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Transcript of Photo by Erwin Palacios (CI Colombia)© The Economist 1.
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ATTAINING SUSTAINABLE SERVICES FROM ECOSYSTEMS THROUGH TRADE OFF
SCENARIOS
Photo by Erwin Palacios (CI Colombia) © The Economist
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Photo by Erwin Palacios (CI Colombia)
Our main goal
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To explicitly quantify the linkages between the natural ecosystem services that affect – and are affected by – food security and nutritional health for the rural poor at the forest-agricultural interface
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Links between ecosystem services, benefits, food security and well-being
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OUR STUDY AREAS: MALAWI, PERU AND COLOMBIA
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High forest coverLow deforestation
High forest coverHigh deforestation
Low forest coverLow deforestation
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The study areas on the forest transition curve
Natural land use transition Forest replenishment period
La Pedrera - Leticia
Pucallpa
Zomba Plateau
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The Social Sciences Component
PARTICIPATORY RURAL APPRAISAL
HOUSEHOLD SURVEYS1ST WAVE
FOOD DIARIES
1ST ROUND
HOUSEHOLD SURVEYS2ND WAVE
FOOD DIARIES
2ND ROUND
Qualitative methods:•Portrayals of livelihoods•Perceptions of change
in land-use, food security and NR stocks.•Assessments of food
security and insecurity.•Natural resource
governance.Quantitative information:• Socio-demographics• Living conditions• Income • Expenditure•Anthropometric
measures•Consumption of NR.
Quantitative information:• Amount of daily food
intake.• Individual
consumption within household
• Food sources. Quant. data for seasonal variation in:• Income • Expenditure•Nutrition•Consumption of NR.Additional information:• Social Capital •Cultural Services
Quantitative information for seasonal variation in:• Daily food intake.• Individual
consumption within household
• Food sources.
A LONGITUDINAL MIXED-METHODS APPROACH
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National
Long-Term
Regional
Medium-Term
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Crises and Tipping PointsTheme 2
Environmental Impacts
Food Security
Health Impact
Economic Impacts
Policies relating to e.g. economics, sector-specific,
environmentalTheme 3
BowTie: risk management / mitigation
Theme 3
Food Security and HealthThemes 1 and 2
Ecosystem ServicesThemes 1 and 2
Setting of targets/ priorities
Drivers / Pressures
State Impacts
FeedMe
Socioeconomic surveys and PRA
Response
ARIESEcosystem service flows to
beneficiaries
Economic modelling
ES modelling
Local
Short-Term
Methodological FrameworkThe framework integrates the modelling tools and the DP-SIR approach to evaluate drivers, pressures and impact on ES over multiple spatial and temporal scales.
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The value of PRAA collaborative learning process…
using visual techniques …
that lead to critical representations of complex issues…
helping informants to better understand their situation and possibly facilitating collective action efforts.
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Participatory Rural Appraisal
Livelihoods and Land
Use
Food Security
Ecosystem Services
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Standard procedure
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ES and local livelihoods Livelihoods are heavily ES-dependent:
Slash and burn agriculture (no fertilisers, rain-fed). Fishing and hunting. Collection of wild-fruits Production of handicrafts for sale
Domestic activities are also ES-dependent Timber and thatch as construction materials Firewood for cooking River / ravines as main water sources. Extended use of medicinal plants
Locals do not consider themselves poor. The worse-off lack human capital (e.g., elderly).
COLOMBIA
Livelihoods are less ES-dependent: Rain-fed agriculture (subsidised fertilisers). Livestock rearing (among better-off). The worse-off depend mainly on casual labour (farm and non-farm)
Domestic activities feature heavy ES-dependency Mud bricks as construction materials Firewood for cooking Boreholes as main water sources. Extended use of medicinal plants.
Most are considered “poor” in relation to lack of assets and stable monetary income.
MALAWI
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Local ecosystems are key food sources: Farmland: staple food (cassava and beans) Home garden: spices and fruits. River / ravines: fish. High forest: game Low forest: wild-fruits.
Key advantages of natural sources: Variety Availability throughout the year Accessibility Volume Part of local culture
COLOMBIA
Markets are considered as important as natural sources: Farmland : staple food (maize and beans) Home garden (fruits) Wetlands (rice)
Advantages of the market : Availability throughout the year Volume Variety
Advantages of natural sources: Costs Exchangeability (into cash or goods)
MALAWI
Food sources
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No significant deforestation in the past decade. However, perceived decrease in…
palm trees and river fish stocks (substantial change) game stocks, timber and fertile land availability
Not all trends are negative. Stocks of fruit trees and medicinal plants are reported to be stable. Key adaptations: shorter fallow, use of manufactured
construction materials and greater consumption of non-native food.
COLOMBIA
MALAWI
Substantial deforestation in the past, some tree planting (woodlots and fruit trees) today . vegetation). Other dimensions show key negative trends:
Decrease in soil fertility Decrease in the volume and flow of river Decrease in wildlife in fish and crab stocks Erratic rainfalls
Most common adaptation: greater reliance on waged (casual) labour.
Key changes in ES
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Population growth Erratic rainfalls Land erosion Overuse of farmland Over-exploitation of forest / river resources Limited regulation for access and use of ES Impact of market and commerce Local conservation efforts: community + NGOs + international development agencies + government
MALAWI
COLOMBIA
Population growth Urban expansion River pollution Markets expansion. Technological change Changing practices and preferences Changes in seasons’ length Local conservation efforts: community + NGOs
Key drivers of change in ES
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Natural resource governance
TERRITORYFOREST
WATER
An integrated management of “territory” as compared to more specialised division of roles A community-centred management approach as compared to one more relying on aid. Regional indigenous organisations as compared to mainly village-level actors (committees). Both sites considered public agencies as secondary actors in the management of resources. Research institutions are not considered central to management activities.
COLOMBIA MALAWI
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• Less available land.• Deforestation.• Loss of soil fertility.• Diminishing water volume.
• Few farm inputs.• Unable to rear livestock.• Poor infrastructure.• Family instability.
• Erratic rains.• Frequent
droughts
• Population growth.
• Deprivation • Unstable income.
ENVIRONMENTAL ANDSOCIO-ECONOMIC
DRIVERS AND PRESSURES
ECOSYSTEM
SERVICES
LIVELIHOODS
FOOD (IN)SECURIT
Y
The (very) poor (two in three):• Casual farm labour• Cultivate rain-fed farmland.• Consume wild-vegetables.• Crabs and fish from river.• Use and sell firewood.• Drinking water is obtained
from pumps and river.
• Destitution.• Regular hungry season.• Malnutrition / Illnesses / HIV.• Competition / conflict• Depletion of nat. resources.
IMPACTS
• Gov. subsidies for seeds and fertilisers.• Forest reserves allow firewood and wild-food
collection.• Development interventions on forestry, agriculture
and irrigation.
RESPONSES
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Measuring poverty and food security Samples in Malawi and Peru, census in Colombia. Two 6-month waves per study site. Standard demographic, expenditure and income estimates BUT…
Includes use of natural resources for basic wellbeing dimensions: health, housing, food, agricultural and business inputs, etc.
Subjective assessments of well-being Anthropometric measures for children < 5.
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Sample size: 156 households (85% of all households) The average number of household members is 5.2 More than half the rural population of La Pedrera is 19 or younger (56%) The population distribution indicates important migration among young adults. Greater proportion of males (55%) as compared to females (45%).
COLOMBIA: Preliminary results
Male Female
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COLOMBIA: ES dependency
Livelihoods: mainly agriculture and fishing. A third of households hunt. Medicinal plants were used to treat around
a third of all illnesses reported in the last 4 weeks.
Houses are predominantly made of wood. Drinking water comes from rivers or rain Cooking is almost universally dependent on
firewood
n = 156
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COLOMBIA: Food insecurity
Around a third of the households reported having faced some kind of food insecurity problem in the past 6 months.
Worried about running out of food
Food did not last and lacked the means to get more
Lacked the means for a varied and rich diet
Half of the food insecure households reported spending more time foraging food from the forest (visiting deeper forest areas)
Other key strategies: reducing frequency or amount
of food borrowing food
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Food diaries
Sub-sample of 50 randomly selected households
All household members participate (if over 2 years of age)
Food and drinks recorded and weighed Detailed recipes recorded Information on source of each food item /
meal ingredient
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The challenges ahead
To integrate qualitative and quantitative data in order to assess ES contributions to human wellbeing (within and across study sites): Assess ES contribution to food intake. Relate nutritional health (among children <5) and ES. ES-informed expenditure estimates. ES-informed income estimates. Relate ES and quality of life (subjective wellbeing indicators).
To translate social research outcomes into information that is meaningful and useful to the local population.
To integrate social sciences data into modelling techniques. To integrate and compare results with other study areas across the world.
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THANK YOU
This presentation was produced by ASSETS (NE-J002267-1), funded with support from the Ecosystem Services for Poverty Alleviation Programme (ESPA). The ESPA programme is funded by the Department for International Development (DFID), the Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC) and the Natural Environment Research Council (NERC), as part of the UK’s Living with Environmental Change Programme (LWEC). The views expressed here are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of the funders, the ESPA Programme, the ESPA Directorate, or LWEC.
@espaassets
espa ASSETS
www.espa-assets.org