Physiology

PhysiologyHearing = neural perception of sound energy Aspect : what and whereSound waves : traveling vibration of air, consist of region of high pressure (caused by compression of air molecules) alternating with regions of low pressure (caused by rarefaction of the molecules)(disturbance pattern in air molecule produces sound)Media : air, waterin water require greater pressures to cause this disturbanceRarefaction = penjernihan, penghalusan2Gambar 6-32, table 6-5Sound waves :Pitch (tone) determined by the frequency of vibrationIntensity (loudness) depends on the amplitude of sound waves (pressure difference between high and low pressure)measured in decibels (dB) logarithmic measure of intensity compared w/ the hearing thresholdTimbre (quality) : sound depends on its overtonesTunig fork has a pure tone, most sounds lack of purityComplex mixture of overtones different sounds to different instruments playing the same note (ex : trumpet and piano)Overtones responsible for characteristic differences in voicesWe can tell whether it is our mother or girlfriends voiceSensory system of Inner ear house :Cochlea : sound waves nerve impulseVestibular apparatus : sense of equilibriumEquilibriumvestibular apparatusVestibular apparatus = sense of equilibrium and coordinating head movementConsists of two sets of structures : (gambar 6-38a)Semicircular canalsOtolith organs (utricule and saccule)Detects changes in position and motion of the headEach contain hair cells respond to mechanical deformation triggered by specific movements of the endolymphDepolarized or hyperpolarized depending on the direction of the fluid movementMuch of this information doesnt reach the level of conscious awarenessSemicircular canalsOtolith organs