Phyllostomidae and the evolution of diet
-
Upload
yann-gager -
Category
Science
-
view
12 -
download
3
Transcript of Phyllostomidae and the evolution of diet
Curriculum vitae
• Fieldwork
• Labwork:
The world evolutionary radiation of the
cosmopolitan genus Myotis : biogeographic and
temporal origins (M 2)
Phyllostomidae and the evolution of diet (M 1)
Phyllostomidae and the evolution of diet
Phylogeny & evolution of bats:
evolution of diet
Presented by : Yann Gager
Supervised by : Emmanuel Douzery
Phyllostomidae
• Leaf-nosed bats from the New World
• ~ 160 species described (55 genus) :
More than 10% of Bats =
2nd Order in number of species after Rodents
Phyllostomidae
• Leaf-nosed bats from the New World
• ~ 160 species described (55 genus) :
More than 10% of Bats =
2nd Order in number of species after Rodents
• Great diversity of life-history traits :
Family of Mammals with the biggest number
of diet
Goals of the study
• Reliable phylogenetic tree:
important sampling of species
and molecular data
• Preliminary to the study of the evolution of
dietdiet
Samplings
• 120 species + 3 outgroups
• Compilation & concatenation of genes* :
Supermatrix of 6883 aligned nucleotides
*( GenBank )
Samplings
• 120 species + 3 outgroups
• Compilation & concatenation of genes* :
Supermatrix of 6883 aligned nucleotides
12S 16S CO1 CYB RAG-2
*( GenBank )
12S 16S CO1 CYB RAG-2
Species 1 X ? X ? X
Species 2 X X X X X
Species 3 X X X ? X
Species n X X X X X
Phylogenetic analyses
• Maximum likelihood (GTR + Γ + INV)
• Node support : Bootstrap (100 replicates)
Phylogenetic analyses
• Maximum likelihood (GTR + Γ + INV)
• Node support : Bootstrap (100 replicates)
• Inference of diet : Trophic levels of the
panTHERIA project*
*( Jones et al. 2009 )
1
Phytophagy
2
Omnivory
3
Animalivory
Evolution of diet
• Function ACE with APE (R) :
Ancestral Character Estimation
Species 1
Species 2
?
Species 3
?
Evolution of diet
• Function ACE with APE (R) :
Ancestral Character Estimation
• Probabilistic model of estimation of the
speed of change of the diet character state
Evolution of diet
• Function ACE with APE (R) :
Ancestral Character Estimation
• Probabilistic model of estimation of the
speed of change of the diet character state
Species 1
Species 2
Species 3
Evolution of diet
• Function ACE with APE (R) :
Ancestral Character Estimation
• Probabilistic model of estimation of the
speed of change of the diet character state
all changes different
Evolution of diet
• Function ACE with APE (R) :
Ancestral Character Estimation
• Probabilistic model of estimation of the
speed of change of the diet character state
all changes different
Phytophagy Omnivory Animalivory
Phytophagy NA R1 R2
Omnivory R3 NA R4
Animalivory R5 R6 NA
Evolution of diet
• Specialisations, but opportunistic omnivory
– Food completion
– Survival when the favorite food is rare
Prospects
• Well supported phylogenies:
Working basis for numerous research on bats!
Life-history
traits
Artibeus sp.
Prospects
• Well supported phylogenies:
Working basis for numerous research on bats!
Systematics
Cistugo sp.
Prospects
• Well supported phylogenies:
Working basis for numerous research on bats!
Biogeography
Myotis spp.
Prospects
• Well supported phylogenies:
Working basis for numerous research on bats!
Conservation
Craseonycteris thonglongyai
Acknowledgments
• Team Molecular phylogeny and Evolution:
E. Douzery, F. Botero, M. Ballenghien, P.
Gayral, C. Delsol
• Funding: ANR Mitosys 2006-2010
• Presentation design: M. David• Presentation design: M. David
Supermatrix
• Drawbacks: Missing data
e.g. artefacts
• Benefits: Contribution for a phylogenetic
signalsignal
e.g ½ of 7kb = 3.5 kb !
General Time Reversible ( GTR )
A C G T
A - a∏C b∏G c∏T
C a∏A - d∏G e∏T
• Base frequencies ∏, substitution rates (from a
to f) and branch lengths
G b∏A d∏C - f∏T
T c∏A e∏C f∏G -
• Nucleotide model of evolution
• General Time Reversible (GTR) with a gamma
distribution of rate variation (Γ) and a
proportion of invariant sites (INV)
General Time Reversible + Γ + INV
proportion of invariant sites (INV)
Evolution of diet
• Matrix of rates of change of trophic level state
Phytophagy Omnivory Animalivory
Phytophagy NA 2,50 0
Omnivory 0,71 NA 0,69
Animalivory 0 0 NA
Rate change of trophic level
• ER = Equal rates
• SR = Synonym rates
Phytophagy Omnivory Animalivory
Phytophagy NA R1 R1
Omnivory R1 NA R1
Animalivory R1 R1 NA
Phytophagy Omnivory Animalivory
• ARD = All rates different
Phytophagy Omnivory Animalivory
Phytophagy NA R1 R2
Omnivory R1 NA R3
Animalivory R2 R3 NA
Phytophagy Omnivory Animalivory
Phytophagy NA R1 R2
Omnivory R3 NA R4
Animalivory R5 R6 NA