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Transcript of Phenotyping texture and aroma wp5 training session postharvest quality issues and breeding jan...
![Page 1: Phenotyping texture and aroma wp5 training session postharvest quality issues and breeding jan verschoor](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022030314/5889e1d31a28ab83478b7251/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Postharvest quality issues and breeding
Wageningen UR - Food&Biobased Research Jan Verschoor
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Intro Jan Verschoor
Background: Food Technologist by education (specialty Toxicology)
20 year research experience in PH-Technology at Wageningen UR
● Optimal storage conditions F&V
● Disorder studies: Pome and soft fruits, vegetables
● Fresh product physiology: Fruits, vegetables, ornamentals
● Development of Dynamic Controlled Atmosphere Systems
● Postharvest technology evaluation/development: (ethylene) sensors ,
CO2-and ethylene scrubbers, LED-lighting, 1-MCP, coatings etc.
● Non-chemical Postharvest insect control (CATT)
● Post-harvest training and consultancy
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Wageningen UR Campus
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Food & Biobased Research
Agrotechnology & Food Sciences
Agrotechnology & Food Sciences
Group
Food & Biobased Research
Agrotechnology & Food Sciences
Agrotechnology & Food Sciences
Group
Structure Wageningen UR
Wageningen International
IMARES
Wageningen Business School
RIKILT
Food & Biobased Research
Livestock Research
Central
Veterinary Institute
Alterra LEI Centre for
Development Innovation
Plant Research International
Applied Plant
Research
Agrotechnology & Food Sciences
Group
Agrotechnology & Food Science
Animal Sciences Environmental Sciences
Social Sciences Plant Sciences
Animal Sciences Group
Environmental Sciences Group
Social Sciences Group
Plant Sciences Group
Supervisory Board
Executive Board
Concern Staff Facilities & Services
Specialized Research Institutes (CRO’s)
Wageningen University
…To explore the potential of nature,
to improve the quality of life…
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Presentation overview
• Introduction Postharvest quality
• Postharvest quality issues
• Postharvest quality issues control
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Introduction Postharvest Quality
• Depends on (consumer) expectance
• Is cumulative effect of – Initial quality
• Genotype
• Growing conditions
– Postharvest conditions
• Never improves over time
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Introduction Postharvest Quality
• ~1/3 of produced products is lost!
– Mechanical, physiological, microbiological reasons
– Overproduction, no buyers, loss of value (feed, processing)
• All inputs (energy, water, nutrients, land use) also lost
• From a nutritional point of view current postharvest crop losses can feed over 2 billion people
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The postharvest chain is not optimal
Enormous effort is put into optimizing breeding and cultivation, to increase production, …
• Breeding (pest resistance, production, ..) • Education (agriculture, horticulture) • Advisory networks for growers • 5% production increase is an major challenge
But …. there is a lot to gain by optimizing postharvest handling and distribution
• 5% less postharvest spoilage is a relatively easy goal
• 5% more profit in postharvest is a relatively easy goal
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Introduction Postharvest Quality
Qu
alit
y
Phenotype
Genotype
Growing conditions Postharvest
handling
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Postharvest quality issues
• Physiological
• Caused by storage conditioning /duration
• Microbial (in fruits mainly fungal)
• Mechanical
• Other
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Postharvest quality issue: Bitter pit
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Postharvest quality issue: scald
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Quality issues: Chilling injury
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Postharvest quality issue: Soft scald
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Quality issue: senescent breakdown
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Postharvest quality issue: Water core
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Postharvest quality issue: Water core
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Quality issue: Skinspots (Elstar)
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Postharvest quality issues: shrivelling
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Quality issue: external CO2 injury
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Quality issues: internal CO2-injury
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Quality issue: Low oxygen injury
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Quality issue: freezing injury
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Postharvest quality issue: Lenticelspot
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Postharvest quality issues control
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Storage quality starts with quality at harvest
“Initial quality” • Cultivar!!!!!!
• Harvest maturity
• Experiences of previous seasons
• Other – Soil type, altitude
– Crop load
– Fruit size
– Batch variation
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Harvest date
Methods for apples/pears
– Days after full bloom
– Growing-degree hours (model)
– Starch index (lugol staining)
– Sugar content (total soluble solids (ºBrix, refractometer)
– Firmness (penetrometer)
– Streif index (= Firmness / (Suger content x starch index)
– NIR
– Genetic markers
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Importance of harvest window
Harvest window
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Greasiness Jonagold
Gre
asin
ess
(ra
nge
)
Number of days in 20 oC
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relation fruit weight and weight loss
0.100
0.200
0.300
0.400
0.500
0.600
0.700
0 100 200 300 400 500 600
Fruit weight(g)
Weig
ht
los
s (
g/(
kg
*h)
Harvest 1
Harvest 2
Harvest 3
Effect harvest date on weight loss pears
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Consequenses of harvesting later
+ more kg, increased fruit size (can also be negative)
+ higher sugar content/less acid/more aroma
+ more (red) blush colour
+ less sensitive for scald, bitter pit
+ less weight loss
- Less green ground colour, more yellowing
- Lower firmness
- Shorter storability, shelf life
- More sensitive for chilling injury,internal browning, core flush, fungal decay, greasiness
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Optimal quality and storage conditions
T. laag T hoog
CO2 hoog CO2 laag
O2 laag O2 hoog
setpoint
Ripening, senescence disorder
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Fruit storage and ethylene removal 33
Principle Dynamic CA (DCA):
Interactive Storage Conditioning
Relative respiration
0 % O2 21
ULO
Safety margin to account for biological variation
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Fruit storage and ethylene removal 34
Principle Dynamic CA (DCA):
Interactive Storage Conditioning
Reduction of respiration compared to ULO
Relative respiration
0 % O2 21
DCA
• Ethanol (fermentation metabolite) • Respiratory Quotient (CO2 production/O2 consumption) • Fα (Chlorophyll fluorescence)
Used markers to find optimum:
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DCA effect on scald
sensitive Italian Granny S. after 8 months + shelflife
Prevention of scald development – good alternative for chemical treatment DPA
DCA ULO
~0,4 % O2 1.2% O2
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Postharvest quality issues control
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5 6 6.5 7 7.5 8
Fra
cti
n o
f fr
uit
s
Firmness class (per 0.5 kg)
ULO, Smartfresh and DCA firmness distribution Elstar apples after 8 months
storage + 1 week shelflife
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Postharvest quality issues control
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5 6 6.5 7 7.5 8
Fra
cti
n o
f fr
uit
s
Firmness class (per 0.5 kg)
ULO, Smartfresh and DCA firmness distribution Elstar apples after 8 months
storage + 1 week shelflife
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Postharvest quality issues control
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5 6 6.5 7 7.5 8
Fra
cti
n o
f fr
uit
s
Firmness class (per 0.5 kg)
ULO, Smartfresh and DCA firmness distribution Elstar apples after 8 months
storage + 1 week shelflife
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Postharvest quality issues control
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Lenticelspot and water loss (Elstar apples)
Orchard
Ha
rves
t
Percentage lenticelspot:
Weight loss
normal
(2.6-3%)
Weight loss
low
(1.5-1.8%)
A 1e 0 13.2
A 2e 5.2 16.7
B 1e 0 37.1
B 2e 25.3 63.6
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Influence waiting period on brown heart teler 1, 1997-1998
0
20
40
60
80
100
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22dagen wachtperiode
ho
l e
n b
ruin
(%
)
teler 2, 1997-1998
0
20
40
60
80
100
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22dagen wachtperiode
ho
l en
bru
in (
%)
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Optimal storage conditions
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Tools to prevent/limit disorders • Identify risk batches at harvest • Regular quality checks during storage • Monitoring water loss during storage • Optimize storage conditions (research based) Some interventions (depending on product & disorder) • Cooling down in steps • Waiting period before CA • Adjusting optimal T/CO2/O2/water loss • Ethylene control
• Cultivar selection
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Breeding selection issues
• Production factors – many
• Consumer and market appeal –Do we know?
• Postharvest factors
Impossible????? Hopeless???
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Moneymaker #1 USA apples
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Breeding succes improvement
Improvement of prediction of postharvest behaviour will result in less very costly failures
More attention for development and standardization of Postharvest testing protocols is required
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Breeding succes improvement
Improvement of prediction of postharvest behaviour will result in less very costly failures
More attention for development and standardization of Postharvest testing protocols is required
![Page 48: Phenotyping texture and aroma wp5 training session postharvest quality issues and breeding jan verschoor](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022030314/5889e1d31a28ab83478b7251/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Thanks for your attention