Philippines Cost DLS 2015

138
Construction Cost Handbook PHILIPPINES 2015 Langdon & Seah Philippines Inc

description

cost construction Philippines

Transcript of Philippines Cost DLS 2015

  • Construction Cost Handbook

    PHILIPPINES 2015

    Langdon & Seah Philippines Inc

  • Published by Langdon & Seah (Philippines)

    Projects featured on Cover Page :1. The Viridian - (upper left side)2. BDO Corporate Tower - Ortigas - (upper right side) 3. Manila Bay Resorts (bottom)

    0

  • The following handbook of information relating to the construction industry has been compiled by:

    Langdon & Seah Philippines Inc.4th & 7th Floor Kings Court I Building2129 Pasong Tamo, Makati City 1231PhilippinesTelephone : +63 (2) 811 2971Fax : +63 (2) 811 2071Email : [email protected] : www.langdonseah.com

    Langdon & Seah Philippines Inc. 2015

    All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be re-produced or copied in any form without prior written permission from Langdon & Seah (Philippines).

    The information contained herein should be regarded as indicative and for general guidance only. Whilst every effort has been made to ensure accuracy, no responsibility can be accepted for errors and omissions, however caused.

    If advice concerning individual projects is required, we would be happy to assist.

    Unless otherwise stated, costs reflected in this handbook are anticipated Manila costs in 4th Quarter 2014.

    Langdon & Seah Philippines Inc. would like to acknowledge the assistance of Jones Lang LaSalle in providing additional data and information for this publication.

    INTRODUCTION 1

  • TABLE OF CONTENTS2

    TABLE OF CONTENTS0

    Page No.

    IndexCalendar 4Vision / Mission Statement 6Quality Policy Statement 10

    1. CONSTRUCTION COST DATA

    Construction Costs for Selected Asian Cities 12M & E Costs for Selected Asian Cities 18Construction Costs for Philippines 24M & E Services Costs for Philippines 26Construction Cost Specification 28Major Rates for Selected Asian Cities 30Retail Prices of Basic Construction Materials for Philippines 36Unit Costs for Ancillary Facilities for Philippines 40M & E Major Plant Costs for Philippines 42Fit-out Costs for Philippines 44Kitchen Equipment Cost for Philippines 47

    2. GENERAL CONSTRUCTION DATA

    Trends in Construction Costs for Philippines 51Construction Value 52Construction Activity 53Lead Time of Different Packages 54Utility Costs for Selected Asian Cities 56Estimating Rules of Thumb 58Progress Payments 60Construction Materials Wholesale Price Index 62Minimum Wage 64Average Earnings Index for Construction 65

  • Page No.

    3. PROPERTY COMMENTARY

    Commercial 69Residential 70Hotels and Serviced Apartments 71Retail 72Industrial 74

    4. FINANCIAL

    Philippines Key Data 78Economic Highlights 79Financial Definitions 80Financial Formulae 81Mortgage Repayment Table 82Consumer Price Index 83Exchange Rates 84Currency Charts 86Prime Rates 90Manila Reference Rate 91

    5. OTHER INFORMATION

    Philippine Map 94Public Holidays 95IDD Codes & Time Differences 104Conversion Factors 106Langdon & Seah Professional Services 108Quality System 110Environmental Sustainability 112Development Management 116International Directory of Langdon & Seah Offices 119

    TABLE OF CONTENTS 3

  • CALENDAR4

    CALENDAR0

    JANUARY FEBRUARY MARCH

    APRIL MAY JUNE

    JULY AUGUST SEPTEMBER

    OCTOBER NOVEMBER DECEMBER

    M T W T F S S 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 1213 14 15 16 17 18 1920 21 22 23 24 25 2627 28 29 30 31

    M T W T F S S 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 910 11 12 13 14 15 1617 18 19 20 21 22 2324 25 26 27 28

    M T W T F S S31 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 910 11 12 13 14 15 1617 18 19 20 21 22 2324 25 26 27 28 29 30

    M T W T F S S30 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 1516 17 18 19 20 21 2223 24 25 26 27 28 29

    M T W T F S S 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1314 15 16 17 18 19 2021 22 23 24 25 26 2728 29 30

    M T W T F S S 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1112 13 14 15 16 17 1819 20 21 22 23 24 2526 27 28 29 30 31

    M T W T F S S 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1011 12 13 14 15 16 1718 19 20 21 22 23 2425 26 27 28 29 30 31

    M T W T F S S 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 1415 16 17 18 19 20 2122 23 24 25 26 27 2829 30

    M T W T F S S 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1314 15 16 17 18 19 2021 22 23 24 25 26 2728 29 30 31

    M T W T F S S 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 1213 14 15 16 17 18 1920 21 22 23 24 25 2627 28 29 30 31

    M T W T F S S 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 910 11 12 13 14 15 1617 18 19 20 21 22 2324 25 26 27 28 29 30

    M T W T F S S 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 1415 16 17 18 19 20 2122 23 24 25 26 27 2829 30 31

    2014

    JANUARY FEBRUARY MARCH

    APRIL MAY JUNE

    JULY AUGUST SEPTEMBER

    OCTOBER NOVEMBER DECEMBER

    M T W T F S S 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1112 13 14 15 16 17 1819 20 21 22 23 24 2526 27 28 29 30 31

    M T W T F S S 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 1516 17 18 19 20 21 2223 24 25 26 27 28

    M T W T F S S30 31 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 1516 17 18 19 20 21 2223 24 25 26 27 28 29

    M T W T F S S 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 1213 14 15 16 17 18 1920 21 22 23 24 25 2627 28 29 30

    M T W T F S S 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1011 12 13 14 15 16 1718 19 20 21 22 23 2425 26 27 28 29 30 31

    M T W T F S S 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 1415 16 17 18 19 20 2122 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30

    M T W T F S S 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 1213 14 15 16 17 18 1920 21 22 23 24 25 2627 28 29 30 31

    M T W T F S S31 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 910 11 12 13 14 15 1617 18 19 20 21 22 2324 25 26 27 28 29 30

    M T W T F S S 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1314 15 16 17 18 19 2021 22 23 24 25 26 2728 29 30

    M T W T F S S 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1112 13 14 15 16 17 1819 20 21 22 23 24 2526 27 28 29 30 31

    M T W T F S S30 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 1516 17 18 19 20 21 2223 24 25 26 27 28 29

    M T W T F S S 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1314 15 16 17 18 19 2021 22 23 24 25 26 2728 29 30 31

    2015

  • 2017

    JANUARY FEBRUARY MARCH

    2016

    JANUARY FEBRUARY MARCH

    APRIL MAY JUNE

    JULY AUGUST SEPTEMBER

    OCTOBER NOVEMBER DECEMBER

    M T W T F S S 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1011 12 13 14 15 16 1718 19 20 21 22 23 2425 26 27 28 29 30 31

    M T W T F S S 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1011 12 13 14 15 16 1718 19 20 21 22 23 2425 26 27 28 29 30 31

    M T W T F S S 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 1415 16 17 18 19 20 2122 23 24 25 26 27 2829

    M T W T F S S 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1314 15 16 17 18 19 2021 22 23 24 25 26 2728 29 30 31

    M T W T F S S 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1011 12 13 14 15 16 1718 19 20 21 22 23 2425 26 27 28 29 30

    M T W T F S S 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 1516 17 18 19 20 21 2223 24 25 26 27 28 29

    M T W T F S S 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 1213 14 15 16 17 18 1920 21 22 23 24 25 2627 28 29 30

    M T W T F S S 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 1415 16 17 18 19 20 2122 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31

    M T W T F S S 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1112 13 14 15 16 17 1819 20 21 22 23 24 2526 27 28 29 30

    M T W T F S S 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1314 15 16 17 18 19 2021 22 23 24 25 26 2728 29 30

    M T W T F S S 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 910 11 12 13 14 15 1617 18 19 20 21 22 2324 25 26 27 28 29 30

    M T W T F S S 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1112 13 14 15 16 17 1819 20 21 22 23 24 2526 27 28 29 30 31

    APRIL MAY JUNE

    JULY AUGUST SEPTEMBER

    OCTOBER NOVEMBER DECEMBER

    M T W T F S S 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1011 12 13 14 15 16 1718 19 20 21 22 23 2425 26 27 28 29 30 31

    M T W T F S S 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1011 12 13 14 15 16 1718 19 20 21 22 23 2425 26 27 28 29 30 31

    M T W T F S S 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 1415 16 17 18 19 20 2122 23 24 25 26 27 2829

    M T W T F S S 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1314 15 16 17 18 19 2021 22 23 24 25 26 2728 29 30 31

    M T W T F S S 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1011 12 13 14 15 16 1718 19 20 21 22 23 2425 26 27 28 29 30

    M T W T F S S30 31

    M T W T F S S

    M T W T F S S 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 1415 16 17 18 19 20 2122 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31

    M T W T F S S 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1112 13 14 15 16 17 1819 20 21 22 23 24 2526 27 28 29 30

    M T W T F S SM T W T F S S31

    M T W T F S S 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1112 13 14 15 16 17 1819 20 21 22 23 24 2526 27 28 29 30 31

    JANUARY FEBRUARY MARCHJANUARY FEBRUARY MARCH

    JUNE

    JULY AUGUST SEPTEMBER

    OCTOBER NOVEMBER DECEMBER

    M T W T F S S 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 910 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 3031

    M T W T F S S30 31 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 1516 17 18 19 20 21 2223 24 25 26 27 28 29

    M T W T F S S 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 1213 14 15 16 17 18 1920 21 22 23 24 25 2627 28

    M T W T F S S 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 2627 28 29 30 31

    M T W T F S S 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 910 11 12 13 14 15 1617 18 19 20 21 22 2324 25 26 27 28 29 30

    M T W T F S S 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 1415 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 2829 30 31

    M T W T F S S 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30

    M T W T F S S 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 2728 29 30 31

    M T W T F S S 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1011 12 13 14 15 16 1718 19 20 21 22 23 2425 26 27 28 29 30

    M T W T F S S 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30

    M T W T F S S 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 1516 17 18 19 20 21 2223 24 25 26 27 28 2930 31

    M T W T F S S 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 1718 19 20 21 22 23 2425 26 27 28 29 30 31

    APRIL MAY

    JULY AUGUST SEPTEMBER

    OCTOBER NOVEMBER DECEMBER

    M T W T F S S

    M T W T F S S

    M T W T F S S M T W T F S S

    M T W T F S S

    M T W T F S S

    M T W T F S S

    M T W T F S S

    M T W T F S S

    M T W T F S SM T W T F S S30 31

    M T W T F S S

    CALENDAR 5

  • VISION MISSION STATEMENT6

    VISION MISSION STATEMENT0

    LANGDON AND SEAH PHILIPPINES INC.

    VisionTo be the leading Cost and Quantity Surveying, Environmental Sustainability and Development Management Consultant in the Philippines built environment providing the highest level of excellence in professionalism and integrity, working on modern, leading edge projects - integrating and coordinating each of our business lines.

    VisionTo be the leading Cost and Quantity Surveying Consultant in the Philippines built environment, providing the highest level of excellence in professionalism and integrity, working on modern, leading edge projects integrating and coordinating our Cost and Quantity Surveying Consultancy with our other service lines of Environmental Sustainability and Development Management.

    MissionProtecting the interests of our Clients, we commit to: Provide our Clients with proactive, integrated service where we are working on the project covering more than one role. Establish partnerships with major Clients, working together as an integral part of their management team. Provide our Clients with service over and above their requirements through enhanced understanding of their needs. Provide our Clients accurate and dependable services taking into account their needs and procurement options.

    COST AND QUANTITY SURVEYING

    Being the greatest assets of the Company, we commit to the growth and development of our Staff by: Providing training, an exciting work environment and a competitive remuneration package. Providing opportunities for career growth and professional development. Encouraging and providing time and resource to gain external accreditation and qualifications in the field of Cost Consultancy and Quantity Surveying services at the earliest time.

  • We commit to continuously protect the interest of our Stockholders by: Maintaining and upholding our Chartered status with the RICS. Maintaining our Quality Assurance accreditation while being committed to continual improvement. Producing marketing materials and marketing strategy to diversify and widen our client base on Cost Consultancy and Quantity Surveying services.

    We commit to our responsibility to our Society, hence; We contribute to socio civic works as a conscientious organization.

    ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITYVision

    To be the leading Environmental Sustainability Consultant in the Philippines built environment, providing the highest level of excellence in professionalism and integrity, working on modern, leading edge projects integrating and coordinating our Environmental Sustainability Consultancy with our other service lines of Development Management, Cost and Quantity Surveying Consultancy.

    MissionProtecting the interests of our Clients, we commit to: Provide LEED, BERDE and BREAM accreditation consultancy services and expanding this to a capability in other S.E. Asian accreditation systems such as Greenmark (Singapore). Provide our Clients with a proactive, integrated service guiding them through the accreditation process and educating key parties where there is lack of past experience/familiarization with the process. Provide our Clients with service over and above their requirements by achieving the projects targeted sustainability certification, striving to go beyond the projects pursued level within a reasonable cost and time.

    Being the greatest assets of the Company, we commit to the growth and development of our Staff by: Providing training, an exciting work environment and a remuneration package that exceeds the highest local benchmark competitors.

    VISION MISSION STATEMENT 7

  • VISION MISSION STATEMENT8

    VISION MISSION STATEMENT0

    Providing opportunities for career growth and professional development. Encouraging and providing time and resource to gain external accreditation, specialization seminars and qualifications in the field of environmental sustainability consultancy services at the earliest time.

    We commit to continuously protect the interest of our Stockholders by: Developing the company as the foremost energy modeling center in the region, well-versed over a range of accredited software; that clients and other LS companies in S.E. Asia might refer for modeling services. Expanding our Consultancy Services into other related fields such as carbon assessment, daylight simulation and commissioning works. Developing our Consultancy Services to increase our involvement in the existing built environment as well as new build developments. Producing marketing materials and marketing strategy to diversify and widen our Client base on Environmental Sustainability Consultancy. Maintaining our Quality Assurance accreditation while being committed to continual improvement.

    We commit to our responsibility to our Society, hence; We contribute to socio civic works as a conscientious organization.

    DEVELOPMENT MANAGEMENTVision

    To be the leading Development Management Consultant in the Philippines built environment, providing the highest level of excellence in professionalism and integrity, working on modern, leading edge projects integrating and coordinating our Development Management Consultancy with our other service lines of Environmental Sustainability, Cost and Quantity Surveying Consultancy.

  • MissionProtecting the interests of our Clients, we commit to: Provide a high level Clients Representative service

    incorporating strategic procurement advice, project

    management, planning, risk avoidance and programming

    services.

    Provide our Clients with a proactive, integrated service where

    we are working on the project covering more than one role.

    Establish partnerships with major Clients, working together as

    an integral part of their management team.

    Guide our Clients through the development process and

    educating key parties where there is lack of past

    experience/familiarization with the process.

    Provide our Clients with service over and above their

    requirements through enhanced understanding of their needs.

    Being the greatest assets of the Company, we commit to the

    growth and development of our Staff by: Providing training, an exciting work environment and a

    competitive remuneration package.

    Providing opportunities for career growth and professional

    development.

    Encouraging and providing time and resource to gain external

    accreditation and qualifications in the field of Development

    Management services at the earliest time.

    We commit to continuously protect the interest of our

    Stockholders by: Producing marketing materials and marketing strategy to

    diversify and widen our client base on Development

    Management services.

    Maintaining our Quality Assurance accreditation while being

    committed to continual improvement.

    We commit to our responsibility to our Society, hence; We contribute to socio civic works as a conscientious

    organization.

    VISION MISSION STATEMENT 9

  • QUALITY POLICY STATEMENT10

    QUALITY POLICY STATEMENT0

    QUALITY POLICY STATEMENT

    Our policy is to be the leading Cost and Quantity Surveying, Environmental Sustainability and Development Management Consultant in the

    Philippines built environment, providing the highest level of excellence in professionalism and integrity,

    working on modern, leading edge projects integrating and coordinating each of our business

    lines.

    Each process within the Company that determines the quality of our services shall be managed and

    controlled in a planned and systematic manner in accordance with our quality system documents with the highest integrity, impartiality and independency.

    We see our quality system as a valuable tool and mechanism to promote, instill, further develop and

    bring about opportunities for improvement to our staff and our internal processes.

    Essential to an effective quality system is our belief in continuous investment in professional development

    and structured training of our staff at all levels in core skills and knowledge.

    All staff members are required to comply with this policy statement, be responsible for the quality of their work and for providing our clients with a consistently

    high standard of service.

  • 1CONSTRUCTION COST DATAConstruction Costs for Selected Asian Cities

    M & E Costs for Selected Asian Cities

    Construction Costs for Philippines

    M & E Services Costs for Philippines

    Construction Cost Specification

    Major Rates for Selected Asian Cities

    Retail Prices of Basic Construction Materialsfor Philippines

    Unit Cost for Ancillary Facilities for Philippines

    M & E Major Plant Costs for Philippines

    Fit-out Costs for Philippines

    Kitchen Equipment Costs for Philippines

  • CONSTRUCTION COST DATA12

    CONSTRUCTION COST DATA1US

    $/m C

    FA

    2

    DO

    MES

    TIC

    Apar

    tmen

    ts, hi

    gh ris

    e, av

    erag

    e stan

    dard

    Apar

    tmen

    ts, hi

    gh ris

    e, hig

    h end

    Terra

    ced h

    ouse

    s, av

    erage

    stan

    dard

    Detac

    hed h

    ouse

    s, hig

    h end

    OFF

    ICE/

    COM

    MER

    CIAL

    Out-o

    f-tow

    n sho

    pping

    centr

    e, av

    e. sta

    ndar

    dRe

    tail m

    alls,

    high e

    nd

    HOT

    ELS

    Budg

    et ho

    tels -

    3 sta

    r, mi

    d mar

    ket

    Busin

    ess h

    otels

    - 4/5

    star

    Luxu

    ry ho

    tels -

    5 sta

    r

    Mediu

    m/hig

    h rise

    offic

    es,av

    erag

    e stan

    dard

    High

    rise o

    ffices

    pres

    tige q

    uality

    MA

    NIL

    A

    860 -

    920

    1,170

    - 1,2

    3060

    5 - 69

    01,2

    80 -

    1,370

    820 -

    870

    1,260

    - 1,3

    6573

    5 - 87

    0

    1,180

    - 1,3

    751,2

    70 -

    1,375

    1,575

    - 1,6

    50

    3,030

    - 3,5

    504,0

    80 -

    4,730

    4,140

    - 4,8

    605,5

    10 -

    6,180

    3,030

    - 3,5

    503,7

    70 -

    4,600

    3,050

    - 3,6

    20

    3,870

    - 4,2

    104,0

    80 -

    4,790

    4,790

    - 5,5

    10

    HO

    NG K

    ONG

    *

    1,550

    - 1,7

    502,3

    45 -

    3,495

    1.985

    - 2,2

    252,5

    00 -

    3,335

    1,985

    - 2,1

    85#

    2,185

    - 2,4

    25#

    2,185

    - 2,3

    45

    2,460

    - 2,6

    603,1

    35 -

    3,575

    SING

    APO

    RE**

    KUA

    LALU

    MPU

    R

    385 -

    580

    935 -

    1,12

    027

    5 - 3

    9091

    0 - 1,

    115

    735 -

    845

    1,060

    - 1,4

    25

    805 -

    1,04

    5

    1,225

    - 1,6

    902,1

    25 -

    2,455

    2,360

    - 2,7

    25

    825 -

    1,13

    31,0

    19 -

    1,327

    534 -

    842

    812 -

    1,12

    0

    825 -

    1,13

    31,1

    67 -

    1,475

    801 -

    1,10

    8

    1,560

    - 1,8

    682,2

    00 -

    2,508

    2,259

    - 2,5

    67

    BR

    UNEI

    672 -

    855

    977

    - 1,1

    6048

    9 - 61

    182

    4 - 1,

    008

    641 -

    794

    855 -

    1,09

    964

    1 - 83

    7

    1,160

    - 1,2

    821,4

    66 -

    1,679

    1,710

    - 2,4

    43

    BA

    NG

    KOK@

    CONSTRUCTION COSTS FOR SELECTEDASIAN CITIES

    1,080

    - 1,1

    204,0

    80 -

    4,790

    2,345

    - 2,5

    8065

    5 - 78

    51,0

    56 -

    1,364

    840 -

    901

    3,135

    - 3,5

    75

  • CONSTRUCTION COST DATA 13

    The

    abo

    ve c

    ost

    s are

    at 4

    th Q

    uarte

    r 201

    4 lev

    els, in

    clusiv

    e of

    prel

    imin

    arie

    s un

    less

    oth

    erwi

    se s

    tate

    d.M

    anila

    bui

    ldin

    g co

    sts

    are

    expe

    cted

    to in

    crea

    se b

    y app

    roxim

    atel

    y 0.

    5% p

    er m

    onth

    (com

    poun

    ded)

    durin

    g 201

    4.M

    anila

    Rat

    es a

    re e

    xclu

    sive

    of c

    ontin

    genc

    ies

    & in

    clude

    12%

    VAT

    Rat

    es

    are

    exc

    lusi

    ve o

    f contin

    genc

    ies.

    # In

    clud

    es ra

    ised

    floo

    r and

    cei

    ling

    to te

    nant

    ed a

    reas

    but

    exc

    lude

    s o

    ffice

    car

    pets

    (norm

    ally u

    nder

    tenan

    t's fit

    -out).

    *

    **

    Exch

    ange

    Rate

    Use

    d : U

    S$1 =

    IND

    USTR

    IAL

    single

    stor

    ey fr

    amed

    units

    wieg

    ht ind

    ustry

    OTH

    ERS

    Unde

    rgro

    und/b

    asem

    ent c

    ar pa

    rks (