Chapter 5Section I:

Philosophy in the Age of Philosophy in the Age of ReasonReason

Scientific Revolution

• 1500s – 1600s: transformed the way people in Europe looked at the world

• NATURAL LAWNATURAL LAW: rules discoverable by reason

• Natural law used to understand social, economical, and political problems.

• Scientific Revolution ENLIGHTENMENTENLIGHTENMENT

HOBBES & LOCKE• Both 17th century English thinkers

• Set forth ideas that were the key to the Enlightenment era

• Both men lived through the English Civil War (Cavaliers vs. Roundheads)

• BUTBUT, two very different ideas about human nature and the role of government

Hobbes Locke

• Leviathan• People were naturally

cruel, greedy, selfish• SOCIAL CONTRACTSOCIAL CONTRACT• Powerful government= • Absolute Monarch =

• Two Treatises of Government

• People were reasonable and moral

• NATURAL RIGHTSNATURAL RIGHTS• Absolute Monarch = • People have the right

to overthrow the government if it fails its obligations!!!!!

MONTESQUIEU• Studied many forms of government & culture

• Absolute Monarch = BAD!

• The Spirit of Laws (1748)

• Separation of PowersSeparation of Powers: Legislative, Executive, Judicial

• Checks & BalancesChecks & Balances

VOLTAIRE

• FREEDOM OF SPEECH !!!FREEDOM OF SPEECH !!!

• Exposed the abuses of government

• Very outspoken

• Battled inequality and injustice

• Imprisoned twice

DIDEROT

• EncyclopediaEncyclopedia : 28-volume set of books

• Wanted “to change the general way of thinking.”

• 4,000 copies printed helped spread Enlightenment Ideas

• French government saw Encyclopedia as a threat!

ROUSSEAU• Similar ideas as Locke

•People were basically good and only corrupted by the evils of society

• Thomas Paine & Marquis de Lafayette adopted their ideas

• The Social Contract

• HATED ALL FORMS OF OPPRESSION

WOMEN PHILOSOPHERS• Women’s rights were limited to home and family

• Women were excluded from the SOCIAL CONTRACT

• WOLLSTONECRAFT: A Vindication of the Rights of Woman

•Argued for equal education

CHAPTER 5, SECTION 2

• As Enlightenment ideas spread across Europe, what cultural and

political changes took place?

Enlightenment Ideas Spread

• Paris, France = Heart of Enlightenment

• Ideas flowed from France, across Europe, and beyond

New Ideas Challenge SocietyNew Ideas Challenge Society• More and more, people saw that reform was

necessary in order to achieve a just society.

• Prior to Enlightenment, most Europeans accepted without question, a society based on divine-right rule and a strict class system

CENSORSHIPCENSORSHIP• Most government and church officials felt it

was their duty to defend the old order. (Believed that God set up the “old order”)

• They waged a war of censorship: restricting access to ideas and information

• Books were burned and banned; writers were imprisoned.

• To avoid censorship, writers often disguised their ideas in works of fiction.

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8d/Censorship.png

SALONSSALONS

• New literature, the arts, science and philosophy were regular topics of discussion in the salons.

• SALONS: informal social gatherings where ideas were exchanged

Arts & Literature Reflect New Ideas

ARTS• 1600s & 1700s, arts evolved to meet changing tastes.• Baroque: colorful, huge, exciting• Rococo:lighter, elegant, charming

MUSIC• Composers: a new, elegant style of music emerged known as

“classical.”• Bach, Handel, Haydn, Mozart

LITERATURE• By 1700s, literature developed new forms and a wider audience• Daniel Defoe Robinson Crusoe

ENLIGHTENED DESPOTSENLIGHTENED DESPOTS

• Philosophes tried to persuade rulers to adopt their ideas

• Some monarchs did accept the ideas of the Enlightenment– Enlightened Despots: absolute rulers who used

their political power to bring about social change

– Other rulers still practiced absolutism

FREDERICK THE GREATFREDERICK THE GREAT

• Extremely tight control over his subjects as king of Prussia (1740-1786)

• Had a duty to work for the common good

• Praised Voltaire’s work– Reduced the use of torture, allowed freedom of

the press, and religious tolerance

CATHERINE THE GREATCATHERINE THE GREAT• Empress of Russia

• Exchanged letters with VOLTAIRE & DIDEROT

• Believed in Enlightenment ideas such as equality and liberty

• Abolished torture and established religious tolerance in her lands

JOSEPH IIJOSEPH II• Son of Maria Theresa (Hapsburg Empress)

• Eager student of Enlightenment!!!

• Traveled in disguise among his subjects to learn of his problems

• Supported religious equality

• Ended censorship

• Sold properties of many monasteries

• Abolished serfdom

Birth of the American RepublicBirth of the American RepublicChapter 5, Section III

Britain becomes Global PowerBritain becomes Global Power

1. Geography (control trade, set up outposts across the globe)

2. Success in War

3. Territory Expanded

BRITISH COLONIES

NAVYNAVY• Britain built superior naval power

• protected their growing empire and trade

GEORGE IIIGEORGE III

• Came to power in 1769 (60-year reign)

• Wanted to recover the powers that the monarch lost

• Decided colonists in North America should pay for the costs of the 7 Years War and French & Indian War!!!

13 COLONIES13 COLONIES

Characteristics of 13 ColoniesCharacteristics of 13 Colonies

• Home to diverse religious & ethnic groups

• politics = free discussion

• social distinctions blurred

• Colonist grew in favor of separation from Britain!!!

Birth of the American Republic

- With war between the British and

French over, Britain began enforcing

old taxes and passing new taxes on the

colonies to pay for the war debt. 

Stamp Act required all printed

materials to be stamped showing that a tax had been paid to the King.

Stamp Act Congress

- 9 Colonies wrote a protest to the King over the stamp act.

“No Taxation Without Representation”

-- Parliament repealed the Stamp Act

Boycott – Colonist refused to buy or sell English Goods.

Boston Massacre

- 1770, British soldiers fire on a group of angry colonist killing five.

 

Boston Tea Party

– 1773, men disguised as Native Americans boarded three ships and dumped the British tea overboard.

 

Intolerable Acts

- New laws passed to punish the colonist for the troubles they had caused.

Declaration of IndependenceDeclaration of Independence• Colonist upset drafted Declaration of Rights

• July 4th, 1776 colonist adopted the Declaration of Independence

•A NEW NATION IS FORMED!!!

The Revolutionary War (1775-1783)

- Began at Lexington and Concord Massachusetts on April 19, 1775 when British soldiers clashed with American Patriots

The American Army

- few military resources

- no money to pay its soldiers

- fighting on their own soil

- Better leadership

- They had to motivation to win

- PATRIOTS

The British Army

- professional soldiers

- Better weapons

- huge navy

- plenty of cash to fund the war

- offered freedom to slaves who fought for them

- More soldiers

Loyalist - colonist who supported Britain

The French Alliance (1777)

- Americans defeat British troops at the Battle of Saratoga, which convinces France to join in the battle against the British.

- Turning point of the war

France provided: - military supplies

(muskets, cannons, ammunition)

- trained soldiers

- French War ships

Winter at Valley Forge(1777-1778)

• Symbolized great hardship for Patriots, but they did not give up

• Soldiers without shoes, food, and clothing

• Many faced amputation, sickness and starvation

Guerrilla Warfare

• This form of surprise hit and run attacks began to develop in the South by Colonist

• Guerrilla warfare was successful. The Americans began to weaken the British forces in the South

Battle of Yorktown1781 - British Army is surrounded and cut

off at Yorktown, Virginia which

results in the surrender of the

British Army

• Lord Cornwallis will surrender 80,000 British troops

• Yorktown would be the last major battle of the war. Britain realized they had no choice but to negotiate a peace treaty with Colonist

•  Treaty of Paris Treaty of Paris officially ended the War in 1783

The Constitutional Convention - began in May 1787 in PhiladelphiaPurpose: to revise the Articles of ConfederationWho: 55 delegates known as the Framers- Delegates worked in secret- they quickly decided to replace the Articles with a new

constitution Framers incorporated the ideas of Locke, Hobbes,

Montesquieu and Rousseau into the new constitution  Constitution signed on Sept. 17, 1787Constitution officially passed 1791