Photovoltaik: eine Option zur Energieautarkie VO SS2016 … · 2016. 6. 9. · 10.06.2016:...

10.06.2016: operation of

components

Photovoltaik: eine Option zur Energieautarkie

VO SS2016 © Fronius Sattledt


components


VO SS2016

Content

1. Operation of modules module design

IV-characteristics

shading

ageing

2. Operation of systems system types

storage systems

string connection

inverter

electric safety

smart grid


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1. Operation of Modules


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1. Design of the module


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1-Diode-Model:


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4-quadrant-IV curve

© Schenke,Hochschule Emden

I

I

U


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IV-curve: connectivity

Serial connection

of cells /modules

U0

U0

U0

Parallel connection

of cells or modules U0

U0

U0

I0

I0


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Hierarchic design aspect

cells

generator / facility

modules


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Hierarchic design aspect : symbols


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IV-curve: Influence of the irradiance


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IV-curve: Influence of the temperature

Pmpp = Umpp * Impp


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ISC = f(G)

UOC = f(T)

Module: Picture of relevant influences


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Module: Shading of a cell


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Module: Shading losses – TF-PV

-80% power -25% power


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Glass (4-6 mm)

EVA (0,1 mm)

Contacts (0,1 mm)

Solar cell ( 0,1-0,3 mm)

Back sheet (0,15 mm)

5-7 mm

Wind

Humidity

TemperatureSun

Chemistry

(z.B. Salt)

Anschlussdose

Modules: Ageing due to environmental impact

Glass (4-6 mm)

EVA (0,1 mm)

Contacts (0,1 mm)

Solar cell ( 0,1-0,3 mm)

Back sheet (0,15 mm)

5-7 mm

Wind

Humidity

TemperatureSun

Chemistry

(z.B. Salt)

Anschlussdose


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Ageing: technical “bath-tube curve”


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2. Operation of COMPONENTS


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Island system

PV-facility

• Battery

• charge controller

• consumer

Schematics of systems

PV facility

• connection box

• inverter

• AC-cabling

• DC-cabling

• DC-switch gear

• Electricity counters

Grid connected


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ISLAND SYSTEMS: charge controller:

Regulates charging current

Regulates working point

Avoids low voltage of battery

Avoids overloading of battery

Avoids overheating of battery

Supplies consumers

Loggs data


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Battery capacity

Arten:

• Blei-Gel-Akku

• Block-Akku

• Li-Ionen

(bis >7000 Zyklen)

nnn txIC

C100 = 100 Ah

C10 = 80 Ah


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4x 1m2

1/10:

Dezentralized production


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Charge controller: best practice

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

06:00 08:00 10:00 12:00 14:00 16:00 18:00

Uhrzeit

P [

W]

Beleuchtung

IT

Telefon / Rauchmelder

Küchengeräte

Kopierer / Beamer

Summe

100% decentralized consumption in office

10.0

10.5

11.0

11.5

12.0

12.5

13.0

13.5

14.0

14.5

0:00 4:00 8:00 12:00 16:00 20:00 0:00

Uhrzeit

UB [

V]

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

Le

istu

ng

[W

]

Batteriespannung

Solarleistung

Lampenfeld

925 kWh/d Sonne /

Wolken

3 Personen Lastprofil

10.0

10.5

11.0

11.5

12.0

12.5

13.0

13.5

14.0

14.5

0:00 4:00 8:00 12:00 16:00 20:00 0:00

Uhrzeit

UB [

V]

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Leis

tun

g [

W]

Batteriespannung

Solarleistung

Lampenfeld

372 kWh/d Wolken

2 Personen sparsam Lastprofil


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Electrical storage types

• Pb-Gel: - standard, toxic, acid, short life, high weight

+ technical developped, understood

• Pump (H2O): - slow return of invest (> 25 a), low potential, high investment

+ renewable, fast, scalable, (almost no losses)

• Li-Ionen: - available, still expensive, technical problems, life time

+ home application, e-mobility, >7000 cycles possible

• Na-S: - operates at >300°C; high investement

+ low operation costs per kWh, high capacity, >100 MWh

• Methan/ H2: - Power 2 Power efficiency still <50%, emitting CO2

+ consumers exist, closed CO2-loop

• Redox flow: - technical problems, investement & operation costs high,

+ separates energy density from power, scalable (kW – MW)


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Storage types

Costs / kWh

Technical readiness

Pb-Gel:

Investement

Energy Potential

Pb-Gel

H2O Li-Ionen Na-S

Methan

H2

Methan

H2

Li-Ionen

H2O

Pb-Gel

Na-S

• Scalability

• Life time

• kWh – MWh – GWh type

• Investement and operation costs

? ?

Redox flow Redox flow


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© bestmag.co.uk

Storage systems


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Storage systems

© greentechmedia


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© bestmag.co.uk

Storage systems: prices for Li-Ion batteries


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Storage systems: exotic concept: “Lageenergiespeicher”


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(ABB, 2014)

GRID CONNECTION: example of system schematics


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Generator concepts Serial and parallel connection in one

system

Bypass diodes in String

Module inverter:


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PV-facility and shading

Current of one string back

into 3 parallel strings

(Kirchhoff’s law)


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Current from 3 parallel back

into one string (Kirchhoff’s

law)

Critical for bypass diods


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• Back current blocking

diode

• Switch gears

• fuses

• Over-voltage conductor

• Connection clamps

Generator connection box


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System: inverter

How-2: 1 DC-intermediate circuit (stabilizer)

1 DC/DC converter

1 frequency generator

1 inverting rectifier

1 maximum power point tracker


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Inverter: operation principle


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Inverter: MPP tracker

Power-curve:

Change of IV-curve:

Materhmatical description: 1.deriv.


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0

0.5

1

20

40

60

80

100

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1

time (s)voltage (pu)

po

we

r (p

u)

Operating Point

MPP

Power decreases->direction changetracking to theright

tracking to the left

Inverter: MPP tracker


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300 336 372 407 443 479 515 551 586 6220.05

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1

UMPP

(V)

PM

PP (

p.u

.);

PD

C,n

om =

10500 W

95

94

.5

94

93

.5

94.5

94

93.593

92.591

92

93

300 336 372 407 443 479 515 551 586 62290

92

94

96

98

T

ot (

%)

90 950.05

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1

Tot

(%)

80

81

82

83

84

85

86

87

88

89

90

91

92

93

94

95

96

97

98

99

100

0 5000 100000

200

400

600

800

W

V

DUT: AROS, SIRIO 10000P SN: LN12MQT30000268 FwVer: - ge DoM: 07-Dec-2009 18:28%100%50%30%20%10%5 2,048,01,013,006,003,0 xxxxxxEURO

Euro-efficiency

Inverter: efficiency


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System: protection of lightning

Lightning protection

„flash-sphere“


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• Over-voltage conductor

Avoid electric induction:

System: protection of lightning


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• Grid can allow feeding

• Grid is conventionally

Stabilized in w by rotating mass

• Transformators with

alterning voltage

• Voltage is coupled to

Frequency

• Parameters (I, V, F, w)

measured, analyzed

& controlled

• 2-way Smart meters instead

of energy counters

Smart Grid:

© udo leuschner

© bestmag.co.uk

© gildemeister


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PV-Systems: Summary

• PV-Systems are constructed by a number of electrical components

• The functioning is affected by the environment

• The operation time for systems can reach up to more than 20 years

• Safety of persons and electrical safety must be guaranteed

• Low energy output (yield) often is the results of malfunction or bad planning


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PV-Systems: Lets make them good looking and safe!


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30.3.2012: Module & Systeme

Thank you for youir attention !

Photovoltaik: eine Option zur Energieautarkie VO SS2016 … · 2016. 6. 9. · 10.06.2016:...

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