Photosynthesis 14.
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Transcript of Photosynthesis 14.
Photosynthesis
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pdgkuT12e14
EnergyVisible light
Photosynthesis
6CO2 + 6H2O C6H12O6 + 6O2
Cellular Respiration
C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O
Photosynthesis
• Photosynthesis uses the energy of sunlight to convert water and carbon dioxide into high-energy sugars and oxygen
6CO2 + 6H2O C6H12O6 + 6O2
carbon dioxide + water sugars + oxygen
light
How plants capture sunlight• Use sunlight• Form of energy –
Radiation– Travels in waves– Distance between crest
of one wave and crest of another wave is the wavelength
– Acts likes it is made up of particles
• Photon• massless particle traveling
in a wave like pattern and moving at the speed of light
– Vary in energy levels– Short wavelengths –
high energy– Long wavelengths-
low energy
Electromagnetic Spectrum
• Gamma, Xrays: do not reach the earth - are deflected
• Ultraviolet (UV): most are absorbed by the ozone layer. (sunburn and skin cancer)
• Visible light (ROYGBIV): violet= highest energy and red = lowest energy
Electromagnetic Spectrum
• Infared light ( heat):– Most light is absorbed by
CO2 in atmosphere. It acts like a “blanket” which keeps the earth warm after the sun goes down.
– Greenhouse effect- buildup of CO2 in atmosphere
• Radio waves: the lowest energy photons; these tend to bounce
Pigments
• Substance that absorbs light is called a pigment
• Light is either absorbed, reflected or passed through
• Principle pigment is chlorophyllChlorophyll a and b=absorb red and
violet/blue light and reflect green
Photosynthesis
• The process by which plants use light energy to make food from carbon dioxide (CO2) and water
• The most important chemical process of Earth- supplies food for almost all organisms
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pE82qtKSSH4
Photosynthesis
• Overall reaction occurs in the chloroplasts
6CO2 + 6H2O C6H12O6 + 6O2
carbon dioxide + water sugars + oxygen
Organisms that photosynthesize
• Autotrophs• Contain chloroplasts that produce glucose=
photosynthetic autotrophs- plants and some bacteria and protists.
• Also called producers- they produce the worlds food supply
Parts of a plant that photosynthesize• All green parts have
chloroplasts- photosynthesis occurs
• Leaves are major sites– Stomata-”gates” on the
underside of the leaf that allow the passage of gas into and out of the leaf.
– Mesophyll- the green cells in the interior of the leaf, most often on the upper side- concentrated with chloroplasts• Chloroplasts contain
chlorophyll and are specific sites of photosynthesis
Structure of a Chloroplast• Inner and outer membrane
separated by an intermembrane space.
• Stroma- thick fluid inside the inner membrane – where sugars are made
• Thylakoids – disk-like membranous sacs, suspended in the stroma– Contain fluid within
membranes– Chlorophyll molecules built in
the membrane
• Grana- stack of thylakoid membranes
2. Light is absorbed by the chlorophyll – green is reflected
• This occurs in photosystem II
• Used to break up water molecules into energized electrons, hydrogen ions, and oxygen
3. ATP molecules are formed using light energy
• ADP- adenosine diphosphate– Stored energy– Di – two
• ATP – adenosine tri phosphate– Tri - three– Bond breaks and
releases energy
Light Dependent Reactions
4. Light energy is used to break bonds in water molecules
produce ATP, NADPH and oxygenThese reactions take place in thylakoid membranes
Light dependent Reactions
• Photosystem II- Light absorbed by photosystem II is used to break up water molecules into energized electrons, hydrogen ions, and oxygen
• Electron Transport Chain – High energy electrons from photosystems II move through the ETC to photosystem I
Light Dependent Reactions
• Photosystem I – Electrons released by photosystem II are energized again in photosystem I.
Light Dependent5. Hydrogen are fused to
NADP molecules creating NADPH
• Enzymes in the membrane use the electrons to form NADPH. NADPH is used to make sugar in the Calvin Cycle.
6. Oxygen is expelled as waste
7. NADPH and ATP are moved from granum to stroma
CALVIN CYCLEPlants use the energy that ATP and NADPH
contain to build high energy compounds that can be stored for a long time.
Doesn’t need light, also called light independent reactions
8. In the stroma-– NADPH & ATP are used to join CO2 molecules and
hydrogen into sugar
9. Sugar is stored or used by cell
Calvin cycle• Uses six molecules of CO2
to produce a single 6-carbon sugar molecule
• removes CO2 and turns it into energy rich carbohydrates
• Plants use sugars for energy and build more complex molecules (cellulose) for growth and development
• Other organisms eat plants to gain the energy they need