrence NJ, and McGown AT(1998). Tubulin as a target

for anticancer drugs: agents which interact with the mitotic spindle. Med. Res.

Rev 18: 259–296.

Kalaivani T (2013). Antimicrobial property of potent medicinal plant acacia

nilotica (l.) Wild. Ex. Delile subsp. Indica (benth.) Brenan. Int J Pharm Pharm

Sci 5(2): 467-470.

Kamboj VP (2000). Herbal medicine. Current science 78(1): 35-51.

Kanadaswami C, Lung-Ta Lee, Ping-Ping H Lee, Jiuan-Jiuan Hwang, Ferng-

Chun Ke, Ying-Tung Huang and Ming-Ting Lee (2005). The Antitumor

Activities of Flavonoids. In vivo 19: 895-910.

Page 19: Phytochemical and Pharmacological Profiling of Ficus glomerata Roxb

Phytochemical and Pharmacological Profiling of Ficus glomerata Roxb

Department of Biotechnology, Gulbarga University, Kalaburagi Page 180

Kappagoda CT, Karim M, McCormic K and Kandaswami C(2000): Unraveling

the French paradox. Chem Innov 30(9): 26-31.

Kavita R, Premalakshmi V(2013). Phytochemical analysis of ethanolic extract of

leaves of Clitoria ternatea L. Int J Pharm Bio Sci; 4:236-242.

Kengap et al.(2011). Isoprenoids and Flavonoids from Ficus with antimicrobial

property. Helvetica Chemica Acta 94: 2231-2238.

Khan MSY, Javed K(1998). Chemistry and biological activities of genus Ficus.

Indian Drugs 35: 726-739.

Khanna Namita and Sonia Sharma (2013). Allium Cepa Root Chromosomal

Aberration Assay: A Review. Indian J. Pharm. Biol. Res 1(3):105-119.

Kharat SS, Kumkar PB, Siddhesh RR, Sonawane KS (2013). Qualitative

phytochemical screening of Gnidia glauca (Fresen) Gilg. Plant extract. Int J

Pharm Bio Sci 4:144-148.

Kim IC, Kim JS, Lee SH, Byun SM (1996). C-terminal peptide of streptokinase,

Met369-Pro373, is important in plasminogen activation. Biotechnol Mol Biol Int

40:939–45.

Kitchen DB, Decornez H, Furr JR, and Bajorath J(2004). Docking and scoring in

virtual screening for drug discovery: Methods and applications. Nature Reviews

Drug Discovery, (3) 935-948.

Kite GC, Veitch NC, Boalch, Martha E, Lewis GP, Leon CJ, Simmonds MSJ

(2009). Flavonol tetraglycosides from fruits of Styphnolobium japonicum

(Leguminosae) and the authentication of Fructus Sophorae and Flos Sophorae.

Phytochemistry 70:785–794.

Kleer CG, Cao Q, Varambally S, Shen R, Ota I, Tomlins SA (2003). EZH2 is a

marker of aggressive breast cancer and promotes neoplastic transformation of

Page 20: Phytochemical and Pharmacological Profiling of Ficus glomerata Roxb

Phytochemical and Pharmacological Profiling of Ficus glomerata Roxb

Department of Biotechnology, Gulbarga University, Kalaburagi Page 181

breast epithelial cells. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,

100(20):11606–11611.

Klinkenberg G, Havard S, Espen Fjaervik, Kolbjorn Zahlsen, Per Bruheim,

(2011). Two-dimensional LC-MS fractioning and cross-matching of mass

spectrometric data for rational identification of bioactive compounds in crude

extracts, J. Sep. Sci. 34:3359–3363.

Kolibaba KS and Drucker BJ (1997): Protein kinase and inhibitor. Biochim et

Biophy Acta 1333: F217-F248.

Konrath EL, Bruna MN, Paul SL, Carolina DSP, Andreo SP,Mareia GO et

al.,(2012). Investigation of the invitro and exvivo acetylcholinestarase and

antioxidant activities of traditionally used Lycopodium species from south

America on alkaloid extract. Journal of Ethanopharmacology, 139: 58-67.

Kotzekidou P, Giannakidis P, Boulamatsis A (2008). Antimicrobial activity of

some plant extracts and essential oils against food borne pathogens in vitro and

on the fate of inoculated pathogens in chocolate. LWT 41: 119–127.

Kowalski M, Brown G, Bieniasz M, Oszajca K, Chabielska E, Pietras T, Szemraj

Z, Makandjou-Ol, E, Bartkowiak J, Szemraj J (2009). Cloning and expression of

a new recombinant thrombolytic and anthithrombotic agent-a staphylokinase

variant 12:41-53

Kris-Etherton PM, Hecker KD, Bonanome A, Coval SM, Binkoski AE, Hilpert

KF, Griel, AE and Etherton TD (2002). Bioactive compounds in foods: their

role in the prevention of cardiovascular disease and cancer. American Journal of

Medicine. 113:71S–88S.

Krishnamurthy K (2007). Screening of natural products for anticancer and anti

diabetic properties. Health Administrator 1 and 2: 69-75.

Page 21: Phytochemical and Pharmacological Profiling of Ficus glomerata Roxb

Phytochemical and Pharmacological Profiling of Ficus glomerata Roxb

Department of Biotechnology, Gulbarga University, Kalaburagi Page 182

Krishnaswamy K (2006). Traditional Indian spices and their health significance.

Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 17:265-8.

Kubmarawa D, Ajoku GA, Enworem NM and Okorie DA(2007) Afr. J.

Biotechnol; 2007; 6, 1690-1696.

Kubsad PC, Badami S, Bhojaraj (2008). Hepatoprotective and antioxidant

activity of methanol extract of Ficus glomerata bark. J. Nat Med 62: 370-383.

Kumara NK(2001). Identification of strategies to improve research on medicinal

plants used in Sri Lanka. In: WHO Symposium. University of Ruhuna, Galle, Sri

Lanka. 490-491

Kumaraswamy M, Sudipta KM, Lokesh PM, Neeki A, Rashmi W, Bhaumik H,

Darshil H, Vijay R and Kashyap SSN (2012). Phytochemical screening and in

vitro antimicrobial activity of Bougainvillea spectabilis flower extracts.

International Journal of Phytomedicine 4 (2012): 375-379.

Kumari SPK, Sridevi V, Lakshmi MVVC (2012). Studies on Phytochemical

screening of aqueous extract collected from fertilizers affected two medicinal

plants. J Chem Bio Phy Sci 2:1326-1332.

Kumbhare MR, Sivakumar T, Udavant PB, Dhake AS, Surana AR (2012). In

vitro antioxidant activity, pochemical screening, cytotoxicity and total phenolic

content in extracts of Caesalpinia pulcherrima (Caesalpiniaceae) pods. Pak. J.

Biol. Sci., 15(7): 325-332.

Kuntz ID and Brooijimans N and (2003) Molecular recognition and docking

algorithms. Annual Review of Biophysics and Bimolecular Structure 32:335-

373.

Laible,G.,Wolf,A.,Dorn,R.,Reuter,G.,Nislow,C.,Lebersorger,A.,Popkin,D.,Pillus,

L.& Jenuwein, T. (1997) EMBO J. 16, 3219–3232.

Page 22: Phytochemical and Pharmacological Profiling of Ficus glomerata Roxb

Phytochemical and Pharmacological Profiling of Ficus glomerata Roxb

Department of Biotechnology, Gulbarga University, Kalaburagi Page 183

Larson R (1988). The antioxidants of higher plants. Phytochemistry 27:969-978.

Lawernce RA, Burk RF (1976). Glutathione peroxidase activity in selenium

deficient rat liver. Biochem Biophys Res Comm, 71: 952-958.

Lee LT, Huang YT, Hwang JJ, Lee HPP, Ke FC, Nair MP, Kandaswami C and

Lee MT(2002). Blockade of the epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase

activity by quercetin and luteolin leads to growth inhibition and apoptosis of

pancreatic tumor cells. Anticancer Res 22: 1615-1628.

Lee Young-Soo and Jeong-Dan Cha (2010). Synergistic Antibacterial Activity of

Fig (Ficus carica) Leaves Extract Against Clinical Isolates of Methicillin-

resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Kor. J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 38(4):405–413.

o Levan (1938). The effect of colchicine on root mitosis in Allium cepa Hereditas,

24:471–486.

Li M, Jiang RW, Hon PM, Cheng L, Li LL, Zhou JR, Shaw PC, But PPH (2010).

Authentication of the anti-tumor herb Baihua sheshecao with bioactive marker

compounds and molecular sequences. Food Chem. 119:1239–1245.

Li T, Wang J, Lu Z (2005). Accurate identification of closely related

Dendrobium species with multiple species-specific gDNA probes. J. Biochem.

Biophys. Methods 62:111–123.

Li Y, Fang H, Xu W (2007). Recent advance in the research of flavonoids as

anticancer agents 7(7): 663-678.

Li YC, Kuo YH (1998). Monoterpenoid and two phenols from the methanolic

extract of the heartwood of Ficus microcarpa. Phytochemistry 49(8): 2417-2419.

Lin CC, Yen MH, Lo TS, Lin JM (1998). Evaluation of the hepatoprotective and

antioxidant activity of Boehmeria niveavar and V.tenacissima. J

Ethnopharmacology 60: 9-17.

Page 23: Phytochemical and Pharmacological Profiling of Ficus glomerata Roxb

Phytochemical and Pharmacological Profiling of Ficus glomerata Roxb

Department of Biotechnology, Gulbarga University, Kalaburagi Page 184

Lin YL, Kuo YH, Shiao MS, Chen MS (2000). Flavonoid glycosides from

Terminalia catappa L. Journal of Chinese Chemical Society 7:253-256.

Lindahl M, Tagesson C (1993). Selective inhibition of group II phospholipase

A2 by quercetin. Inflammation, 17:573-582.

Liu F, Nig TB (2000). Antioxidative and free radical scavenging activities of

selected medicinal herbs. Life Sci 66:725–735.

Lolita Tomsone, Zanda Kruma, Ruta Galoburda (2012). Comparison of Different

Solvents and Extraction Methods for Isolation of Phenolic Compounds from

Horse radish Roots (Armoracia rusticana). World Academy of Science,

Engineering and Technology, 64:903-908

Londonkar R and Kamble A (2011). Hepatotoxic and in vivo antioxidant

potential of Pandanus odoratissimus against carbon tetrachloride induced liver

injury in rats. Orient Pharm Exp Med 11: 229–234.

Londonkar R and Kirankumar S (2014). Clot Lysis and Antimitotic Study of

Ficus glomerata Roxb Fruit Extracts, ISRN Pharmacology, (2014)1-4, Article ID

975303,

Londonkar R and Kirankumar S (2014). Evaluation of Total Phenolic Content

and Free Radical Scavenging Activity of Ficus glomerata Roxb, International

Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research 6(2):133-137.

Londonkar R and Kirankumar S (2014). Isolation, purification and spectral

characterization of flavonoid from fruits of Ficus glomerata, World Journal of

Pharmaceutical Research, 3(4):2168-2177.

Londonkar R and Kirankumar S (2014). Protective and therapeutic effects of the

Indian medicinal plant Ficus glomerata in ccl4-induced liver damage”, World

Journal of Pharmaceutical Research 3(4):2106-2116.

Page 24: Phytochemical and Pharmacological Profiling of Ficus glomerata Roxb

Phytochemical and Pharmacological Profiling of Ficus glomerata Roxb

Department of Biotechnology, Gulbarga University, Kalaburagi Page 185

Londonkar R, Kirankumar S, and Umesh M (2013). Phytochemical Screening

And Antimicrobial Activities Of Ficus Glomerata Roxb Fruit Extracts

International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 5(4):372-375.

Londonkar RL, Madire Kattegouga U, Kirankumar S and Jayashree VH (2013).

Phytochemical screening and in vitro antimicrobial activity of Typha angustifolia

Linn leaves extract against pathogenic gram negative micro organisms. Journal

of Pharmacy Research 6(2): 280–283.

Lowry OH, Rosebrough NJ, Farr AL, and Randall RJ (1951). J.Biol.Chem 193:

265.

Luthria DL, Mukhopadhyay S, and Kwansa AL (2006). A systematic approach

for extraction of phenolic compounds using parsley (Petroselinum crispum)

flakes as a model substrate. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture,

86(9):1350–1358.

Ma TH, Cabrera GL, Cebulska-Wasilewska A, Chen R, Loarca F, Vandererg

AL, Salamone MF (1994). Tradescantia-Stamen-HairMutation Bioassay- A

collaborative study on Plant Genotoxicity Bioassays for the International

Programme on Chemical safety, WHO, The United Nations, Mutation Res. 310:

211-220.

Mabry JT, Maurnam KR, and Thomas BM (1970). The Systematic Identification

of Flavonoid, New York: Springer-Verlag: 4:137-145.

Mahamud ZA, Islam MA, Rahman SA, Monirujjaman M, and Saha SK (2013).

Evaluation Of Thrombolytic Activity And Brine Shrimp Lethality Bioassay Of

Methanol Extract Of Stems Of Tinospora Crispa. International Journal of

Pharmaceutical Sciences & Research 4(3):234-241.

Page 25: Phytochemical and Pharmacological Profiling of Ficus glomerata Roxb

Phytochemical and Pharmacological Profiling of Ficus glomerata Roxb

Department of Biotechnology, Gulbarga University, Kalaburagi Page 186

Mahamuni, SS, Killedar SG, More HN, Nale AB, Pawar AA and Chavan SV

(2012). Evaluation Of Phytochemical And Antimitotic Potential Of Lagenaria

Siceraria Fruit Using Onion Root MODEL. International Journal of

Pharmaceutical Sciences & Research, 3(8):481-486.

Mahmoud AM, Zhu T, Parray A, Siddique HR, Yang Wu (2013). Differential

Effects of Genistein on Prostate Cancer Cells Depend on Mutational Status of the

Androgen Receptor. PLoS ONE 8(10): 17-23,

e78479.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0078479.

Majors RE (1995). Trends in sample preparation and automation – what the

experts are saying. LC–GC 13:742–749.

Malke H (1993). Polymorphism of the streptokinase gene—implications for the

pathogenesis of post streptococcal glomerulo nephritis. Zentralbl Bakteriol

278:246–57.

Malterund K, Bremns E, Faegri A, Moe T, Sandanger E (1985). Flavonoids from

the wood of Salix caprea as inhibitors of wood–destroying fungi J Nat Prod,

48:559-563.

ManasKumar Mukhopadhyay, Pratyusha Banerjee and Debjani Nath (2012).

Phytochemicals – biomolecules for prevention and treatment of human diseases-

a review. International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research 3(7):63-68.

Mandal SC, Maity TK, Das J, Pal M, Shaha BP (1999). Hepatoprotective activity

of F. racemosa leaf extract on liver damage caused by carbon tetra chloride in

rats. Phytother. Res 13: 430-432.

Mandal SC, Shah BP, Pal M (2000). Studies on antibacterial activity of Ficus

glomerata Linn. leaf extract. Phytotherapy Research 14: 278-80.

Page 26: Phytochemical and Pharmacological Profiling of Ficus glomerata Roxb

Phytochemical and Pharmacological Profiling of Ficus glomerata Roxb

Department of Biotechnology, Gulbarga University, Kalaburagi Page 187

Manjulika Yadav, Sanjukta Chatterji, Sharad Kumar Gupta And Geeta Watal(

2013). Preliminary Phytochemical Screening Of Six Medicinal Plants Used In

Traditional Medicine, International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical

Sciences 6(5): 539-542.

Manson MM (2003). Cancer prevention – the potential for diet to modulate

molecular signalling. Trends in Molecular Medicine 9: 11–18.

Marklund S, Marklund G (1947). Involvement of superoxide anion radical in

auto-oxidation of pyrogallol and a convenient assay of superoxide dismutase. Eur

J Biochem 47: 469-474.

Martarelli D, Martarelli B, Pediconi D, Nabissi MI Perfumi, M. and Pompei P

(2004). Hypericum perforatum methanolic extract inhibits growth of human

prostatic carcinoma cell line orthotopicall yimplanted in nude mice. Cancer

Letters 210: 27– 33.

Mazid Md, Taqi Ahmed Khan, Firoz Mohammad (2012), Medicinal Plants of

Rural India: A Review of Use by Indian Folks, Indo Global Journal of

Pharmaceutical Sciences; 2(3): 286-304.

Mclarty JW (1997). Antioxidants and cancer: the epidemiologic evidence. In:

Garewal, H.S. (Ed.), Antioxidants and Disease Prevention. CRC Press, New

York 45–66.

MelBorins (1987). Traditional Medicine of India. Can. Fam. Physician 33:1061-

1065.

Melin AM, Perromat A, Deleris G (2000). Pharmacologic aplication of Fourier

transform IR spectroscopy: in vivo toxicity of carcon tetrachloride on rat liver.

Biopolymers 57(3):160– 168

Middleton E, Kandaswami C (1986). The impact of plant flavonoids on

Page 27: Phytochemical and Pharmacological Profiling of Ficus glomerata Roxb

Phytochemical and Pharmacological Profiling of Ficus glomerata Roxb

Department of Biotechnology, Gulbarga University, Kalaburagi Page 188

mammalian biology: Implications for immunity, inflammation and cancer. The

flavonoids advances in research since 2nd ed., Chapman and Hall

Middleton E, Kandaswami C and Theoharides TC (2000). The effects of plant

flavonoids on mammalian cells: implications for inflammations, heart disease

and cancer. Pharmacol Rev 52:673–751.

Middleton Jr E, Chithan K(1993). The impact of plant flavonoids on mammalian

biology: implications for immunity, inflammation and cancer. In: Harborne JB,

editor. The flavonoids: advances in research since 1986. London, UK: Chapman

and Hall 6-8.

Miller GL (1972). Use of dinitro Sali cyclic acid reagent for determination of

reducing sugars. Anal.Chem. 31:426-428.

Mills S, Bone K (2000). Principles and Practice of Phytotherapy–Modern Herbal

Medicine. New York: Churchill Livingstone 31-34.

Minago and Chun-Zhae-Liu (2005): Comparison of techniques for the extraction

flavonoids from cultured cells of Saussurea medusa maximum. World journal

microbiology and biotechnology 21:1461-1463.

Mohamed ZM. Salem AZ, Salem M, Camacho LM and Hayssam Ali (2011).

Antimicrobial activities and phytochemical composition of extracts of Ficus

species: An over view. Afr. J. Microbiol. Res 7(33): 4207-4219.

Molnar J, Beladi I, Domonkos K, Foldeak S, Boda K and Veckenstedt A (1981):

Antitumor activity of flavonoids on NK/Ly ascites tumor cells. Neoplasma 28:

11-18.

Moore S and Stein WH (1948). Photometric Ninhydrin Method For Use In The

Chromatography Of Amino Acids, J. Biol. Chem 176:367-388

Page 28: Phytochemical and Pharmacological Profiling of Ficus glomerata Roxb

Phytochemical and Pharmacological Profiling of Ficus glomerata Roxb

Department of Biotechnology, Gulbarga University, Kalaburagi Page 189

Mucklow JC (1995). Thrombolytic treatment. Streptokinase is more economical

than alteplase,British Medical Journal, 311(7018) 1506.

Mukhopadhyay I, Chowdhuri DK, Vajpayee M and Dhawam A (2004).

Evaluation of in vivo genotoxicity of cypermethrin in Drosophila molanogaster

using the alkaline comet assay. Mutagenesis 19(2): 8590

Muller J, Hart CM, Francis NJ, Vargas ML, Sengupta A, Wild B, Miller, EL,

OConnor, MB, Kingston RE and Simon JA (2002). Cell 111, 197–208.

N N Rahman, M Khan and R Hasan (1994). Bioactive components from Ficus

glomerata, Pure &App/. Chem 66(l): 2287-2290.

Naczk M, Shahidi F (2006). Phenolics in cereals, fruits and vegetables:

Occurrence, extraction and analysis. J. Pharmaceut. Biomed. Anal 41:1523–

1542.

Naderi GA, Asgary S, Jafarian A, Askari N, Behagh A, Aghdam RH (2005).

Fibrinolytic effects of Ginkgo biloba extract 85-87.

Nair PKR, Melnickb SJ, Wnukc SF (2009). Isolation and characterization of an

anticancer catechol compound from Semecarpus anacardium. J Ethnopharmacol

122: 450.

Nambiar VS, Daniel M, Guin P (2010). Characterization of polyphenols from

Coriander leaves (Coriandrum sativum), red Amaranthus (A. paniculatus) and

green Amaranthus (A. frumetaceus) using paper chromatography: and their

health implications. J. Herb Medic. Toxicol 4:173–177.

Nayan RB, Acharya RN, Shukla VJ (2011). Evaluation of in vitro Antioxidant

Activity of hydroalcoholic seed extratcs of Cassia fistula linn. Free Radicals and

antioxidants (1):68-76.

Nelson R (1982). Med. Pediatr. Oncol. 10:115–117.

Page 29: Phytochemical and Pharmacological Profiling of Ficus glomerata Roxb

Phytochemical and Pharmacological Profiling of Ficus glomerata Roxb

Department of Biotechnology, Gulbarga University, Kalaburagi Page 190

Nig TB, Liu F, Wang ZT (2000). Antioxidative activity of natural products from

plants. Life Sciences 66 (8):709–723.

Nihalani D, Kumar R, Rajagopal K, Sahni G (1998). Role of the amino-terminal

region of streptokinase in the generation of a fully functional plasminogen

activator complex probed with synthetic peptides. Protein Sci 7:637–48.

Niki E (2004). Antioxidants and atherosclerosis. Biochemical Society

Transactions 32: 156-159.

Nordal A (1960). Forelesninger i farmakognosi. Oslo: Universitetsforlaget.

Nwangaburuka and Oyelana (2011). Cytological Effects of Chloroquine on Root

Mitosis of Allium cepa (L.) actaSaTech 4(1): 25 – 35.

Ogbunugafor H, Igwo-Ezikpe M, Igwilo I, Ozumba N, Adenekan S, Ugochukwu

C, Onyekwelu O, Ekechi A. In vitro and In vivo Evaluation of Antioxidant

Properties of Moringa oleifera ethanolic Leaves extract and Effect on Serum

Lipid indices in Rat.

Ohsugi M, Fan W, Hase K, Xiong Q, Tezuka Y, Komatsu K (1999). Active-

oxygen scavenging activity of traditional nourishing-tonic herbal medicines and

active constituents of Rhodiola sacra. J Ethnopharmacol (67):111–119.

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) (2001).

Guideline for the Testing of Chemicals 4: 423.

Pandey A & Tripathi S (2014). Concept of standardization, extraction and pre

phytochemical screening strategies for herbal drug. Journal of Pharmacognosy

and Phytochemistry 2(5): 115–119.

Pandey Amita, Shalini Tripathi (2013). Concept of standardization, extraction

and pre phytochemical screening strategies for herbal drug, Journal of

Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry 2 (5): 115-119.

Page 30: Phytochemical and Pharmacological Profiling of Ficus glomerata Roxb

Phytochemical and Pharmacological Profiling of Ficus glomerata Roxb

Department of Biotechnology, Gulbarga University, Kalaburagi Page 191

Pandey P, Mehta R, Upadhyay R (2013). Physico-chemical and preliminary

phytochemical screening of Psoralea corylifolia. Arch Appl Sci Res 5:261-265.

Parejo I, Jauregui O, Sanchez-Rabaneda F, Viladomat F, Bastida J and Codina C

(2004). Separation and characterization of phenolic compounds in fennel

(Foeniculum vulgare) using liquid chromatography–negative electro spray

ionization tandem mass spectrometry. J. Agric.Food 3679–3687.

Parekh Jigna, Darshana Jadeja, Sumitra Chanda (2005), Efficacy of Aqueous and

Methanol Extracts of Some Medicinal Plants for Potential Antibacterial Activity,

Turk J Biol 29(05): 203-210.

Parviz Pour and Katherine Stepan (1987). Induction of Prostatic Carcinomas and

Lower Urinary Tract Neoplasms by Combined Treatment of Intact and Castrated

Rats with Testosterone Propionate and Ar-Nitrosobis(2-oxopropyI)amine1.

Cancer Research 47:5699-5706.

Paul KD, Lin CM, Malspeis L and Hamel E (1992). Identification of novel

antimitotic agents acting at the tubulin level by computer-assisted evaluation of

differential cytotoxicity data. Cancer Res 52: 3892–3900.

Payal Singh Soama, Tribhuwan Singh, Rekha Vijayvergia and Jayabaskaran C

(2013). Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry based profile of bioactive

compounds of Cucumis callosus, European Journal of Experimental Biology

3(1):316-326.

Pongothai A, Sreena KP, Sreejith K, Uthiralingam M and Annapoorani S(2011)

Prasad S, Kashyap RS, Deopujari JY, Purohit HJ, Taori GM and Daginawala HF

(2006). Development of an invitro model to study clot lysis activity of

thrombolytic drugs. Thrombosis Journal 4(14).

Page 31: Phytochemical and Pharmacological Profiling of Ficus glomerata Roxb

Phytochemical and Pharmacological Profiling of Ficus glomerata Roxb

Department of Biotechnology, Gulbarga University, Kalaburagi Page 192

o Preliminary phytochemicals screening of ficus racemosa linn. Bark, International

Journal of Pharma and Bio Sciences 2(2): 431-434.

Priyanka Sharma, Jyoti Parmar, Preeti Verma, Priyanka Sharma, PK Goyal

(2009). Anti-tumor Activity of Phyllanthus niruri (a Medicinal Plant) on

Chemical-induced Skin Carcinogenesis in Mice. Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer

Prevention 10:1089-1094.

Rahman S, Salehin F & Iqbal A (2011). In vitro antioxidant and anticancer

activity of young Zingiber officinale against human breast carcinoma cell lines.

BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine 11(1): 76.

Rahman, M Khan and R Hasan: Bioactive components from Ficus glomerata,

Pure &App/. Chem; 1994;66(l): 2287-2290.

Rai KM & Anjanamurthy C (1986). Biological assay and antimitotic activity of

synthetic derivatives of podophyllotoxin. Current Science, 55(15): 702-6.

Rajkumar V, Guha G, Ashok Kumar R, and Mathew L (2009). “Evaluation of

cytotoxic potential of Acorus calamus rhizome,” Ethnobotanical

Leaflets,vol.13,pp.832–839,2009.

Ram VJ, Goel A (1989). Past and present scenario of hepatoprotectants. Curr

Med Chem 6: 217-254.

Ramesh L, Umesh M, Kirankumar S and Jayashree V (2013). Phytochemical

screening and in vitro antimicrobial activity of Typha angustifolia Linn leaves

extract against pathogenic gram negative micro organisms”, Journal of Pharmacy

Research 6(2):280–283.

Ranawat L, Bhatt J, Patel J (2010). Hepatoprotective activity of ethanolic

extracts of bark of Zanthoxylum armatum DC in CCl4 induced hepatic damage

in rats. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 127: 777–780.

Page 32: Phytochemical and Pharmacological Profiling of Ficus glomerata Roxb

Phytochemical and Pharmacological Profiling of Ficus glomerata Roxb

Department of Biotechnology, Gulbarga University, Kalaburagi Page 193

Rao CNR (1963). Chemical Applications of Infrared Spectroscopy, London:

Academic Press.

Raphel E (2012). Phytochemical constituents of some leaves extract of Aloe vera

and Azadirachta indica plant species. Glo Adv Res J Environ Sci Toxicol 1:14-

17.

Rashid MA Sikder MA, Anjum A, Haque MR, Hasan CM(2013). Antioxidant

and Thrombolytic Activities of Species Growing in Bangladesh. Journal of

Scientific Research, 5(2).

Recknagel RO (1985). A new direction in the study of carbon tetrachloride

hepatotoxicity. Life Sci 33: 401-408.

Recknagel RO, Glende EA, Jr Dolak JA, Walter RL (1989). Mechanism of

carbon tetrachloride toxicity. Pharmacol Ther 43: 139-154.

Rekka E and Kourounakis PN (1991). Effect of hydroxyethyl rutenosides and

related compounds on lipid peroxidation and free radical scavenging

activitysome structural aspects. Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology

(43):486–491.

Ren W, Qiao Z, Wang H, Zhu L and Zhang L (2003). Flavonoids promising

anticancer agents. Medicinal Research Reviews 23(4): 519-534.

Rice-Evans CA, Miller NJ and Paganga G(1996). Structure–

antioxidantactivityrelationshipsofflavonoidsandphenolicacids. Free Rad Biol

Med 20:933–956.

Rice-Evans CA, Miller NJ, Paganga G (1996). Structure antioxidant activity

relationships of flavonoids and phenolic acids. Free Radical Biol. Med (20):933-

956.

Page 33: Phytochemical and Pharmacological Profiling of Ficus glomerata Roxb

Phytochemical and Pharmacological Profiling of Ficus glomerata Roxb

Department of Biotechnology, Gulbarga University, Kalaburagi Page 194

Rishov Mukhopadhyay, Sanjib Bhattacharya Moulisha Biswas (2012). Invitro

free radical scavenging activity of Clitorea tranetea leaf extract, Journal of

Advanced Pharmacy and Education Research 4:206-209.

Risuefio MC, Moreno Diaz de la Espina S (1978). Analysis of mitosis in the

presence of RNA synthesis inhibitors in meristematic cells. Caryologia 31:43-61

Rizwan Ul Hasan And Sreemoy Kanti Das (2013). Standardization,

Phytochemical Investigation And Evaluation Of Antioxidant Activity Of

Nelumbo Nucifera, International Journal of Pharma and Bio Sciences, 4(3):161–

169.

Robbers, Speedie JM and Tyler V (1996). Pharmacognosy and

pharmacobiotechnology. Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore.

Robbins RJ (2003). Phenolic acids in foods: an overview of analytical

methodology. J Agric Food Chem 51:2866–2887.

Roja G, Rao PS (2007). Anticancer compounds from tissue cultures of medicinal

plants, J Herbs, Spices. Med. Plants 7: 71-102.

Routray W, Orsat V (2012). Review: Microwave-assisted extraction of

flavonoids. Food Bioprocess. Technol 5: 409–424.

Rowinsky EK (1997). The development and clinical utility of the taxane class of

antimicrotubule chemotherapy agents. Annu. Rev. Med 48: 353–374.

Rowinsky EK and Donehower RC (1996). Antimicrotubule agents. In: Chabner

BA and Longo DL (eds.), Cancer Chemotherapy and Biotherapy. Philadelphia:

Lippincott-Raven Publishers 263-296.

Sachin Jain, Dineshkumar Jain, Nelam Balakar (2012). Invivo antioxidant

activity of methanol extract of Mentha pulegium leaf against CCl4 induced

toxicity in rats. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine 737-740.

Page 34: Phytochemical and Pharmacological Profiling of Ficus glomerata Roxb

Phytochemical and Pharmacological Profiling of Ficus glomerata Roxb

Department of Biotechnology, Gulbarga University, Kalaburagi Page 195

Sadym A, Lagunin A, Filimov D and Poroikov V (2013). Predication of

biological activity spectra via the internet. SAR and QASR in Environmental

Research 14(5-6): 339-347.

Saeed Naima, Muhammad R Khan and Maria Shabbir (2012). Antioxidant

activity, total phenolic content and total flavonoid contents of whole plant

extracts Torilis leptophyla L, BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine,

12:221

Sajewicz M, Staszek D, Waksmundzka-Hajnos M, Kowalska T (2012).

Comparison of TLC and HPLC fingerprints of phenolic acids and flavonoids

fractions derived frome selected Sage (Salvia) species. J. Liq. Chrom. Rel.

Technol 35:1388–1403.

Saleem Khan, Khanda Jabeen Mirza, Fahad Al-Qurainy, Malik Zainul Abdin

(2011). Authentication of the medicinal plant Senna angustifolia by RAPD

profiling, Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences 18: 287-292.

Salem MZ, Salem AZM, Camacho LM & Ali HM (2013). Antimicrobial

activities and phytochemical composition of extracts of Ficus species: An

overview. Afr J Microbiol Res 7(33): 4207–4219.

Sameulsson G.(1993) Drugs of Natural Origin. Textbook of Pharmacognosy.

Swedish Pharmaceutical Press Editor.

Sandha HK, Kumar B, Prasher S, Tiwari P, Salhan M, Sharma P (2011). A

review of Phytochemistry and Pharmacology of Flavonoids. Internationale

Pharmaceutica Sciencia 1: 25-41.

Sarkar FH and Li Y (2006). Using chemopreventive agents to enhance the

efficacy of cancer therapy. Cancer Res. 66:3347–3350.

Page 35: Phytochemical and Pharmacological Profiling of Ficus glomerata Roxb

Phytochemical and Pharmacological Profiling of Ficus glomerata Roxb

Department of Biotechnology, Gulbarga University, Kalaburagi Page 196

Sato F, Matsukawa Y, Matsumoto K, Nishino H and Sakai T (1996). Apegenin

induces morphological differentiation and G2/M arrest in rat neuronal cells.

Biochem Biophys Res Comm 204:578-584.

Satyabrata Maiti (2004). Inventory, documentation andstatus of medicinal plants

research in India 79-112 in Batugal, Pons A.

Sausa SF, Fernandes PA & Ramos MJ (2006). Protein-ligand docking: Current

status and future challenges. Proteins 65:15-26.

Saxena PN, Chauhan LKS and Gupta SK (2005). Cytogenetic effects of

commercial formulation of cypermethrin in root meristem cells of Allium

sativum: spectroscopic basis of chromosomedamage. Toxicology 216(2-3):244–

252.

Saxena PN, Chauhan LKS, Chandra S, Gupta SK (2004). Genotoxic effects of

Diuron contaminated soil on the root meristem cells of Allium sativum: A

possible mechanism of chromosome damage. Toxicology Mechanisms and

Methods 14: 281-286.

Sehgal R, Roy S & Kumar VL (2006). Evaluation of cytotoxic potential of latex

of Calotropis procera and Podophyllotoxin in Allum cepa root model. Biocell,

30(1): 9–13.

Sen AB and Chowdhary AR (2006). Chemical composition of Ficus glomerata,

Journal of Indian chemical Society 971(48):1165-1168.

Sen Saikat, Raja Chakraborty, C. Sridhar, Y. S. R. Reddy, Biplab De (2010).

Free Radicals, Antioxidants, Diseases And Phytomedicines: Current Status And

Future Prospect, International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Review and

Research 3(1):91-100.

Page 36: Phytochemical and Pharmacological Profiling of Ficus glomerata Roxb

Phytochemical and Pharmacological Profiling of Ficus glomerata Roxb

Department of Biotechnology, Gulbarga University, Kalaburagi Page 197

Serafini M, Peluso I, Raguzzini A (2009). Flavonoids as anti-inflammatory

agents, The 3rd International Immunonutrition Workshop, Platja D'Aro, Girona,

Spain. 21–24: 78-82

Shabana bibi, Saima Kulsoom, Hamid Rashid (2013). In Silico Approach for

Lead Identification and Optimization Of Antidiabetic Compounds, IOSR Journal

of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences 7(3):36-46.

Shagufta Ishtiaque, Nasir Khan, Muhammad A. Siddiqui, Rahmanullah Siddiqi

and Shahina Naz ( 2013), Antioxidant Potential of the Extracts, Fractions and

Oils Derived from Oilseeds, Antioxidants 2: 246-256.

Shahidi F and Naczk M (2004). Extraction and analysis of phenolics in food. J.

Chromatogr A 1054:95–111.

Shahidi F, Naczk M (1995). Food Phenolics: Sources, Chemistry, Effects and

Applications. Technomic Pub. Co., Basel, Switzerland.

Shan B, Cai YZ, Sun M, Corke H (2005). Antioxidant capacity of 26 spice

extracts and characterization of their phenolic constituents. J Agric Food Chem

(53):7749–7759.

Sharmila G, Bhat FA, Arunkumai R, Elumalai P, Raja Singh P, Senthilkumar K

& Arunakaran J (2014). Chemopreventive effect of quercetin, a natural dietary

flavonoid on prostate cancer in in vivo model. Clinical Nutrition 33(4):718–726.

Shehla Unaiza Hridi, Nafisa Ferdous , MD.Fakhar Uddin Majumder, Dr.JMA

Hannan (2012). Phytochemical Screening and Investigation of the Central and

Peripheral Analgesic and Anti-Inflammatory activity of ethanol extract of

Hiptage Benghalensis (L) Kurz 1-14.

Shweta S, Khadabadi S, Tapadiya Ganesh G (2012). In vitro Evaluation of

Antimitotic, Antiproliferative, DNA fragmentation and Anticancer activity of

Page 37: Phytochemical and Pharmacological Profiling of Ficus glomerata Roxb

Phytochemical and Pharmacological Profiling of Ficus glomerata Roxb

Department of Biotechnology, Gulbarga University, Kalaburagi Page 198

Chloroform and Ethanol extracts of Revia hypocrateriformis, Asian Pacific

Journal of Tropical Disease 503-508.

Sikder MA, Anjum A, Haque MR, Hasan CM, and Rashid MA (2013).

Antioxidant and Thrombolytic Activities of Species Growing in Bangladesh.

Journal of Scientific Research, 5(2).

Silva Jr. IE, Cechinel Filho V, Zacchino SA, Lima JCS, Martins DTO (2009).

Antimicrobial screening of some medicinal plants from Mato Grosso Cerrado.

Rev Bras Pharmacogn 19(1):242-8.

Sinhababu A & Banerjee A (2013). Ethno-botanical study of medicinal plants

used by tribals of Bankura districts, West Bengal, India. Journal of Medicinal

Plants Studies 1(3): 98-104.

Siti Fazliza, Binti Salleh (2013). Effect of heat treatments on bioactive

compounds and antioxidant properties of alfalfa sprouts (medicago sativa l.).

Universiti teknologi mara.

Slater TF (1965). Biochemical mechanism of liver injury. London Academic

press 4: 256259.

Snowden MA, Green DVS (2008). Curr. Opin. Drug Discovery Dev 11: 553–

558.

Soobrattee MA, Bahorun T, Aruoma OI (2006). Chemopreventive actions of

polyphenolic compounds in cancer. Biofactors 27:19-35.

Spigno G, Tramelli L and DM De Faveri (2009). Effects of extraction time,

temperature and solvent on concentration and antioxidant activity of grape marc

phenolics, Journal of Food Engineering 81(1): 200-208.

Stanislawa Szymonik- Lesiuk, Grazyna Czechowska, Marta Stryjecka-Zimmer,

Maria Sl omka, Agnieszka Madro, Krzysztof Celin´ski, and Marian Wielosz

Page 38: Phytochemical and Pharmacological Profiling of Ficus glomerata Roxb

Phytochemical and Pharmacological Profiling of Ficus glomerata Roxb

Department of Biotechnology, Gulbarga University, Kalaburagi Page 199

(2003). Catalase, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione peroxidase activities in

various rat tissues after carbon tetrachloride intoxication, J Hepatobiliary

Pancreat Surg 10:309–315.

Stern WL, Morris MW, Judd WS (1994). Anatomy of the thick leaves in

Dendrobium section Rhizobium (Orchidaceae). Int. J. Plant Sci. 155, 716–729.

Sumitra Chanda (2014). Importance of pharmacognostic study of medicinal

plants: An overview, Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry 2(5): 69-73.

Surh YJ (2003). Cancer chemoprevention with dietary phytochemicals. Natural

Reviews in Cancer 3:768–780.

Susan Williams (2007). Introduction to pharmacology 1-9.

Swain T (1973). The Flavonoids. J.B. Harbome, T.J. Mabry and M. Mabry (Eds).

Chapman and Hall Ltd, London. 1096-1129.

Swati Sucharita Panda, Kalpana Sahoo, Dilip Khatua, Nabin Kumar Dhal (2012).

Phytochemical Investigation and Antibacterial activity of leaf and stem extracts

of Sapium indicum Linn. International Journal of Phytomedicine 4: 409-413.

Taha M sarg, F A Abbas (2011). Two new polyphenolic compounds from Ficus

retusa L. variegata and the biological activity of the different plant extracts,

Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytotherapy 3(7): 89-100.

Tasneef Ahmad, Swatantra Bahadur Singh, Shivshankar Pandey (2013).

Phytochemical Screening and Physicochemical Parameters of Crude Drugs: A

Brief Review, International Journal of Pharma Research & Review 2(12):53-60.

Teferra Abula, Srinivasa A.Rao, Amare Mengistu, Solomomon Worku, Eshetu

Legesse, Musie Aberra, Dawit (2004). Pharmacology. University of Gondar.

Tenmozhi A & Rao US (2011). Evaluation Of Antimitotic Activity Of Solanum

Torvum Using Allium Cepa Root Meristamatic Cells And Anticancer Activity

Page 39: Phytochemical and Pharmacological Profiling of Ficus glomerata Roxb

Phytochemical and Pharmacological Profiling of Ficus glomerata Roxb

Department of Biotechnology, Gulbarga University, Kalaburagi Page 200

Using MCF-7Human Mammary Gland Breast Adenocarcinoma Cell Lines. Drug

Invention Today, 3(12).

Thangavel N, Gupta JK (2010). Activity guided isolation of antioxidant

compounds from Andrographimis stenophylla leaf. European journal of

chemistry 7(20): 363-368.

Thuvander A, Paulsen JE, Azberg K, Johansson N, Vidnes A, Enghardt-Barbieri

H, TryggK (2001). Levels of ochatoxin A in blood from Norwegian and Swedish

blood donors and their possible correlation with food consumption. Food Chem

Toxicol 39: 1145-1151.

Tiwari Prashant, Bimlesh Kumar, Mandeep Kaur, Gurpreet Kaur, Harleen Kaur

(2011). Phytochemical screening and Extraction: A Review, Internationale

Pharmaceutica Sciencia 1(1): 98-106.

Trease G and Evans W (1972). Pharmacognosy, Univ. Press, Aberdeen, Great

Britain.

Ushimaru PI (2000). Estudo in vitro da atividade antibacteriana de extratos de

plantas medicinais e sinergismo com drogas antimicrobianas [thesis]. Botucatu:

Universidade Estadual Paulista, Instituto de Biociências 51 p.

Valls J, Millan S, Marti MP, Borras E, and Arola L. Advanced separation

methods of

Varambally S, Dhanasekaran SM, Zhou M, Barrette TR, Kumar-Sinha C, Sanda

MG, Ghosh D, Pienta KJ, Sewalt RG, Otte AP (2002). Nature 419: 624–629.

Velioglu YS, Mazza G, Gao L, Oomah BD (1998). Antioxidant activity and total

phenolics in selected fruits, vegetables, and grain products. Journal of

Agricultural and Food Chemistry 46 (10):4113–4117.

Veni PK, Ramesh S and Mahesh (2013) Wheat Rootlet Growth Inhibition Assay

Page 40: Phytochemical and Pharmacological Profiling of Ficus glomerata Roxb

Phytochemical and Pharmacological Profiling of Ficus glomerata Roxb

Department of Biotechnology, Gulbarga University, Kalaburagi Page 201

and Antimitotic studies of Some N, N 3 Bis (6-chlorobenzo (d) thiazol-2-yl) 2–

substituted methyl malonamides. DNA 1(2): 3-9.

Vijayalakshmi R, Ravindran R (2012). Preliminary comparative phytochemical

screening of root extracts of Diospyrus ferrea (Wild.) Bakh and Arva lanata (L.)

Juss. Ex Schultes. Asian J Plant Sci Res 2:581-587.

Vincenzo Mirone (2007). Testosterone and Prostate Cancer, Prostate Cancer

European Genito-Urinary Disease 26-27.

Vishnu priya P, Radhika K, Siva kumar R, Sri Ramchandra M, Prameela Devi Y

and A.Srinivas Rao (2011) Evaluation Of Anti-Cancer Activity Of Tridax

Procumbens Flower Extracts On Pc 3 Cell Lines, Pharmanest - An International

Journal of Advances In Pharmaceutical Sciences 2 (1):28-31.

Wafaa A.Tawfik, Mona M. Abdel-Mohsen, Hany M. Radwan, Amira A. Habib

and M. A. Yeramian, (2011), Phytochemical and biological investigations of

atriplex semibacata r .br. growing in Egypt, Afr J Tradit Complement Altern

Med. 8(4):435‐443.

Wang J, Kollman PA& Kuntz ID (1999). Flexible ligand docking: a multistep

strategy approach. Protien 36(1):1-19.

Wang J, Li Q, Ivanochko G and Huang Y (2006). Anticancer Effect of Extracts

from a North American Medicinal Plant – Wild Sarsaparilla. Anticancer

Research 26: 2157 2164.

Ward FM, Daly MJ (1999). Hepatic Disease. In: Clinical Pharmacy and

Therapeutics, New York 3: 195-212.

WHO (World Health Organisation) (2000). General Guidelines for

Methodologies on Research and Evaluation of Traditional Medicine. Geneva.

Page 41: Phytochemical and Pharmacological Profiling of Ficus glomerata Roxb

Phytochemical and Pharmacological Profiling of Ficus glomerata Roxb

Department of Biotechnology, Gulbarga University, Kalaburagi Page 202

Williams G M (2001). Mechanisms of chemical carcinogenesis and application

to human cancer risk assessment, Toxicology 166: 3–10.

Williams GO and Omoh L (1996). Mitotic effects of the aqueous leaf extract of

Cymbopogon citratus in Allium cepa root tips, Cytobios (96)350:161–168,

Wohlmuth, Hans (2008). Phytochemistry and pharmacology of plants from the

ginger family, Zingiberaceae. PhD thesis, Southern Cross University, Lismore,

NSW.

Wolfender J, Karine Ndjoko, Kurt Hostettmann (2013). Journal of

Chromatography A 1000: 437–455.

World Health Organisation (2003). In: Hawkins B (2008). Plants for life:

Medicinal plant conservation and botanic gardens. Botanic Gardens

Conservation International, Richmond, U.K.

Yadav RNS and Munin Agarwala (2011). Phytochemical analysis of some

medicinal plants. Journal of Phytology 3(12): 10-14.

Yamaguchi K (2005). Spectral Data of Natural Products 1: Elsevier Publishing

Company, Amsterdam, London & New York.

Yamamoto J, Yamada K, Naemura Y, Yamashita T, and Arai R(2005).Testing

various herbs for antithrombotic effect. Nutrition, 21(5):580–587.

Young IS (2001). Measurement of total antioxidant capacity. J Clin Pathol

54:339-342.

Yusuf ATM, Mohammad Mamun Ur Rashid, Mohammed Mainul Hassan,

Mohammed Aktar Sayeed, Mohammed Abdullah Jainul, (2013) In-Vitro

Cytotoxic and Thrombolytic Potential of Pothos scandens L, Journal of

Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, 2 (1):193-198.

Page 42: Phytochemical and Pharmacological Profiling of Ficus glomerata Roxb

Phytochemical and Pharmacological Profiling of Ficus glomerata Roxb

Department of Biotechnology, Gulbarga University, Kalaburagi Page 203

Zang W, Wang SY (2001). Antioxidant activity and phenolic compounds in

selected herbs. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 49 (11):5165–5170.

Zi X, Mukhtar H, Agarwal R (1997). Novel cancer chemopreventive effects of a

flavonoid antioxidant silymarin: inhibition of mRNA expression of an

endogenous tumor promorter TNFα. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 239:334–

339.