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![Page 1: PHY](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022051620/56812e78550346895d9419db/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
PHY
MAC
RLC
PDCP
RRC
Control PCInterface
TE Port
![Page 2: PHY](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022051620/56812e78550346895d9419db/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
PHY
MAC
RLC
PDCP
RRC
Control PCInterface
TE Port
36.323
36.331
36.322
36.321
36.104,36.211,36.21236.213,36.214,36.302
CphyXXXXX()
CmacXXXXX()
CrlcXXXXX()
CpdcpXXXXX()
CteXXXXX()
![Page 3: PHY](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022051620/56812e78550346895d9419db/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
PHY
MAC
RLC
PDCP
RRC
36.323
36.331
36.322
36.321
36.104,36.211,36.21236.213,36.214,36.302
NAS
23.401,24.301,29.274, 32.426,33.102,33.401,33.402
RF CT
Protocol CT
36.521-1, 36.521-3
36.523
![Page 4: PHY](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022051620/56812e78550346895d9419db/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
IP
MME
SGSN
HSS
SGW(Serving Gateway)
PGW(PDN Gateway)
PCRF
UE
eNodeB
![Page 5: PHY](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022051620/56812e78550346895d9419db/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
IP
MME
SGSN
SGW(Serving Gateway)
PGW(PDN Gateway)
UE
eNodeB(LTE)
MSC
BSC
RNC
NodeB(UMTS)
BTS(GSM)
SGs
Voice Call Traffic Path
Registration to CS Network Path
Paging Path
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IP
MME
SGSN
HSS
SGW(Serving Gateway)
PGW(PDN Gateway)
PCRF
UE
eNodeB
EPS Bearer External Bearer
![Page 7: PHY](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022051620/56812e78550346895d9419db/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
UE eNodeB S-GW P-GW PeerEntity
End-to-End Service
EPS Bearer External Bearer
E-RAB S5/S8 Bearer
Radio Bearer S1 Bearer
E-UTRAN EPC Internet
Radio S1 S5/S8 Gi
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DRX Cycle DRX Cycle
ON Duration
DRX Cycle DRX Cycle
ON Duration
PDCCH Reception Here
DRX Inactivity Time
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DRX Cycle
ON Duration
PDCCH Reception Here
DRX Inactivity Time
DRX Command MAC CE Reception Here(Both DRX Inactivity timer and OnDuration Timer stops here)
Long DRX Cycle
ON Duration
Short DRX Cycle Short DRX Cycle
Short DRX Cycle Timer
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Center frequency
High frequency
Low frequency
Current Cell UE
Center frequency
High frequency
Low frequency
Current Cell UE Target Cell
http://lteworld.org/blog/measurements-lte-e-utran
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Center frequency
High frequency
Low frequency
Current Cell UE
Target Cell
Center frequency
High frequency
Low frequency
Current Cell UE
Target Cell
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Center frequency
High frequency
Low frequency
Current Cell UE
Target Cell
Center frequency
High frequency
Low frequency
Current Cell UE
Target Cell
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Center frequency
High frequency
Low frequency
Current Cell UE
Target Cell
Center frequency
High frequency
Low frequency
Current Cell UE
Target Cell
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IMS
SIP
Voice (VoIP)Voice (VoIP)
VideoVideo
H.263RTP
H.323
SMSSMS
etc
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Other IP Network
MME
SGSN
HSS
SGW(Serving Gateway)
PGW(PDN Gateway)
PCRF
UE
eNodeB
IMS(CSCF)
SIP Application Servers
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A B
INVITE
100 Trying
180 Ringing
200 OK
Media Transfer
BYE
200 OK
ClientsSIP Register
Server
REGISTER
(Contact Address)
AUTHENTICATION REQUEST
REGISTER
(Credentials)
OK
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PC1 – UE PC PC2
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RF Port
TE Port
UE PC
Server PC
Ethernet Cable
LTE Network Simulator
Wireshark
Wireshark
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RF Port
TE Port
UE PC
LTE Network Simulator
Wireshark
Data Server
IP Network
Router
Dummy Hub
IP Monitoring PC for troubleshot
Wireshark
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36.211 6.3.1 36.211 6.3.2 36.211 6.3.3 36.211 6.3.4 36.211 6.5
Bit Stream Bit Stream I/Q I/Q I/Q
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PA
PB
PDCCH
Cell Specific Reference Signal
PDSCH : in the same symbol as reference signal
PDSCH : in the symbol with no reference signal
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1 subframe
In some subframe, there can be no SRS depending on SRS Scheduling parameter settings
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PDN type
Access point name PDN type
Access point name
PDN type
Access point name PDN type
Access point name
EPS attach type value
Old GUTI or IMSI
UE network capability
EPS attach type value
Old GUTI or IMSI
UE network capability
Attach RequestAttach Request
NAS : Security Mode CommandNAS : Security Mode Command
Attah AcceptAttah Accept
PDN Connectivity Request PDN Connectivity Request
Activate Default EPS Bearer Setup RequestActivate Default EPS Bearer Setup Request
Replayed UE security capabilities Replayed UE security capabilities
GUTI
EPS attach result value
GUTI
EPS attach result value
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Old GUTI
EPS Bearer Context Status
Old Location Area Identification
Old GUTI
EPS Bearer Context Status
Old Location Area Identification
Tracking Area Update RequestTracking Area Update Request
Tracking Area Update AcceptTracking Area Update Accept
GUTI
TAI List
EPS Bearer Context Status
Location Area Identification
GUTI
TAI List
EPS Bearer Context Status
Location Area Identification
TAC (Tracking Area Code)TAC (Tracking Area Code)
SIB1SIB1
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RRC
DedicatedInfoNAS
NAS Message(EMM)
NAS(ESM)
C1 (RRC Message Type Identifier : 4 bits)
Length of DedicatedInfoNAS
Security Header Type (4 bits)
Protocol Discriminator + Message Authentication Code + Sequence Number (44 bits)
Message Type (8 bits)
Message Type (8 bits)
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1 frame
1 subframe
1 slot
PUCCH Region
PUCCH Region
Subband 0
Subband 1
Subband 2
Subband 3
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PUCCH Region
PUCCH Region
Subband 0
Subband 1
Subband 2
Subband 3
![Page 28: PHY](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022051620/56812e78550346895d9419db/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
PUCCH Region
PUCCH Region
Subband 0
Subband 1
Subband 2
Subband 3
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PUCCH Region
PUCCH Region
Subband 0
Subband 1
Subband 2
Subband 3
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PUCCH Region
PUCCH Region
Subband 0
Subband 1
Subband 2
Subband 3
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PUCCH Region
PUCCH Region
Subband 0
Subband 1
Subband 2
Subband 3
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1 subframe
(a) (b) (c) (e)(d)
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Packet Comm Packet Comm Packet CommPacket Comm
Idle Idle IdleIdle
Power On
Voice Comm Voice Comm
CSCS CS
CS
CRCRCR
HO HOHO
RD RDRDRD
CSFB CSFB
CDMA LTE WCDMA
CS : Cell SelectionCR : Cell Reselection
RD : Cell RedirectionHO : Handover
CSFB : CS Fallback
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UE NW
RRC Connection Request
RRC Connection Setup
T300
UE NW
RRC Connection Request
RRC Connection Reject
T300
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UE Lower Layer UE Higher Layer
Out of Sync Indication
Out of Sync Indication
Out of Sync Indication
N310 Times
In Sync Indication
In Sync Indication
In Sync Indication
N311 Times
T310
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UE Lower Layer UE Higher Layer
Out of Sync Indication
Out of Sync Indication
Out of Sync Indication
N310 Times
Triggering Handover Procedure
T310
UE Lower Layer UE Higher Layer
Out of Sync Indication
Out of Sync Indication
Out of Sync Indication
N310 Times
Initiating Connection Reestablishment
T310
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Z-1
Z-1
+
+
0 0
ip
op
op
0
00
0
00
0
0
Z-1
Z-1
+
+
0 0
ip
op
op
0
Z-1
Z-1
+
+
0 0
ip
op
op
1
10
0
01
1
1
Z-1
Z-1
+
+
1 0
ip
op
op
1
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Z-1
Z-1
+
+
0 1
ip
op
op
0
00
1
10
1
1
Z-1
Z-1
+
+
0 0
ip
op
op
0
Z-1
Z-1
+
+
0 1
ip
op
op
1
10
1
11
0
0
Z-1
Z-1
+
+
1 0
ip
op
op
1
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Z-1
Z-1
+
+
1 0
ip
op
op
0
01
0
00
1
0
Z-1
Z-1
+
+
0 1
ip
op
op
0
Z-1
Z-1
+
+
1 0
ip
op
op
1
11
0
01
0
1
Z-1
Z-1
+
+
1 1
ip
op
op
1
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Z-1
Z-1
+
+
1 1
ip
op
op
0
01
1
10
0
1
Z-1
Z-1
+
+
0 1
ip
op
op
0
Z-1
Z-1
+
+
1 1
ip
op
op
1
11
1
11
1
0
Z-1
Z-1
+
+
1 1
ip
op
op
1
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GPS Signal Frame Structure
1 2 3 4 5Subframe
Frame
1-2 3-10 1-2 3-10 1-2 3-10Word
Telemetry and handover words(TLM and HOW)
Satellite clock,GPS time relationship
Telemetry and handover words(TLM and HOW)
Ephemeris(precise satellite orbit)
Telemetry and handover words(TLM and HOW)
Almanac component(satellite network synopsys, error correction)
1500 bits
300 bits
![Page 46: PHY](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022051620/56812e78550346895d9419db/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
x(n)
y(n)
x(n) y(n)
x(n)y(n)
n
iii yx
0
![Page 47: PHY](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022051620/56812e78550346895d9419db/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Discrete Fourier Transform
Convolution
Correlation
Inner Product
2222 )()()()(
))((
yynxxn
yxxynr
Sum of Times (Sum of Multiplication)
![Page 48: PHY](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022051620/56812e78550346895d9419db/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
1
0
2N
n
nN
ki
nk exX
|| X
1
0
12
1
N
n
nN
i
n exX
1
0
22
2
N
n
nN
i
n exX
1
0
32
3
N
n
nN
i
n exX
1
0
2N
n
nN
Ni
nN exX
n
iii yx
0
ix iySum of Times (Sum of Multiplication)
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FIR
IIR
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1. This is same as g[-m + n]2. g[-m + n] is same as g[-(m-n)]3. g[-(m-n)] is same as g[-m] shifted by n4. g[-m] is the reflection of g[m] around y axis
This means the result of convolution is an array (vector) with the size = nThis means that each element (each value) of the convolution comes from “Sum of Multiplication”
g[m]g[-m] g[-(m-n)]=g[n-m]
n
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Matrix Operation / Manipulation
ResultOf
Operation
Control System Model
SimultaneousEquations
Computer Graphics
Statistics
Graph Theory
Control System Model
SimultaneousEquations
Computer Graphics
Statistics
Graph Theory
Presentation Linear Algegra Interpretation
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1.0 0.0
0.0 1.0
x1
y1
x2
y2
(x1,y1) (x2,y2)
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-1.0 0.0
0.0 1.0
x1
y1
x2
y2
(x1,y1) (x2,y2)
1.0 0.0
0.0 -1.0
x1
y1
x2
y2
(x1,y1)
(x2,y2)
![Page 57: PHY](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022051620/56812e78550346895d9419db/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
-1.0 0.0
0.0 -1.0
x1
y1
x2
y2
(x1,y1)
(x2,y2)
1.0 0.3
0.0 1.0
x1
y1
x2
y2
(x1,y1) (x2,y2)
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cos(pi/4) -sin(pi/4) x1
y1
x2
y2
(x1,y1)(x2,y2)
sin(pi/4) cos(pi/4)
pi/4
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1
2 3
0.8
0.4
0.6
0.35
0.5
0.0
0.2
0.15 0.0
1 2 3
1
2
3
From
To
0.2 0.8 0.0
0.4 0.15 0.6
0.5 0.35 0.0
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(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(a_f)
(b_f)
(c_f)
(d_f)
Signal Zero Pad
Length of signal is same but lengh of Zero Pad gets longer
Location, Size of the peak does not change, but graph gets smoother
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Total number of data points is same but number of periods gets larger
Location of the peak does not change, but height of the peak gets higher and width of the peak gets narrower
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(a_f)
(b_f)
(c_f)
(d_f)
![Page 66: PHY](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022051620/56812e78550346895d9419db/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(a_f)
(b_f)
(c_f)
(d_f)
![Page 67: PHY](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022051620/56812e78550346895d9419db/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
A B C
s(t)
Abs(fft(s(t))
Arg(fft(s(t))
Abs(fft(s(t)): Expanded
Arg(fft(s(t)): Expanded
a b c d e f g h i
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a = 1.0;b = 1.0; p1 = 0.0;p2 = 0.0;
A B C
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(i) (ii) (iii)
(iv)(v)
p
Figure 1
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a = 1.0;b = 1.0; p1 = 0.0;p2 = 0.2*pi;
A B C
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(i) (ii) (iii)
(iv)(v)
p
Figure 2
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a = 1.0;b = 0.8; p1 = 0.0;p2 = 0.0;
p
A B C
(a)
(c)
(d)
(iii)(i) (ii)
(iv)(v)
(b) m1 m2
Figure 3
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a = 1.0;b = 0.8; p1 = 0.0;p2 = 0.2*pi;
A B C
(a)
(c)
(d)
(iii)
(b) m2m1
p
(i) (ii)
(iv)(v)
Figure 4
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(a)
(d)
(b)
(c)
Discontinuity of PhaseDue to phase calculation software algorithm
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a = 1.0;b = 1.0; p1 = 0.0;p2 = 0.2*pi;
a = 1.0;b = 0.7; p1 = 0.0;p2 = 0.0;
a = 1.0;b = 0.7; p1 = 0.0;p2 = 0.2*pi;
a = 1.0;b = 1.0; p1 = 0.0;p2 = 0.0;
(a)
(d)
(b)
(c)
A B C D
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Time domainData
Sequence
A combinationof infinite number
(sin() + cos())
FrequencyDomain
Data
Time Domain
Freq Domain
Time Domain
Fourier Series Expansion
Fourier Transform
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32''' yyy
322
2
ydx
dy
dx
yd
3212 yyy
This is a differential equation because it has ‘derivative’
components in it
This is a differential equation because it has ‘differential’
components in it
This is NOT a differential equation because it does not have
‘differential’ nor ‘derivative’ components in it
yyy 2'''
This is NOT a differential equation because it is not a form of equation (no ‘equal’ sign) even though it has
‘derivative’ component in it
differential form
derivative form
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Algebraic EquationSolver
Differential EquationSolver
02'2'' yyy xixi eDeDy )1(2
)1(1
0222 yyiy 1
iy 1
Algebraic Equation
Differential Equation
Solution
Solution
In this case, variable y is a function (e.g, y(x), y(t) etc))
In this case, Variable y is a number
In this case, Solution y is a function (e.g, y(x), y(t) etc))
In this case, Solution y is a value
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3232
2
3
3
ydx
dy
dx
yd
dx
yd
)(xy
Independent Variable
Dependent Variable
As you see here, the dependent variable in differential equation is a ‘Function’, not a value. This is a key characteristics that defines ‘Differential Equation’
Order (=3) Order (=2)
The highest order among all terms becomes the order of the differential equation. In this case, the highest Order is 3. So we call this equation as a ‘3rd order differential equation’
implies
Independent Variable
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022
2
2
2
2
yx
u
y
u
x
u
Independent Variable
Dependent Variable
There are more than one types of independent variables. (In this example, we have two different type of independent variable). This kind of differential equation is called Partial Differential Equation (PDE)
Independent Variable
),( yxuimplies
3232
2
3
3
ydx
dy
dx
yd
dx
yd
Independent Variable
)(xy
implies
Independent Variable
Dependent Variable
There are only one type of independent variable. This kind of differential equation is called Ordinary Differential Equation (ODE)
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Real WorldProblem
Modeling
Modeling
Differential Equation
(Continous)
Solution
Solving
Difference Equation(Discrete)
Solution
Solving
F(s)(Laplace Form)
F(z)(z Form)
Solution
Solving
Solving
LaplaceTransform
zTransform
CalculusCalculus AlgebraAlgebra
Inverse Transform
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)(ty dttyesY st )()(0 Laplace
Transform
Symbols for
original functionSymbols
for Laplace Transformed Function
Definitionof
Laplace Transformed Function
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)(' ty )0()( yssY
)('' ty )0(')0()(2 ysysYs
)(tus
1: Unit Step
)( tu 1 ses
t 2
1
s
te )(
1
s
tte 2)(
1
s
)(tdt
d s
)(t 1
s
11
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Differential Equation
e.g, f(y’’,y’,t)Any Solution Process y(t) = ??????
Differential Equation
e.g, f(y’’,y’,t)Laplace Transform
Y(s) = ??????
InverseLaplace Transform
y(t) = ??????
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Derive a differential equation that tells you the velocity of a falling body at any given time.(Assume the condition where you should not ignore the air resistance)
Governing Law : Total Force applied to a body = Motion of the body
maF
Q . What kind of Force is there ?
i) Force to helps movement = Pulling force by gravity =
ii) Force to hinder movement = air resistance
= kv
mg
Why negative sign here ? : It is because this fource act in opposite direction to the other Force (Gravity).: We assumed that Pulling Force by Gravity is ‘Positive Force’
mg kv
Q. Can I convert this into a term related to velocity ?
A. Yes. Acceleration (a) is the derivative of velocity (v)
dt
dva
dt
dvmma
maF dt
dvmkvmg kvmg
dt
dvm
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A B C
s
Force trying to get to the spring’s resting position= -k s
Force being pulled downby gravity = m g
p1
p2
p3
x=0
p4
+x
-x
If you hand a mass to the spring, it would try to fall down and length of the spring would increase, but soon the mass would not fall down anymore because of the restoration force of the spring. This is the point where the springs restoration force and pulling force by gravity become same. We call this point as “Equilibrium Point”. At this point, the mass does not move in any direction. So it is the same situation where there is no force being applied to the body (in reality, the two force with the same amount is continuously being applied in opposite direction)
It is very important to know where is the reference point, the point where we define x = 0. It is totally up to you how to define the reference point. You can set any point as a reference point but the final mathematical equation may differ depending on where you take as a reference point. So usually, we set the point where we can get a simplest mathematical model. In vertical spring model, we set the Equilibrium Point as the reference point because we can remove the term –k s and mg since they cancel each other at this point
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C
x=0
+x
-x
Governing Law : Total Force applied to a body = Motion of the body
maF
Q . What kind of Force is there ?
i) Force to makes movement = Restoration force of the spring trying to get back to the equilibrium position = kx
ii) Force created by Gravity = Force pulling the object down to the ground = mgiii) Force to oppose the pulling force by gravity = Restoration force of the spring just to oppose the pulling force by gravity = ksiv) Force to prevent movement = damping force
=
dt
dx
dt
dxksmgkx
We can set this part to be ‘0’ by setting ‘the equilibrium point’ as the reference point of the model. (Refer to previous figure and comments on it)
Q. Can I convert this into a term related to position of the mass (x = distance from the reference point) ?
A. Yes. Acceleration (a) is the 2nd derivative of distance (x)
2
2
dt
xda
2
2
dt
xdmma
dt
dxkx
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2
2
dt
xdm
dt
dxkx 0
2
2
dt
dxkx
dt
xdm
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Governing Law : Population Growth Rate per Individual = Rate of Factors increasing the Population – Rate of Factoring decreasing the Population
Q . What kind of Factors are there ?
i) Increasing Factors
a) Birth Rate
= bPb) Rate of immigration = Pki
ii) Decreasing Factors
a) Death Rate
= dPb) Rate of emigration = Pke
)()( PkdPPkbP ei
Pkdkb ei )(
Pdt
dP/
dt
dP
P
1
?
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qC
1
dt
diL
Ri
E
Governing Law : Kirchhoff's voltage law
The directed sum of the electrical potential differences (voltage) around any closed circuit is zero
The sum of the emfs in any closed loop is equivalent to the sum of the potential drops in that loop
EMFS: Voltage Generator
Voltage Drop
Voltage Drop
Voltage Drop
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0)1
()()()( qCdt
diLRiE
01
qCdt
diLRiE
qCdt
diLRiE
1
qCdt
dq
dt
dL
dt
dqRE
1)(
qCdt
qdL
dt
dqRE
12
2
dt
dq
Cdt
di
dt
dL
dt
diR
dt
dE 1
iCdt
idL
dt
diR
dt
dE 12
2
dt
dqi
Differentiate both sides
dt
dqi Simplify the equation Simplify the equation
Voltage Generator(positive sign) Voltage Drop (negative sign)
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Real WorldProblem
Differential Equation
Matrix
StatisticsProbability (Stocastics)
MathematicalSolution
Real WorldSolution
Other Models
Other Models
ModelingMathematical
OperationInterpretation
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+
x
j
I
Q
x
x
x
x
CH1
CH2
CH3
CH4
amp1
amp1
amp2
amp2
I + j Q
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x1 amplitude = 1x2 amplitued = 0.5
x1 amplitude = 1x2 amplitued = 0.25
How do we get this kind of constellation ?
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+ +
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e1e2
e3e4
EVM_x1 = min{e1, e2, e3, e4};
x1
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}1,1{DPCCH
}1,1{DPDCHassuming
15d
15c
Is this constellation correct ?
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Chip Rate Signal
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iba
1
Real part Imaginary part
iba
Real axis
Ima
gin
ary a
xis
a
b
iba )( bia =arg(a+b i)=angle of (a+b i)
|)(| bia =abs(a+b i)
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c1
c1
c3
c3 = c1 + c2
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plot(y) Horizontal axis is automatically set, because it is not specified in plot() function
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plot(x,y)
Total horizontal range is automatically set, because it is not specified in plot() function
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plot(x,y); xlim([-8 8]); ylim([-1.5 1.5]);
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plot(x,y); axis([-8 8 -1.5 1.5]);
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plot(x,y); axis([-8 8 -1.5 1.5]); title('y=sin(x)'); xlabel('x'); ylabel('sin(x)');
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plot(x,y,’r--’); axis([-8 8 -1.5 1.5]); title('y=sin(x)'); xlabel('x'); ylabel('sin(x)');
color : ‘red’ format: ‘dashed line graph’
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plot(x,y1,'r-',x,y2,'b-');axis([-8 8 -1.5 1.5]);
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col1 col2 col3 col N
row1
row2
row M
1 2 3 N
N + 1 N + 2 N + 3 N + N
Subplot(M, N, 1); plot()
Subplot(M, N, 2); plot()
Subplot(M, N, 3); plot()
Subplot(M, N, M x N); plot()
N x N
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subplot(2,2,1); plot(x,y1,'r-');axis([-8 8 -1.5 1.5]);subplot(2,2,2); plot(x,y2,'g-');axis([-8 8 -1.5 1.5]);subplot(2,2,3); plot(x,y3,'b-');axis([-8 8 -1.5 1.5]);subplot(2,2,4); plot(x,y4,'m-');axis([-8 8 -1.5 1.5]);
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real
imaginary
Plot curve along imaginary axis (absolute value of the expression)(the line where real value = 0)= This represents ‘Frequency Response’
Plot curve along imaginary axis (arg of the expression)(the line where real value = 0)
pole
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