PGP Achievements 2007 in brief · [email protected] Annual Report 2007 PGP Bledug Kuwu Mud...

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PGP University of Oslo

PO Box 1048 Blindern N-0316 Oslo

Norway

phone: (+47) 22 85 61 11fax: (+47) 22 85 51 01http://www.fys.uio.no/[email protected]

Annual Report Annual Report 2007PGP

Bledug Kuwu Mud Volcano, Porwudadi locality in central Java.Large bubbles of mud and gas burst intermittently every 10-15 seconds. When

bubbles explode, hot mud is blasted in the air for several tens of metres.Foto: Adriano Mazzini (PGP)

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PGP ISI-citations 2003-2007

A total of 40 papers were published in Institute for Scientific Information (ISI) recognized journals. This corresponds to about 2.7 ISI papers per senior scientific staff man year. About 50% were in high-impact (top 10) journals. About 25 ISI ar-ticles are currently in press or already published in 2008. In addition, 5 papers appeared in proceedings or as book-chap-ters in non-ISI publications.

The visibility of PGP research is steadily increasing in the in-ternational science community as well as in the public domain. The numbers of invited scientific talks (35 in 2007) is limited by how many invitations we choose to accept. The number of contributed presentations at conferences was about 135 (107 at international meetings outside Norway) and this is limited by the PGP budget.

PGP scientists organized 5 special sessions at international meetings (European Geophysical Uninion (EGU) in Vienna and American Geophysical Union (AGU) in San Francisco). In addition, 4 internal seminars were organized including the 20th Kongsberg seminar on ‘Mechanical effects on reactive sys-tems’, which was attended by about 15 leading international scientists as well as PGP staff and students.

PGP carried out 21 fieldtrips in 5 countries on 4 continents. The field trips included 15 international collaborators, and 18 national collaborators and students.

6 students (3 PhD and 3 Masters) graduated from PGP. 19 out of the 21 students who graduated from PGP so far have full time paid jobs. 9 are working in petroleum related busi-nesses, 7 are in academia. 7 former PGP post docs and senior researchers are working in academic institutions abroad.

7 international professors, 3 PhD students and 3 Master stu-dents visited PGP for more than 1 week, and 25 invited scien-tists gave talks at PGP in 2007.

About 9.6 MNOK of the total 2007 budget of 40 MNOK came from externally funded projects, including 9 NFR projects and 2 projects sponsored by Statoil and Chevron/Texaco.

Senior researcher Henrik Svensen received a ≈10 MNOK ‘Young outstanding scientist’ (YFF) grant from the Norwegian Research Council and became the 3rd YFF at PGP (along with Øyvind Hammer and Yuri Podladchikov).

PGP’s significant role in Norwegian popular science commu-nication through TV and radio continued, with 22 TV+Radio appearances and more than 30 articles or reports on PGP ac-tivities in major newspapers and magazines including Nature, Science and New Scientist. Two PGP-Art exhibitions were ar-ranged abroad: one in UK (Leeds) and one in Iceland (Reyk-javik).

PGP-professor Haakon Austrheim received a prestigious Al-exander von Humboldt Prize from the German Alexander von Humboldt Foundation in 2006 and he spent 2007 at the University of Münster, Germany. One of his 1987 papers on Norwegian eclogites was selected as one of 17 ‘Classic Papers in Metamorphic Petrology’ and included in a ‘Landmark Pa-pers’ volume recently published by the Mineralogical Society of Great Britain and Ireland

PGP Achievements 2007 in brief

PGP Production 2003-2007

PGP ISI-Citations 2003-2007

Histograms of production and ISI citations of PGP work

2PGP Annual Report 2007PGP Annual Report 2007 PGP Annual Report 2007

PGP Achievements 2007 in brief............................................ 2

Directors comments ................................................................. 4

Physics of Geological Processes .............................................. 5Mission Statement ................................................................. 5Main Challenges ...................................................................... 5Aim ............................................................................................. 5

Scientific status – Main projects ............................................ 6A. Geodynamics ........................................................................ 6B. Fluid processes................................................................... 14C. Localisation processes...................................................... 26D. Microstructures.................................................................. 32E. Interface processes group............................................... 40

Computing.................................................................................. 46

Education ................................................................................... 50

Petromaks and Industry funded projects .............................. 51

Public relations ......................................................................... 53

Organization ............................................................................ 54

Infrastructure and laboratories ............................................ 57

Finances ..................................................................................... 59

Appendices ............................................................................... 492007 List of staff ....................................................................612007 Teaching statistics ...................................................... 632007 Fieldwork .................................................................... 662007 Production list ........................................................... 682007 Project portfolio .......................................................... 782007 Experimental laboratory activities .......................... 79

Table of Contents

PGP Annual Report 2007PGP Annual Report 2007�

The award of the Alexander von Humboldt Prize to PGP Pro-fessor Haakon Austrheim in 2006 was followed up in 2007 by the selection of one of his papers for inclusion with 16 others in a Mineralogical Society of Great Britain and Ireland Land-mark Papers Series volume titled ‘Classic Papers in Metamor-phic Petrology’. PGP was also proud that senior researcher Henrik Svensen was selected as a ‘Young Outstanding Sci-entist’ (YFF) by the Norwegian Research Council (PGP’s 3rd

Young Outstanding Scientist). A Nature paper published by Svensen et al. in 2004 was the third most highly cited pa-per with a Norway-based geoscientist as first author in 2007 (among 4842 papers).

PGP has recently strengthened its physics component by hir-ing Paul Meakin in a 29% position from 2008 onwards, while full time employments of Stephane Santucci as a senior re-searcher and Christophe Raufast as a post doc from 1. January 2008 will strengthen our experimental activities. From August 2007 onwards, our geodynamics group has been coordinated by Sergei Medvedev and further strengthened by the hiring of Trond Torsvik as Adjunct Professor from April 2007.

PGP continues to produce young researchers for the interna-tional academic market. Our geodynamics group coordinator Lars Rüpke left PGP in July to take on a position as Profes-sor for “Seafloor Resources” at IFM-GEOMAR, Kiel Univer-sity. Former PGP postdoc Håkon Enger left in 2007 to take a position as scientific software developer for the computa-tional neuroscience group at the Norwegian University of Life Sciences in Ås.

Three PhD students graduated in 2007: Simen Bræck got a job as Associate Professor of Physics at Oslo University Col-lege, Alexander Rozhko is now a Senior Researcher at EMGS (Electromagnetic Geo Services) a Norwegian-based seabed logging company, and Karthik Iyer is a Postdoctoral Associate at IFM-GEOMAR, University of Kiel.

By the end of 2007, 21 students had graduated from PGP. Nine-teen of these are in paid jobs. Nine are working in petroleum companies or in companies doing petroleum-related business, eight remain in academic environments, one is a teacher, and one is working for Telenor - a major telecom company.

PGP is now halfway through its 10 years as a Norwegian Re-search Council Center of Excellence. On February 1st 2008, a new PGP Board was established. Three Board members were retained from the first five year period (Knut Aam, Amnon Aharony and Andrew Putnis). Knut Aam replaced Ivar Gi-aever as Head of our Board, while Elisabeth Bouchaud and Jon Blundy became the new scientific members of the board. Elisabeth Bouchaud is Head of the Division of Physics and Chemistry of Surfaces and Interfaces at Commisariat Ener-gie Atomique (CEA)-Saclay, and Jon Blundy is a Professor of Petrology at the University of Bristol. The new UiO Board members are Roy Gabrielsen (Department of Geosciences) and Annik Myhre (Dean of Education, Faculty of Mathemat-ics and Natural Sciences).

The annual production of PGP-papers in Institute for Scientif-ic Information (ISI)-journals has risen from 20-25 during the first couple of years to 40 in 2007. At the same time, the num-bers of professor-/senior researcher man-years was reduced from 19 in 2004 to 15 in 2007. The current output corresponds to about 2.7 ISI-papers per senior researcher per year. About 50% of these are in the top 10 physics and earth sciences jour-nals (in terms of impact factor). Although 80% are published in earth science journals (and 20% in physics, physical chem-istry or material science journals), we consider 50% of the pa-pers to be truly cross disciplinary in the sense that they are based on a combination of competences that cannot be found in a traditional discipline-oriented research group. About one third of all papers are co-authored by both geoscientists and physicists, and many of those produced by geoscientists only are co-authored by both field geologists and ‘modelers’.

The 25 papers in press or already published in 2008 include 1 in Nature (impact factor: 26.7), 1 in Annual Reviews of Fluid Mechanics (impact factor: 12.5), 1 in Reviews in Geophys-ics (impact factor: 8.4), 1 in Physical Review Letters (impact factor: 7.1), 5 in Earth and Planetary Science Letters (impact factor: 3.9), 1 in Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta (impact factor: 3.7) and 2 in Geology (impact factor: 3.5). This means that 50% of the 2008 publications produced so far have ap-peared or will appear in the top 3 research journals in their field, or in even more highly cited review journals.

Director’s comments

�PGP Annual Report 2007PGP Annual Report 2007 PGP Annual Report 2007

Mission StatementOur mission is to obtain

• a fundamental and quantitative understanding of the Earth’s complex patterns and processes

• efficient ways of transmitting our basic research to the educational system, the industry and the public

Main ChallengesOur main challenges are

• establishing an adequate conceptual framework for dealing with the Earth’s complex materials and pro-cesses

• attracting highly qualified national and international scientists and students

AimOur aim is to establish an interdisciplinary science centre that includes scientists from the fields of Physics, Geology, and Applied Mathematics

• where geological processes are approached by inte-grated fieldwork, experiments, theory and computer modelling

• with an active and challenging program for master students

• with active support from commercial enterprises, national and international foundations, and public agencies

Physics of Geological Processes

PGP continued to receive a high level of media coverage in 2007 including broad coverage of our studies of the Lusi mud volcano in Indonesia. Interviews with PGP postdoc Adriano Mazzini have been published in a wide range of media includ-ing: New Scientist, Scientific American, Nature, Science and Al Jazeera TV. In April, Nature published a ‘Research high-lights’ article titled “Waves of honey” that focused on a PGP-authored Langmuir paper on pattern formation in draining thin film suspensions. Finally, PGP researchers contributed to about 15 science programs on Norwegian Radio (P2) in 2007, including ‘Verdt å vite’, Dagsnytt 18 and P2-Akademiet.

Exhibits produced as part of the PGP-Art activities in 2006 traveled abroad in 2007. The exhibition (80o) inspired by field trips to Svalbard during the Arctic Mars Analog Svalbard Ex-pedition (AMASE) expeditions in 2004-2006, was displayed at ‘The Light’ in Leeds (UK) during an international Astrobiol-ogy workshop arranged by the University of Leeds in February 2007. The geo-pattern inspired exhibit ‘Geoprints’ by PGP art-ist Ellen Karin Mæhlum was furthermore displayed in Reyk-javik in May 2007.

Finally, PGP researchers launched two new book projects in 2008. Henrik Svensen has recived 66 kNOK from the Nor-wegian Non-Fiction Writers and Translators Association to support his work on the book “Fjellenes historie” (the history of the mountains) in 2008. His 2006 book “Enden er nær” will be published in English (with the title “The History of Natural Disasters”) in 2008. The second book project “Tor-jus and Miro Explore the Artic” has received a grant of 250 kNOK from the Norwegian Research Council and include a fieldtrip to Greenland with PGP-geologist and project leader Ebbe Hartz, his collaborator Niels Hovius (University lecturer at Cambridge University) and their sons Torjus and Miro.

During its first 5 years of existence, PGP has grown into one of Europe’s leading research groups fo-cusing on fundamental geological processes. Our prime goals are to continue our cross-disciplin-ary mission to provide quantitative understanding of how the Earth works, and to produce students with a unique competence to address problems of relevance for both science and society.


A. Geodynamics

Scientific status – Main projects

IntroductionFrom August 2006 PGP merged previous research activities into five main projects: Interface processes, the dynamics of microstructures, localization processes, fluid processes, and the dynamics of plate margins.

The coupling between fundamental processes across various time and length scales plays an important role in almost all natural systems. The linkage across scales leads to the emer-gence of spatial and temporal patterns, as cooperative phe-nomena. A comprehensive understanding of these phenom-ena is essential if we wish to explain the behaviour of systems with natural complexity, and develop ways of predicting and controlling their behaviour to protect the environment, secure natural resources and assess natural hazards.

Figure 1 shows how the five core projects are linked, with some of the most important feedbacks between the four scales. Fluids are unique in the sense that they play a key role at all scales – sometimes merely as a transport medium or agent, and sometimes as a chemically active ingredient. The coupling across scales and the role of fluids are common denominators in the PGP research activities. The activities within the five core groups are described below.

Schematic diagram illustrating the linking between the 5 core projects and the ‘scale independent’ role of fluids. 1) Stress induced macrosteps on a NaClO3 crystal surface coarsen in time, resulting in an unstressed skin and this has mechanical strengthening implications for larger-scale deformation processes. 2) Finite element simulation of exsolution and

microstructural evolution in feldspar. 3) 3D finite element calculation of the deformation, interaction, and bulk properties in a system of particles in a matrix of another phase. 4) Deformation, strain partitioning, and clast interaction in high strain shear zone (mylonite). 5) Anastamosing deformation bands formed in porous sandstones are strain hardening, brittle faults that strongly influence mechanical stability and fluid flow. 6) Thermal structure, volcanism and fracturing in a subduction zone. 7) Large scale fracturing (image ≈20 meters across) with associated fluid migration, mineral reactions and metamorphism of initial rock from granulite to amphibolite.

In 2007 the geodynamics group has broadened the range of research problems that we consider. Our studies involve scales from the micrometer structures of pseudotachylites to the me-gametre scale of mantle convection inside the Earth. We per-form multidisciplinary studies that contribute to a better un-derstanding of large-scale processes in the Earth such as the origin of plate motions, strength and stability of continents, earthquakes, and the evolution of topography.

Close collaboration with the other PGP groups brings the geo-dynamic research to a new level. We have applied the theory of self-localized thermal runaway developed in the Localisation Processes group to explain deep earthquakes. We have incor-porated regional analyses of sill complexes done chiefly in the Fluid Processes group into the global picture of factors con-trolling Earth evolution and we complement this research by our own geochemical studies. The work in our group has also been recognised by its industrial applications. For example, the work by Rüpke and co-authors done in 2006 and 2007 was recently published in the American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin (see section “Industry Report”).

Introduction


Figure A1. Reconstruction of southern Pangea as it may have looked 180 million years ago. The Karoo Large Igneous Province resides at the margin of a Large Low Shear wave Velocity Province (thick red line indicates 1% slow contour at the core-mantle boundary, CMB). This reconstruction illustrates the finding that all LIPs appear to be connected to deep plumes that originated from the margins of the LLSVPs at the CMB.

Scientific problemPlate reconstructions based on a new hybrid absolute refer-ence frame developed by PGP scientists in collaboration with Norwegian Geological Survey show that all Large Igneous Provinces (LIPs), including the ~180 Ma Karoo LIP (Figure A1), are sourced from plumes that originated from the margins of the Large Low Shear wave Velocity Provinces (LLSVPs) at the core-mantle boundary (CMB). Two important observa-tions, that plumes only seem to arise from the edges of the LLSVPs and that these provinces appear not to have moved much for several hundred millions years, present a formidable challenge to be explained.

Numerical studies: mantle convection and stability of cratons and LLSVPsWe are currently developing a dynamic numerical mantle model that examines possible explanations for the stability of the two antipodal LLSVPs over long geological times at the equator. We further investigate the effects of these large-scale anomalies on the overall pattern of mantle convection. Our favoured hypothesis to explain the long-term stability is the presence of a partial melt, which is denser than the solid at deep mantle pressures. The presence of a partially molten, low viscosity zone in the lower mantle may have important implications for the potential role that centrifugal forces may have in stabilizing the LLSVPs at the equator. The inherent

1. Plate motions, Large Igneous Provinces (LIP), and Large Low Shear wave Velocity Provinces (LLSVP)

A. Geodynamics

asymmetry of the very large-scale anomalies (LLSVPs and ge-oid anomalies) and in plate tectonics (major subduction zones form a global belt on a great circle) on our planet is an intrigu-ing observation. In terms of the underlying dynamics, how-ever, these global patterns are still a poorly explored subject.

The stability of Archean cratons for several billions of years, including their lithospheric roots up to 250 km thick, shows that the cratonic lithosphere is strong enough to withstand the destructive forces of subduction erosion, plumes (includ-ing LIPs), edge-driven convection and basal drag from mantle convection currents (Figure A2). Yet some numerical models have failed to reproduce the observed long-term stability of the cratonic lithosphere. Consequently, some authors have questioned the validity of the petrological studies which con-strain the stability of cratonic lithospheric keels.

Our numerical modelling has shown that the high viscosities expected in the lithospheric keel (as derived from extrapola-tion of laboratory rock experiments) are sufficiently high to explain its long-term stability. Some models fail to reproduce this long-term stability due to numerical reasons. They either use viscosity contrasts that are too low or they introduce vis-cosity cut-offs to avoid numerical problems. We suggest the use of a viscoelastic rheology to circumvent these numerical difficulties. In a viscoelastic rheology, a transition from vis-

PGP Annual Report 2007PGP Annual Report 20077

example, shown that even the restricted area of the Golden Valley Sill Complex has been intruded by several magma puls-es of different compositions. These compositional contrasts partly reflect different degrees of fractional crystallisation in the deep crust, and different degrees of contamination, at lev-els both shallow and deep (Figure A3). However, the chemi-cal signatures caused by these processes are superimposed on characteristics (e.g. negative Nb-Ta anomalies) typical of the mantle in subduction settings. These mantle signatures may have been inherited from the mantle source, or acquired through chemical exchange with the lithospheric mantle dur-ing ascent.

The goal of the Karoo project is to expand the investigations to a larger scale. The detailed information obtained on the magmatic rocks in the Golden Valley Sill Complex will, to-gether with other information available on magmatic rocks in the Karoo Basin, be used to investigate the origin of the magmas that formed the Karoo LIP, and thus to increase our understanding of the formation of LIPs in general and how they fit into the global picture of the Earth’s evolution.

A. Geodynamics

cous to elastic response occurs at high viscosities, giving a rigid behaviour for the lithospheric lid. Long-term stability is thereby achieved, in agreement with the observations from na-ture. Real rocks are viscoelastic, so the use of this rheology is in much better agreement with nature than the purely viscous rheology models that are commonly used in mantle convec-tion models.

Geochemical studies: the Karoo LIPThere are many open questions concerning the formation of LIPs, including the origin of the magmas (from plume, asthe-nosphere, and the mantle lithosphere), the size of the mantle melt domain, and the relationship of LIPs to rifts and conti-nental break-up.

One of the best exposed LIPs on Earth is found in the Karoo Basin in South Africa. An ongoing detailed study of the Golden Valley Sill Complex in the Karoo Basin, combining field stud-ies with anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility and geochemical analyses, has yielded important information about the magma plumbing system in this LIP. Galerne et al. (2008) have, for

Figure A2. Model of active convection in the Earth mantle. We are currently working to constrain the conditions that can result in the stability of cratons and LLSVPs for billions of years as observed in nature.


Figure A3. Schematic cross section of the plumbing system and effusive flood basalt of the Karoo province. The origin of the melt is positioned arbitrarily, although we detect a signature of the subcontinental lithospheric mantle (SCLM) in the composition of the magma. Traditionally, Assimilation and Fractional Crystallization (AFC) is considered as the main mechanism of the petrogenesis of the Golden Valley Sill Complex. We suggest that the post emplacement flow in near solidus condition, Deformational Differentiation (DD), induced by thermal stresses also contributes to compositional variation observed in sills (after Galerne et al., 2008)

ReferencesBeuchert, M. J., Podladchikov, P.P., Simon, N.S.C.,

Ruepke. L.H. Modeling of craton stability using a viscoelastic rheology. Geophysical Research Letters (submitted).

Galerne, C.Y., Neumann, E.-R., Planke, S., 2008. Geo-chemical Architecture of the Golden Valley Sill Complex, South Africa: Implication for Saucer-Shaped Sill Emplacement in Sedimentary Basins.Journal of Vol-canology and Geothermal Research (in revision).

Galerne, C.Y., Neumann, E.-R., Pedersen, R.-B. Differen-tiation in tholeiitic sills: Insight on the plumbing system of the Karoo Igneous Province, the Golden Valley Sill Complex, South Africa. Journal of Petrology (in prepa-ration).

Gao, J, John, T., Klemd, R. & Xiong, X., 2007. Mobilisa-tion of Ti-Nb-Ta during subduction: insights from rutile precipitates in eclogite-facies segregations and veins (Tianshan, NW China). Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 71, 4974-4996.

Torsvik, T.H., Smethurst, M.A., Burke, K. & Steinberger, B., 2008. Long term stability in Deep Mantle structure: Evidence from the ca. 300 Ma Skagerrak-Centered Large Igneous Province (the SCLIP). Earth and Plan-etary Science Letters, 267, 444-452.

Torsvik, T.H., Müller, R.D., Van der Voo, R., Steinberger, B. & Gaina, C. 2008. Global Plate Motion Frames: Toward a unified model. Reviews of Geophysics (in press).

A. Geodynamics

1. Plate motions, Large Igneous Provinces (LIP), and Large Low Shear wave Velocity Provinces (LLSVP)


Numerical modellingA quantitative model of intermediate-depth seismicity is based on the model of Bræck and Podladchikov (2007). This model was modified by accounting for the latent heat of melting and the drop in effective viscosity of molten material. The presence of hydrous mineral assemblages in the shear zone and pseudo-tachylite lead us to consider local initial perturbations of the rheology of these rocks, rather than the thermal perturbations assumed by the original study.

Figure A4 and A5 present results of numerical experiments designed to demonstrate that our model of thermal-runaway is consistent with key field observations. Whereas the difference between the experiments is minor (<1% in viscosity inside the perturbed zone), the final results of the models are dra-matically different. Although deformation in experiment (1) becomes localized, the temperatures never exceed 780ºC and no melts are formed. The shear zone predicted by the model is strikingly similar to shear zones observed in nature (Figure A4, A1 and D1). In contrast, the evolution of the experiment (2) includes a catastrophic thermal-runway with localization, a stress drop of ~600MPa in milliseconds and melting. The final product is a quenched fault vein with undeformed mar-gins, which again closely resembles the pseudotachylites of the WGC (Figure A4, E2 and A2). Our calculations demonstrate that both modes of deformation may coexist within the same structural orientation and may occur in a single event.

ReferencesAndersen, T.B., Mair, K., Austrheim, H., Podladchikov,

Y.Y. and Vrijmoed, H. The strength of upper mantle peridotite determined from ultramafic pseudotachylites. Geology (submitted).

Bræck, S. and Podladtchikov, Y., 2007. Spontaneous thermal runaway as an ultimate failure mechanism of materials. Phys. Rev. Letters, 2007;98:095504

John, T., Medvedev, S., Rüpke, L.H., Andersen, T.B., Pod-ladchikov, Y. & Austrheim, H. Self-localizing thermal runaway as a mechanism for intermediate to deep earthquakes. Nature (submitted).

Rosenberg, C. L., S. Medvedev, and M Handy, 2007. Effects of melting on faulting and continental defor-mation. In: Tectonic Faults: Agents of Change on a Dynamic Earth, edited by M.R. Handy, G. Hirth, N. Hovius, Dahlem Workshop Report 95, The MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass., USA, 357–401.

Scientific problemThe intense seismicity in subduction zones at depths greater than 50 km has puzzled geoscientists for decades. High am-bient pressures at such depths should inhibit the brittle fail-ure that is typical of shallow earthquakes. Two main failure mechanisms for intermediate-depth earthquakes have been hypothesised: (1) Dehydration embrittlement, in which meta-morphic dehydration reactions have the potential to raise the fluid-pore-pressure and thereby lower the effective pressure to values that permit brittle failure. (2) Self-Localazing Thermal Runaway (SLTR), in which the stored elastic energy of a visco-elastic body may be spontaneously released at seismic strain-rates by the formation of very high-temperature self-localizing deformation (Bræck and Podladchikov, 2007).

Approach and resultsBoth mechanisms are theoretically viable but it is difficult to discriminate between them. We have re-examined previously described field examples and applied numerical models to demonstrate that SLTR may explain our observations on in-termediate focus earthquakes.

Field observationsPseudotachylite fault veins (quenched melts) give us the op-portunity to study the details of seismic failure in palaeo-earth-quakes. High-pressure pseudotachylites are found in exhumed continental rocks and in exhumed fragments of subducted oceanic slabs (Andersen et al., submitted). These observations show that extreme shear heating plays an active role in the de-velopment of earthquakes at high confining pressure. The Pro-terozoic Kråkenes gabbro located within the Caledonian high- to ultrahigh pressure metamorphic Western Gneiss Complex (WGC) in Norway is a spectacular example of intensely local-ized shear failure of rocks at high confining pressures.

Several field campaigns up to and including 2007 and analysis of field and mineralogical data reveal several key observations from the Kråkenes gabbro: (i) co-facial, eclogite-facies shear zones (ductile-like deformation) and pseudotachylites (brittle-like deformation) coexist; (ii) both have higher degrees of hy-dration as compared to their host rocks; (iii) both types formed in a single, continuous and fast event; and (iv) the microscopic analysis of the pseudotachylites indicates the absence of any significant differential stress during re-crystallization.

A. Geodynamics

2. Mechanisms of intermediate and deep focus earthquakes


Figure A4. Comparison of fi eld observations with numerical experiments. The top panel shows a typical shear zone (A1) and a pseudotachylite (A2) from the Kråkenes gabbro. Rows B-E show the results of two numerical experiments that reproduce the observed structures. The two columns show the evolution of passive markers (blue) together with regions of melting (red) for the two simulations at the model times shown in the lower plot where the time dependence of the stress is illustrated. During the fi rst stage (rows B and C) the behaviour is similar for both simulations. The differential stress is catastrophically released in simulation 2 between C and D precluding further deformation in the system. The rapid stress drop is accompanied by highly localized deformation and extensive shear heating that melts the deformation zone (D2). In contrast, simulation 1 shows no melt formation, limited localization of deformation and a less pronounced stress drop. The white curves in A1 are initially vertical lines with the deformation fi eld from D1.

Figure A5. Conditions required for the SLTR to have a critical stress smaller than the one defi ned by Byerlee’s law. At a depth below that indicated by this diagram SLTR is a more preferred mode of failure than brittle failure.

A. Geodynamics


MotivationMechanical models of lithospheric strength (the Brace-Goe-tze lithosphere) ignore the thermal effects of deformation. In such models orogenic thickening would stretch the geotherm and thus cause a decay in the geothermal gradient. However, high surface heat flow and magmatism show that thick oro-gens are hotter than the stable continental lithosphere at a given depth. Had it not been for this ‘orogenic heat’ Earth’s lithosphere would be ~20 times too strong to deform under tectonic forces, and orogenic processes would be violent and short-lived, affecting only narrow sutures between colliding plates. Orogenic heat has been attributed to pre- or non- oro-genic processes such as the rise of hot asthenospheric material following delamination, and the sinking of relatively colder, denser lithospheric material from an orogenic root, or short-lived tectonic wedges of highly radiogenic material. What is the source of ‘orogenic heat’?

Approach and resultsIt has long been accepted that the temperature of the Earth’s interior controls the bulk strength and thus the large-scale de-formation of the lithosphere. We have shown that the temper-ature and strength of the lithosphere are strongly interlinked. Frictional heating is not a new concept in Earth science, but it has not previously been recognized that deformation can compete with radiogenic processes to be the main heat source on a lithospheric scale. We have suggested a simple way of es-timating the influence of shear heating by simply multiplying the integrated strength of the lithosphere by the deformation rate. The simplicity of this new method allows the results to be checked against the strength of the Earth and its surface heat flow (both are model-independent parameters that can be di-rectly measured), and thus we can predict weakening due to shear heating without any additional assumptions. This new quantification of shear heating provides a simple explanation for many grand-scale processes in the Earth, including the re-markable weakness of active mountain belts (Figure A6), their high heat flow, abundant magmatism, and deep earthquakes.

Figure A6. Lithospheric temperature and strength profiles with and without shear heating. (a) geotherm and (b) Brace-Goetze strength envelope before and after thickening an isostatically balanced three-layer (a wet quartz and dry mafic granulite crust; and a dry dunite mantle) lithosphere for 9 million years, so that the Moho deepens from 40 to 80 km depth. Shear heating reduces the strength by a factor 10, which is well above variables used in all traditional modeling.

�. Lithosphere strength: where is the source of weakening?

ReferencesHartz,E.H. and Y. Y. Podladchikov. 2008. Toasting the

Jelly Sandwich: The effect of shear heating on litho-spheric geotherms and strength. Geology (in press).

A. Geodynamics


Figure A8. Sediment redistribution study: a) current topography and bathymetry of the Scoresbysund region with the ice sheet replaced by a rock layer of the same weight. b) fi nal model geometry with smoothed topography and replaced offshore sediments. The yellow line indicates the drainage divide and the black line separates off- and on-shore regions. c) Flexural isostatic response due to loading and unloading caused by rock redistribution reaches more than 1 km.

�. Understanding the vertical motions of passive margins

Scientifi c problemThe coastal landscapes of the fjords of the North Atlantic Ocean are spectacular tourist attractions and remarkable geological enigmas. Long chains of mountains mark the Norwegian, East Canadian and Greenland coastlines. Despite the Caledonian (ca. 400 Ma) age of The East Greenland mountain chain, the landscape is generally much younger, and in part unexplained. In a vivid criticism of the continen-tal drift Haller (1969) gave an example of drift between Greenland and Norway when stating “In East Greenland, as along the fjord coast of Norway, it is the vertical displacement – uplift and subsidence – that marks the post-Caledonian history throughout. It is the effect of the Tertiary rise that appeals to the visitor, who may gain insight into earth history from the giant cliff exposure.” While continental drift today appears generally accepted and the rocks of East Greenland are exten-sively studied there is still no consensus on the cause of the mountains of the East Greenland. In central East Greenland the issue becomes particularly acute. Mesozoic marine sediments are elevated up to 1.2 km. What uplifted the marine sediments to such height, at times of ap-parent tectonic quiescence?

Approach and resultsThe uplifted area is cut by some of the world’s biggest fjords. Scores-bysund alone, up to 60 km wide, cuts 475 km into the land and more than 4 km down from the peaks of the region. The extensive fi eld stud-ies (Hartz, fi eld seasons 2005-2006) and geological and topographical data (including Moho topography) outline several main domains of the study region and allow us to understand the potential source of vertical motions.

We test the amount of regional uplift and subsidence caused by the incision of fjords and the associated deposition of sediments off-shore. These tests are based on modelling the erosion process back in time. The topography is smoothed back to the summit surface while similar weights of sediments are removed from the shelf. The model considers the isostatic response of the lithosphere due to loading and unloading of bedrock, sediments, water and ice (Figure A7 and A8). Our esti-mates show that an average of almost 1.2 km of bedrock was eroded in the region from the Early Cenozoic summit surface. Most of the erosion products were deposited on the continental shelf outside the mouth of the fjords. Our calculations demonstrate that rocks in the central Fjord Mountains may be uplifted up to 1.1 km due to erosional unloading and fl exural isostatic effects. These effects should present a main part of the mechanisms responsible for Cenozoic uplift in cen-tral East Greenland. The North Atlantic is rimmed by young glacially carved mountain chains, suggesting that the model may be applicable to other parts of the area.

ReferencesMedvedev, S., E.H. Hartz, and Y. Podladchikov (2008). Vertical

motions of the fjord regions of central East Greenland: Impact of glacial erosion, deposition, and isostasy. Geology (in press).

A. Geodynamics

Figure A7. General view of the North Atlantic Ocean and adjacent region of the Arctic Ocean. Greenland is shown without its ice sheet to emphasize the signifi cant topography of the East Greenland Mountain Chain.


Central Scientific ProblemGases are produced when sedimentary rocks are heated by magmatic intrusions. For instance in volcanic basins, sill in-trusions are abundant, forming the sub-volcanic part of Large Igneous Provinces. If vented to the atmosphere, these gases can trigger global warming periods and even more severe en-vironmental effects like mass extinction episodes. We wish to determine how gases such as water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane, and more complex compounds are produced and leaked during episodes of Large Igneous Province formation. This project is particularly relevant to future climate change because the rates and volumes of gases released from hydro-thermal systems are comparable to anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions. Understanding the gas production processes around magmatic bodies is also important for the oil and gas industry for improving the economic exploitation of hydrocar-bon reservoirs.

Approach and Results

Geological ObservationsThe Aureole Project is a case study that aims at quantifying the amount and type of gases that are released during contact metamorphism of organic-rich sediments. The case-study is based on two boreholes from the Karoo Basin of South Afri-ca. One borehole represents a thermally unaffected protolith, while the other represents an equivalent thermally affected section, including a sill intrusion and the contact aureole. Analytical measurements ranging from organic geochemistry (total organic carbon, vitrinite reflectance, rock-eval pyroli-sis) and isotopic geochemistry (carbon, oxygen and sulphur isotopic composition) have been carried out on both these

Figure B1. At left, a schematic illustration of the two boreholes of the Aureole Project case study. At right, profile plots showing the fate of organic carbon from the case study contact aureole. TOC is total organic carbon. While the Whitehill formation is rich in carbon, the equivalent section in the borehole through the magmatic sill intrusion is depleted. This carbon was most likely leaked into the atmosphere.

Introduction

B. Fluid processes

1. Venting and climate effects

The Fluid Processes group at PGP is engaged in continuing activities in partly overlapping subjects of venting and climate effects, fluidised systems, sill emplacement, and violent pro-cesses. These will be discussed in more detail below. Each of these has links to other groups at PGP: sill emplacement and fluidised systems with interface processes; violent processes with localization and fragmentation; venting and climate ef-fects with large-scale dynamics. Over the past year, one of our group (Henrik Svensen) has been awarded a Young Outstand-ing Researcher grant and another (Alexander Rozhko) has fin-ished his PhD and moved on to a job in Trondheim. We have become large users of the Norwegian computing infrastructure system through the NOTUR project, have published a score of scientific papers, participated in a variety of international con-ferences, and organised two special sessions at the American Geophysical Union meeting. Over the course of 2008 we ex-pect no major changes. There will be a major field expedition to South America to support both sill and venting subjects, experimental work in venting, sills, and fluidised systems will be continued and expanded, and we hope to obtain funding to support new students and postdocs in these areas.

1�PGP Annual Report 2007PGP Annual Report 2007 PGP Annual Report 2007

Figure B2. Adriano Mazzini and Olivier Galland collect samples at a mud volcano in the Salton Sea complex in December 2007.

Figure B3. Numerical simulation result showing piercement formed by point-injection source. This was done using the new Discrete Particle and Fluid Diffusion software.

samples. The results (see Figure B1.) show that the organic carbon is lost and not transformed into graphite. Preliminary calculations based on Rayleigh distillation and batch devolatilisation models show the mass and isotopic composition of the carbon released during contact metamorphism does not depend on the selected model. Approximately 2t/m2 of carbon are released from the contact aureole of a 15m-thick intrusion, amounting to thousands of gigatons from the complex as a whole. Additional petrographic and microprobe studies of contact aureole sam-ples emphasize the importance of metamorphism on the generation of volatiles, resulting in the formation of venting structures.

Such metamorphic venting of greenhouse gases is the most likely cause of mass extinction events associated with large igneous provinces. The venting episodes of the western parts of the Karoo Basin, as diagnosed in the Aureole Project, could have triggered the Early Jurassic global warming about 183 million years ago. The end-Permian extinction around 250 million years ago is coeval with the Siberian Traps, where a field campaign to the Tunguska Basin in August 2006 collected high quality samples from contact aureoles around sill intrusions and boreholes through explosion pipes with crater sediments. Both the Karoo and Tunguska activities will continue under the newly funded Young Outstanding Researcher (YFF) project entitled “Processes in volcanic basins and the implications for glob-al warming and mass extinctions”, led by Henrik Svensen.

In the Salton Sea area of Southern California, a thick package of sedimentary rocks is heated by recent magmatic intrusions at depth. The resulting hydrother-mal system has very high heat flow and is exploited for geothermal energy. Hot water and gases are forced out of the sediments, with seepage at the surface. This is a relevant contemporary analogue for the Karoo and Tunguska studies (Svensen et al., 2007), and helps in understanding the formation of petroleum in sedimentary basins with magmatic intrusions. Field work in December 2007 (Figure B2) aimed at understanding the link between seep activity and seismicity, and we continue temperature monitoring of the seeps in 2008.

Numerical ModelingOur Discrete Particle and Fluid Diffusion software has been extended to run with Open-MP parallelisation, resulting in a production increase by an order of magnitude. We have also utilised VTK parallel computing visualisation to greatly

B. Fluid processes

increase visualisation and post-process-ing effectiveness. Results of runs with this code are similar to continuous models and granular media experiments. Similar scaling in fluidisation thresholds (vent formation) has been found, and morphologies that are similar to those found in experiments and in nature (see Figure B3).

ReferencesSvensen, H., Karlsen, D.A., Sturz, A,

Backer-Owe, K., Banks, D.A., and Planke, S. (2007) Processes control-ling water and hydrocarbon compo-sition in seeps from the Salton Sea Geothermal System, California, USA. Geology, 35, 85-88.

Svensen, H., Planke, S., Chevallier, L., Malthe-Sørenssen, A., Corfu, B., and Jamtveit, B. (2007) Hydrothermal venting of greenhouse gases triggering Early Jurassic global warming. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 256, 554-566.


2. Fluidised and partly fluidised systems

B. Fluid processes

Central Scientific ProblemMuch of the activity in hydrothermal systems involves a phase of fluidisation, when the injection of fluid causes a portion of the surrounding matrix to act as a fluid also. Entrainment of the surround costs the initiating fluid some of its energy, but the subsequent mobilisation of material with significant inertia and limited compressibility can have important environmental consequences. This activity within PGP has recently focussed on the phenomenon of mud volcanoes. Studying these systems can provide important insights into the subsurface plumbing system and the origin of the fluids and mud breccia expelled.


Geological ObservationsDuring the TTR16 Cruise (2006) in the Nyegga region, Nor-wegian Sea, six large pockmark and mound features were explored with TV remote controlled grab and gravity corer devices. For the first time gas hydrates were sampled in this region (Ivanov et al., 2007). This discovery represents a sig-nificant achievement as gas hydrates in the Norwegian Margin have been suggested by numerous scientists but never before proved by sampling (Figure B5). The combined studies of the recovered gas hydrates, and the authigenic carbonates that characterise seepage sites, reveal important insights about the past and present plumbing system at pockmarks.

The active seepage system ongoing at Dolgovskoy Mound (northern Shatsky Ridge, Black Sea) has been investigated dur-ing the TTR15 marine expedition (Bahr et al., 2008; Mazzini et al., 2008). The seafloor video footage, the petrography and geochemical analyses of the samples of authigenic carbonates were complemented with laboratory analogue experiments in order to understand the fluids seepage dynamics. Results show the methanogenic origin of the carbonates and indicate con-strains on the fluid velocity in the sediments.

On the 29th of May 2006 a sudden eruption of 100 0C mud and gas started in NE Java, that came to be known as the LUSI mud volcano (Figure B6). The flow rate of this new mud volcano escalated up to 180,000 m3/day, resulted in the evacu-ation of tens of thousands of people, and still (April 2008) seems unstoppable. The initial eruption occurred in the prox-imity of an exploration well 2 days after a 6.3 earthquake that

struck the southern part of Java. While the eruption is widely acknowledged to have arisen from a pre-existent piercement structure, there continues debate regarding the triggering, that is, the relative importance of the earthquake and the explora-tory well in causing the eruption.

Pre-eruption seismic data show a subsurface piercing feature imaged at the future eruption site. This feature is situated on a fault that crosses Java with a SW-NE direction hosting other mud volcanoes. Sampling and field observations show that the 27 May seismic event altered the critical equilibrium in the re-gion and helped to trigger the LUSI eruption. Indisputably the SW-NE oriented fault was reactivated after this earthquake and controlled the eruption dynamics as well as the ongoing regional collapse. A regional high temperature geothermal gradient triggers mineralogical transformations and geochemi-cal reactions at shallow depth. The eruptions started following the 27 May earthquake due to the fracturing and accompany-ing depressurisation of >100 oC pore fluids from > 1700 m depth. The monitoring of the LUSI flow rate still shows peaks seismic activity in the region. Ongoing SW-NE oriented col-lapse around the crater indicates that the fault is still strongly affected by seismicity.

The hypothesis that the neighbouring exploratory drilling trig-gered the eruption cannot yet be ruled out, although no con-vincing data has been presented to support this hypothesis, so far. Seismic events with the epicentre located few hundreds (and sometimes thousands) km away are known to have trig-gered the eruption of naturally prepared systems. These results (Mazzini et al., 2007) have been recently published and gath-ered broad attention from the media and from academia.

Laboratory ExperimentsVents and mud volcanoes are observed in many sedimentary basins, and result from the violent release of overpressured fluids within sedimentary sequences. In order to understand the processes governing the formation of such piercement structures, we resorted to experimental modelling by flushing air into a Hele-Shaw cell filled with granular materials (Figure B4). Several tests have been developed in order to constrain the physical properties of the granular materials (the cohesion, internal angle of friction, permeability, porosity, and grain size


B. Fluid processes

Figure B4. Photographs showing the evolution of a venting simulation. Air is piped into the bottom of a Hele-Shaw cell filled with granular material. A cavity forms at the inlet (b-c), and the increased pressure mounds up the overburden (d), and eventually the overlying material fluidises (e-f), creating a vent at the top with a crater-like lip.

cba

fed

Figure B5. Network of platy gas hydrate laminae within clayey sediment cored in the Sharik pockmark on the Nyegga region (Norwegian Sea).


B. Fluid processes

distribution). Different vent morphologies (fracturing and fluidisation) evolve when fluids are injected into matrices of different rheologies. We measure the inlet flux and fluid pres-sure required for fluidisation in each experiment. By varying the geometry of the experimental setup, the inlet width and the filing height, a data collapse has been developed for the onset of fluidisation. This result is consistent with previous analytical and numerical results given by Rozhko et al. 2007. In a geological setting the inlet width and filling height would correspond to the size and depth of the pressure anomaly. We compare and discuss our pressure estimates with the results found in sedimentary basins for the formation of piercement structures.

ModelingIn order to better understand the interaction between pore-fluid overpressure and failure patterns in rocks we considered a porous elasto-plastic medium in which a laterally localized overpressure line source is imposed at depth below the free surface. We numerically solve the fluid filtration equation cou-pled to the gravitational force balance and poro-elasto-plastic rheology equations. Systematic numerical simulations, varying initial stress, intrinsic material properties and geometry, show the existence of five distinct failure patterns caused by either shear banding or tensile fracturing. The value of the critical pore-fluid overpressure pc at the onset of failure is derived from an analytical solution that is in excellent agreement with numerical simulations. Finally, we construct a phase-diagram that predicts the domains of the different failure patterns and pc at the onset of failure.

Seepage forces are forces represented by gradients in the pres-sure of a pore-filling fluid in a porous rock. The term earthquake triggering is used here to indicate a process by which stress changes associated with the diffusion of fluid can induce or retard seismic activity in the surrounding region. Gradients of pore-fluid pressure have an additional control on earthquake triggering along with Terzaghi’s effective stress law, which controls the failure of a fluid-saturated porous medium. The techniques used here are a combination of analytical work based on conformal mapping, Biot’s theory of poroelasticity and quasi-static approximation. In the quasi-static approxima-tion the time-dependence is introduced parametrically which allows a closed-form analytical solution of the equations of poroelasticity. The solution is applied to the location of after-

shock hypocenters associated with an earthquake in northern Italy in 1997, demonstrating that the microseismicity can be initiated by localized depletion of pore-fluid pressure in fluid-saturated porous medium.

CommunicationAt the fall meeting of the American Geophysical Union in De-cember 2007 a session on “Mud volcanoes and their eruption dynamics” was organised by Adriano Mazzini. There were 20 contributions including both oral and poster presentations, of which 4 were from PGP. The session provided an overview of numerous mud volcanoes and showed the various approaches used to map their morphology, to monitor their activity, and to unravel the still poorly understood eruption dynamics.

Partly as an outgrowth of this session, a special issue of the Journal of Marine and Petroleum Geology with the title “Mud Volcanism: Processes and Implications” has been accepted by Elsevier Publishing House. The focus of the proposed special issue, which already has more than 30 contributions, is on the formation of mud volcanoes, in particular on processes during the eruptive and dormant phases, and on the environmental consequences of mud volcanism. Mud volcanoes are mainly studied during the dormant phase when sampling of fluids and mud breccia is easy. The recent eruption of the LUSI mud volcano in Indonesia provided the ideal conditions to study the evolution of a mud volcano from its birth. The proximity of LUSI to a magmatic complex poses the issue of how mag-matic volcanoes can affect the surrounding environment and whether there exists a relationship in behaviour and dynamics between the magmatic and the mud volcanoes. Mud volcano eruptions pose a geohazard for drilling and platform construc-tions when large amounts of mud breccia and hydrocarbons are released. Erupted greenhouse gases may influence the glo-bal climate. Offshore mud volcanoes are frequently associated with the presence of gas hydrates. Gas hydrate dissociation may be coupled with eruptions or feed seepage sites associated with precipitation of methanogenic carbonate.


2. Fluidised and partly fluidised systems

B. Fluid processes

ReferencesBahr, A., Pape, T., Bohrmann, G., Mazzini, A., Haeckel,

M., Reitz, A. and Ivanov, M. (2008) Authigenic carbon-ate precipitates from the NE Black Sea: a mineralogi-cal, geochemical and lipid biomarker study. Interna-tional Journal of Earth Sciences, (in press).

Ivanov, M., Blinova, V., Kozlova, E., Westbrook, G., Mazzini, A., Minshull, T. and Nouzé, H. (2007) First sampling of gas hydrate from the Vøring Plateau. EOS, 88, 209-210.

Mazzini, A., Ivanov, M.K., Nermoen, A., Bahr, A., Borh-mann, G., Svensen, H. and Planke, S. (2008) Complex plumbing systems in the near subsurface: geometries of authigenic carbonates from Dolgovskoy Mound (Black Sea) constrained by analogue experiments. Marine & Petroleum Geology (in press).

Mazzini, A., Svensen, H., Akhmanov, G.G., Aloisi, G., Planke, S., Malthe-Sørenssen, A. and Istadi, B. (2007) Triggering and dynamic evolution of the LUSI mud vol-cano, Indonesia. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 261, 375-388.

Rozhko, A., Podladchikov, Y., Renard, F. (2007) Failure patterns caused by localized rise in pore-fluid over-pressure and effective strength of rocks. Geophysical Research Letters, 34, 22304.

Rozhko, A. (2007) Role of seepage forces on hydraulic fracturing and failure patterns, Ph.D. thesis, University of Oslo, ISSN 1501-7710, Nr 763.

Rozhko, A. (2008) Role of seepage forces on earthquake triggering, Tectonophysics, (submitted).

Figure B6. Four images of the LUSI mud volcano. Top left: LUSI at day one: vapour and mud are erupted in the middle of a rice pond in the early morning. Top right: The power of the eruption increases two days after the birth of LUSI, with a steam-dominated eruption of mud ejected in the air for several tens of meters. Bottom left: An interval of vigorous erupting activity during the construction of a protective dam around the LUSI crater. Bottom right: Helicopter image of LUSI and the surrounding area completely flooded by the erupted mud. Note the high vapour plume.


Central Scientific ProblemMagmatic intrusions in sedimentary basins often form hori-zontal sills and frequently exhibit saucer-shaped morphologies. They are of significant economic interest because they affect oil maturation and migration pathways, form traps for petro-leum and sometimes act as water reservoirs. They are often associated with large igneous provinces and climate changes, so they are also of high scientific importance. Injected sands often form similar morphologies and are presumably formed in similar ways.


Laboratory ExperimentsNew experiments simulating basin-scale processes were done at laboratory scale in PGP by replacing rock and magma with fine-grained silica flour and molten vegetable oil (Figure B7). The oil was injected at constant flow-rate into the silica flour while the oil pressure and the topography of the model sur-

Figure B7. Schematic diagram of the experimental device. Oil (dark grey) is injected at constant flow rate by volumetric pump into the silica powder (white).

face were monitored. The oil initially propagated horizontally into the silica powder to form an inner sill, forming a smooth dome structure at the surface. The sill subsequently evolved to inclined sheets and flat outer sheets, typical of saucer-shaped sills observed in nature (Figure B8).

The strength of this experimental technique is the monitoring devices and the available data. A pressure gauge recorded the oil pressure during intrusion. We also set up a system using the moiré projection principle, based on structured light tech-niques, to acquire topographic maps. This technique allowed a periodic monitoring of model surface to observe dome evo-lution. In addition, we dug out the solidified intrusion and scanned its 3-dimensional shape with the same setup. Such procedure provided a unique dataset that was used to quantify and understand the simulated processes.

The emplacement of the oil controlled the evolution and the shape of the dome and in turn, the deforming upper free sur-face and overburden generated stresses that influenced oil propagation. Our results support the working hypothesis that the emplacement of sills, and especially saucer-shaped sills, results from a complex mechanical interplay between over-pressured magma and deforming host. We will use our 3-di-mensional dataset to formulate numerical models in order to quantify the mechanical interactions between the intruding sills and the deforming overburden.

These results can also be applied to the problem of coronae on Venus, by comparing the topographic response in our experi-ments to remote sensing data of surface features associated with volcano-tectonic processes (Figure B9).

Numerical ModelingCollaboration with the Complex Group in the Physics Insti-tute has been started to develop a numerical modelling ap-proach to quantify the processes governing the emplacement of saucer-shaped sills. The numerical model was designed to simulate hydraulic fracturing in particulate media, and will be adapted to growing horizontal cracks under a free surface. When the fracture grows, it lifts the overburden, and stresses are generated at the rim of the forming dome. These stresses interact with the crack tip. which is deflected upward and de-velops a saucer shape. This model will allow us to test many physical parameters, such as the magma pressure, the depth of the sill, the mechanical properties of the overburden, and the far-field state of tectonic stresses.

�. Sill emplacement

B. Fluid processes


Figure B9. A. Magellan CYCLE-1 SAR IMAGE of a Corona. B. Topographic map of final stage of model surface. c. Radial topographic profiles of previous topographic map. Profiles are anchored at the centre of the caldera, and are drawn every 10 degrees.

Figure B8. Example of experimental results. Top. Topographic data of model surface. The location of the profile (left) in indicated on the map (white line, right). Relief is plateau-like feature. Notice that the scale is in millimeters. Bottom. Topographic data of solidified unburied intrusions. The location of the profile (left) is indicated on the map (white line, right). Surface data and intrusion shape exhibit a consistent correlation.

B. Fluid processes

Integration with Geological ObservationsThe results of the sill experiments have been integrated togeth-er with the results from the fieldwork and the geochemistry of the Golden Valley sill complex in South Africa. Geologi-cal and geochemical results suggest that a dyke parallel to the long axis of the Golden Valley sill fed the sill. However, the field relationships between the sill and the potential feeder dyke are not clear. We performed experiments in which a dyke propagated first and subsequently formed an elliptical sill whose long axis was parallel to the dyke. The clear similari-ties between the experiments and the Golden Valley provide very good constraints on the 3-dimensional architecture of sill complexes.

CommunicationAt the fall meeting of the American Geophysical Union in December 2007, a multidisciplinary session entitled “Saucer-Shaped Sills, Injected Sands, and Related Structures: Forma-tion Mechanisms, Examples, and Extraterrestrial Analogues” was organized by Stéphane Polteau. This brought together for the first time people working on magmatic systems, remobi-lised sands and space exploration, and initiated a new col-laboration between PGP and the Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences at Northwestern University (Evanston, IL, USA) to publish multi-disciplinary high-impact papers. This poster-only session, scheduled on Monday morning, was par-ticularly well-attended, and included five PGP contributions.

ReferencesAarnes, I., Podladchikov, Y.Y., Neumann, E.-R. (2008)

Formation of D- and I-shaped profiles in basaltic sills due to post-emplacement melt-flow induced by thermal stresses. Earth and Planetary Science Letters (in press).

Galland, O., Cobbold, P. R., Hallot, E., de Bremond d’Ars, J. (2008) Magma-controlled tectonics in compressional settings: insights from geological examples and experi-mental modelling. Bollettino Della Societˆ Geologica Italiana (in press).

Polteau, S., Mazzini, A., Galland, O., Planke, S., A. Malthe-Sørenssen (2007) Saucer-shaped intrusions: occurrences, emplacement and implications. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 266, 195-204.

Galland, O., Hallot, E., Cobbold, P.R., Ruffet, G. and de Bremond d’Ars, J. (2007) Volcanism in a compressional Andean setting: A structural and geochronological study of Tromen volcano (Neuquén province, Argen-tina). Tectonics, 26, doi:10.1029/2006TC002011.

Galland, O., Cobbold, P.R., de Bremond d’Ars, J. and Hallot, E. (2008) Rise of emplacement of magma dur-ing horizontal shortening of the brittle crust: Insight from experimental modeling, Journal of Geophysical Research 112, doi:10.1029/2006JB004604.


�. Violent processes

B. Fluid processes

Central Scientific ProblemMany of the processes that produce large-scale patterns in the earth’s crust are violent; especially those that produce our planet’s most striking and beautiful landscapes. Fortunately, violent events are relatively infrequent, but a significant frac-tion of earth’s human population lives in areas that are highly vulnerable. The 200,000 human lives lost in the Indonesian earthquake and tsunami in December 2004, or the 80,000 lost in the Pakistan earthquake in October 2005 give us a com-pelling moral interest in understanding these events with the ultimate goal of protecting and saving human lives.


Numerical ModelingThe multi-material adaptive-mesh hydrocode Sage (from Los Alamos and Science Applications International) has been ap-plied to an increasing variety of violent processes in geophys-ics during 2007, including asteroid impacts, mud volcanism, and landslide-driven tsunamis.

Superheated or overpressured fluids at depth can cause sur-face disturbances in the form of vents, mud volcanoes, or sea-floor pockmarks. In sedimentary basins, magmatic intrusions heat organic-rich sediments, releasing volatiles produced by metamorphic reactions. Confined by impermeable clays or metamorphic rocks, the heated fluid is pressurized up to sev-eral times the overburden pressure. If confinement is then breached in such a way that the superheated fluid has access to weak or porous sediments, a violent eruption of a mixture of fluid and sediment may result. Manifestations of this include hydrothermal vents, as in the Karoo Basin (South Africa) and in the North Sea (Norwegian margin), and mud volcanoes as in Azerbaijan, Indonesia, and Trinidad. These are widespread on Earth, and they are also likely to exist on other terrestrial planets where water or other volatiles are present. We have performed simulations with Sage of supercritical venting in a variety of geometries and configurations. The simulations show several different patterns of propagation and fracturing in porous or otherwise weakened overburden, dependent on

depth, source conditions (fluid availability, temperature, and pressure), disposition or layering of sediments, and manner of confinement breach. In simulations performed so far we have seen upward propagating cylindrical pipes with hardened walls, narrowly diverging conical pipes, cone sheets, down-ward-propagating cracks, funnel-shaped craters, and irregu-larly spaced vents (see Figure B10).

Oceans cover three-quarters of the Earth’s surface, yet geolog-ical evidence for deep ocean impact events is scarce. Tectonic subduction has wiped away essentially all of the oceanic crust that is older than 150 million years, and most of the seafloor crust that remains is still very poorly mapped. In fact much of the evidence we have regarding ocean impacts is from ejecta and tsunami deposits on nearby shores, essentially only from the Eltanin and Mjølnir events. In an effort to understand what kinds of signatures we might expect from deep-ocean impacts, we performed a large number of numerical calcula-tions with the Sage code, for impactors of various composi-tions and sizes from 250 m to 1 km diameter (Figure B11). The differences among calculations done by various groups largely arise from the uncertainty in the initial coupling of the kinetic energy of the impactor to the creation of the transient crater and the production of a propagating wave. Because the ki-netic energy per unit mass is very much larger than the latent heat of vaporization of water, it is extremely important to have a very good equation of state for water in order to perform reliable calculations. In the best calculations done to date, a substantial fraction of the impact energy is immediately car-ried away into the atmosphere by explosive vaporization. This fraction depends only on the speed of the impactor and not on its size, and therefore impacts of small size are very inefficient generators of long-wavelength teletsunamis. The conclusion of this work is that asteroids of size smaller than about 500 m diameter do not pose a significant risk for the production of ocean-wide tsunamis, although such an impact could be very dangerous if it occurred near a populated coastline.


Figure B10. Venting simulations performed with the Sage code display a variety of morphologies depending on the physical conditions assumed at the injection inlet and medium rheology. Each of these three images is a density raster plot from a simulation of a two-kilometer thick layer of weak sedimentary material into which superheated water is injected through a rigid pipe at the bottom, with varying injection velocity and pressure.

B. Fluid processes


B. Fluid processes

Figure B11. Montage of 9 separate images from a 3-d run of the impact of a 1-km iron bolide at an angle of 45 degrees into an ocean of 5-km depth. These are density raster graphics in a two-dimensional slice in the vertical plane containing the asteroid trajectory. Note the initial asymmetry of the water crater and its disappearance in time as the debris curtain collapses.


�. Violent processes

B. Fluid processes

The steep-sided fjords of western Norway have experienced numerous rock-slide events that sometimes produced devas-tating tsunamis. The 1934 slide in the Tafjord region, when some 3 million cubic meters of rock plunged into the water, resulted in waves tens of meters high that destroyed two vil-lages and killed about 40 people. A similarly dangerous situ-ation exists now in Sunnylvsfjord, where a major expanding crack in the fjord wall at Åknes threatens to release from 5 to 40 million cubic meters of rock into the water. Such an event would devastate a large region, including the Geiranger Fjord, a UN World Heritage Site that is extremely popular with tour-ists. The Norwegian Government’s Åknes-Tafjord project is responsible for studying and monitoring the potential slide area and for providing adequate warning to protect lives and property. In order to better understand tsunami generation from such events, we have performed 2- and 3-dimensional simulations of the impact of a large number of boulders from a steep slope into a deep body of water using the Sage code, pre-viously used to model tsunamis from underwater explosions, asteroid impacts, and both subaqueous and subaerial land-slide sources. We find the interaction of boulders and water to be extremely turbulent and dissipative. It differs markedly from simulations of large-block impacts in similar geometry. No more than about 15% of the potential energy of the boul-ders ends up in the water wave. The rest of the energy goes into heating the boulders (and presumably fragmenting them, though that physics is not included) into generating winds, heating air and water, and generating turbulence. In the near

field, the waves produced by the impact can be quite high -- tens of meters -- and have the potential to devastate coastlines at substantial distances from the site along a narrow fjord sys-tem (see Figure B12).

ReferencesSvensen, H.; Gisler, G.; Polteau, S.; Mazzini, A.;

Planke, S. (2007) Hydrothermal Vent Complexes and the Search for Extra-Terrestrial Water. in 38th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference, (Lunar and Plan-etary Science XXXVIII), held March 12-16, 2007 in League City, Texas. LPI Contribution No. 1338, p.2268.

Gisler, G., Tsunamis from asteroid impacts in deep water. Planetary Defense Conference (2007) Washington DC, http://www.aero.org/conferences/planetarydefense/2007papers/S4-3--Gisler-Paper.pdf.

Gisler, G. (2007) Violent processes in geophysics. Meta Magazine (NOTUR), ISSN 1890-2987, 2007, No. 1, pp 10-13.

Gisler, G. (2008) Tsunami simulations. Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics, 40, 71-90.

Gisler, G. (2008) Tsunami generation - other sources, chapter 6 in The Sea: Volume 15, Tsunamis, edited by Alan Robinson and Eddie Bernard, in press.

Figure B12. Simulation of a rockslide off the fjord wall at Åknes into Sunnylvsfjord, producing (in two-dimensions) a mid-channel wave 100 meters high. In a similar three dimensional simulation, the wave height is 25 meters.


Our research on the dynamics of deformation localisation in the earth encompasses the brittle, transitional and ductile deformation regimes, concentrating on meso-scale phenom-ena. The dynamics of microstructures and interface processes strongly influence how, where and when localisation occurs as well as its persistence in different environments. Similarly, localization processes themselves will influence subsequent mechanical behaviour and hence dynamic processes operat-ing on a geodynamic scale.

Our recent multi-disciplinary project on shear heating and de-formation localization has encompassed: field determinations of upper mantle strength from shear strain measured on pseu-dotachylytes in Corsica peridotites (Andersen and Austrheim, 2006; Andersen et al., 2008 submitted); thermal imaging of simulated faults in the laboratotry indicating that heat pat-terns produced are sensitive to fault maturity and roughness evolution (Mair et al., 2006; Renard et al. 2008 in prep); and theoretical studies demonstrating that catastrophic material failure can occur by a self localising thermal runaway (Bræck PhD, 2007; Bræck and Podladchikov, 2007; Bræck et al. 2008 submitted). The Corsica field work co-seismic melting may be very common (generally applicable) in intermediate to deep earthquakes, whereas the laboratory and theoretical work has revealed processes that are now being applied to specific natu-ral faults (see geodynamics section and our future work on San Andreas Fault samples).

We are continuing a multi-faceted approach to individual yet complementary projects and below we present three current research projects: Force chains in granular systems; Non-hy-drostatic compaction and decompaction; and Hierarchical fracturing during serpentinisation.

C. Localisation processes

1. Force chains in granular systemsIntroduction

Scientific problemActive faults often contain distinct accumulations of granular wear material. During shear, this granular material accommo-dates stress and strain in a heterogeneous manner that may influence fault stability. Contact forces between neighbouring particles are organized into so-called force chains that carry higher than average forces. The development, persistence and failure of such force chains is an important phenomenon in studies of granular materials and may have direct relevance for understanding the internal behaviour of geological faults.

Approach and resultsWe have visualized the nature of contact force distributions during shear of a granular material using 3D discrete numeri-cal simulations. Our models consist of granular layers subject-ed to normal loading and direct shear, where fault gouge par-ticles are simulated by individual spheres interacting at points of contact according to simple laws. During shear, we observe the transient microscopic processes and resulting macroscop-ic mechanical behavior that emerge from interactions of thou-sands of particles. We track particle translations and contact forces to determine the nature of internal stress accommoda-tion with accumulated slip for different initial configurations. Our results highlight the prevalence of transient directed contact force networks that preferentially transmit enhanced stresses across our granular layers (Figure C1). We demon-strate that particle size distribution (psd) controls the nature of the force networks. Models having a narrow (i.e. relatively uniform) psd exhibit discrete pipe-like force clusters with a dominant and focussed orientation oblique to, but in the plane of shear (Figure C2). Wider psd models (e.g. power law size distributions D=2.6) also show a directed contact force net-work oblique to shear but enjoy a wider range of orientations and show more out-of-plane linkages perpendicular to shear. Macroscopic friction level is insensitive to these distinct force network morphologies, but force network evolution appears to be linked to fluctuations in macroscopic friction.

Our results are consistent with predictions, based on recent laboratory observations, that force network morphologies are sensitive to grain characteristics such as particle size distri-bution of a sheared granular layer. They also agree with in-terpretations of coherent rupture from new acoustic emission monitoring experiments. Our new work focuses on the quanti-tative characterization of force networks developing our mod-


Figure C1 (left). Contact forces plotted for a gaussian particle size distribution model run (tn045) after 100% strain. The width and shading of contact force cylinders are proportional to the magnitude of total contact force (in Newtons) acting between adjacent particles. The length of the cylinders represents the particle-particle centers.

Figure C2 (right). Contact force orientations weighted by force magnitude are presented as polar histograms for a Gaussian psd model (black) and a power law D=2.6 model (grey) after 100% shear strain. Forces greater than and less than mean force are shown.


1. Force chains in granular systems

els. Our numerical approach offers the potential in future to investigate correlations between contact force geometry, evo-lution and resulting macroscopic friction, thus allowing us to explore ideas that heterogeneous force distributions in gouge material may exert an important control on fault stability and hence the seismic potential of active faults.

ReferencesMair, K., Hazzard, J.F. 2007. Nature of stress accom-

modation in sheared granular material: Insights from 3D numerical modelling. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 259, 469-485.

Mair, K., Abe, S. 3D numerical simulations of fault gouge evolution during shear: Grain size reduction and strain localization. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, (submitted 2008)

Mair, K., Marone, C., Young, R.P. 2007. Rate dependence of acoustic emissions generated during shear of simulated fault gouge, Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 97 no. 6, 1841-1849.


Scientific problemPorous rocks compact or dilate in re-sponse to changes in applied stress fields or pore pressure. Since porous sedimentary rocks occur in many geo-logical settings, as well as being com-mon hydrocarbon reservoir rocks, an understanding of their porosity evolu-tion and failure mechanisms under dif-ferent stress conditions is paramount. The analysis of porosity collapse and generation requires a fundamental un-derstanding of the inelastic behaviour and failure mode of porous media. This depends on micro-structural character-istics (such as size, shape and orienta-tion of grains, inclusions, pores, and cracks) as well as the mechanical prop-erties of the constituents.

One way to investigate compaction and decompaction is by a microme-chanical approach. Spherical models, which consider (as a representative volume element) a hollow sphere sub-jected to homogeneous tractions on the outer boundaries, have success-fully predicted the volumetric compac-tion of porous rocks and metals under hydrostatic pressure for a wide range of porosities. However, the real stress state in geological settings is generally non-hydrostatic and the presence of shear stress tends to enhance compac-tion and decompaction so a model that addresses non-hydrostatic (deviatoric) loading is essential.

Figure C3. Model of a representative microvolume of a porous medium. The white area is the zone of the plastic deformation development. The dark area is the pore

Approach and resultsWe have recently developed a microme-chanical model of pore compaction and de-compaction under non-hydrostatic loading conditions. As a representative volume ele-ment we choose a hollow cylindrical pore in an infinite medium where remote (non-hydrostatic) stresses induce local stress con-centrations near the pore (Figure C3). At some critical remote stress, a plastic zone develops around the hole. Analytical solu-tions for the plastic and elastic zones are derived and compared with numerical solu-tions. We show that the compaction rate is controlled by pore geometry, with cylindri-cal cavities collapsing faster than spherical ones. Far-field shear stress clearly affects the compaction relation – with volume strain being proportional to the square of the shear stress. Importantly pore compaction and de-compaction are different (Figure C4), high-lighting a strong dependence on the sign of the loading.

ReferencesYarushina V.M., Podladchikov Y.Y.

2007. The effect of nonhydrostaticity on elastoplastic compaction and decompaction. Izvestiya, Physics of the Solid Earth, 43, 67 - 74.

2. Non-hydrostatic compaction and decompaction


Figure C4. In terms of porosity evolution: Cylindrical versus spherical cavities are distinct (top). Pore compaction and decompaction curves also show clear difference, highlighting the strong dependence on sign of loading.


Figure C6 (Left) Geometric model of fracturing. (Right) Fracture data from field observations of orthopyroxenite dyke indicating statistical fit of ‘top hat’ model.

Scientific problemHydration of rocks is often intimately associated with per-vasive fracturing. Large scale fracture is generally controlled by tectonic processes, however, it has been demonstrated that volume changes associated with hydration reactions may drive enhanced fracturing and assist fluid infiltration. Such processes may be particularly important in low perme-ability rocks. Progressive hydration will result in an evolv-ing stress field that leads to a sequence of fracturing events that may be discernible from characteristic fracture pattern in the field. We have recently investigated these processes by a combined field and modeling approach.

Approach and resultsWe have characterised fracture patterns developed in ser-pentinized ultramafic rocks of the Leka Ophiolite complex (Norway). Fractures in orthopyroxene dykes generally adopt a polygonal structure (comprised of 4 sided domains and T-junctions) that is typical of hierarchical fracturing (Figure C5). This indicates that fracturing is progressive, successively dividing rock into smaller and smaller domains. This fracturing process is thought to be driven by volume changes associated with serpentinisation of dunite.


We have developed a simple fragmentation model (Figure C6) where domains divide according to a ‘top hat’ distribution of new fractures that is consistent with both the statistical char-acteristics of the fracture patterns (Figure C6) we measure, and with the sequence of events that lead to their formation. We have demonstrated that hydration-produced stress leads to hierarchical fracturing at an ever-accelerating rate. In ad-dition to producing hierarchical fracture patterns, it may be responsible for other structures common in ultramafic rocks such as mesh textures and abundant rectangular domains ob-served on a wide range of scales. Importantly, this mechanism may also provide first-order controls on fluid migration in a range of geological settings.

ReferencesIyer, K., Jamtveit, B., Mathiesen, J., Malthe-Sørenssen, A.,

Feder, J. (2008) Reaction-assisted hierarchical fractur-ing during serpentinization. Earth and Planetary Sci-ence Letters, (in press)

Malthe-Sørenssen, A., Jamtveit, B., Meakin, P., (2006), Fracture patterns generated by diffusion-controlled volume changing reactions. Phys. Rev. Letters, 96, art no. 245501

Iyer, K. (2007) Mechanisms of serpentinization and some geochemical effects, PhD Thesis, PGP, University of Oslo.

�. Hierarchical fracturing during serpentinization

Figure C5. Polygonal fracture pattern formed in an orthopyroxene dyke in a dunite matrix. Fracturing is caused by expansion of the dunite during hydration (serpentinization).


In addition to the projects described above, work is ongoing in: spontaneous localization and shear heating, geochemistry and modeling of metasomatism in Ultra High Pressure rocks; classification of deformation bands in sandstones; stick slip; thermal imaging and roughness development of faults.

ReferencesAndersen, T.B., Mair, K., Austrheim, H., Podladchikov,

Y.Y., and Vrijmoed, J.C., The strength of upper mantle peridotite measured from ultramafic pseudotachylytes, Geology (submitted).

Bræck, S., and Podladchikov, Y.Y., (2007) Spontaneous thermal runaway as an ultimate failure mechanism of materials. Physical Review Letters DOI: 10.1103/Phys-RevLett.98.095504.

Bræck, S. (2007) Mechanical failure of viscoelastic solids by self-localising thermal runaway. PhD Thesis, PGP, University of Oslo.

Bjørk, T.E., Mair, K., and Austrheim H. Quantifying fault rocks and deformation: advantages of combining grain size, shape and phase differentiation. Journal of Struc-tural Geology (submitted).

Vrijmoed, J. C. Smith, D. C. van Roermund, H. L. M. Ra-man Confirmation of Microdiamond in the Svartberget Fe-Ti type garnet peridotite, Western Gneiss Region, Western Norway. Terra Nova (submitted).

Fossen, H., Schultz, R.A., Shipton, Z.K., and Mair, K. (2007) Deformation bands in sandstone - a review, Journal of the Geological Society, 164, 755-769.

Voisin, C., Renard, F., and Grasso, J.-R. (2007). Long term friction: from stick-slip to stable sliding. Geo-physical Research Letters, 34, L13301, doi:10.1029/2007GL029715.

D. Microstructures

IntroductionAdditional projects


The goal of PGP for the second five year period is to per-form multi-physics and multi-scale research. At the heart of this efficient numerical models are required that are capable of investigating the desired physics across many scales. There-fore substantial code development must be performed and a large part of the 2007 activities of the microstructures group has been invested in the development of efficient numerical models to deal with computationally challenging problems. As a result we have a set of powerful two- and three-dimen-sional models that are capable of outperforming commercial and academic competitors (see section on Computing, and papers by Dabrowski et al., 2008; Dabrowski et al., submit-ted; Krotkiewski et al., submitted). However, in 2007 our re-search on mineral exsolution (Kuhl and Schmid, 2007), clasts in shear zones (see below, Marques et al., 2007) and boudi-nage (Schmalholz et al., 2008) have been published and the study of mechanical closure finalized (Milke et al., submitted; Schmid et al., submitted). Our current research focuses on the behavior and effective properties of deforming polyphase ag-gregates (e.g., Dabrowski and Schmid, in prep.; Jettestuen et al., in prep). In the three projects discussed in detail below we show the effect on the pattern formation in deforming rocks, how supercomputing and three dimensional modeling leads to new tools for the interpretation of natural rocks, and how theoretical inclusion models can be used to infer how shear zones work.

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D. Microstructures

1. Structure Development around a Rigid Circular Inclusion in an Anisotropic Host Subject to Simple Shear

MotivationMost geological materials are heterogeneous, with the hetero-geneities ranging from sub-grain to kilometer scales. Prefer-entially oriented crystal lattices of rock-forming minerals may give rise to an overall anisotropy, but this effect may be equally well related to shape alignment of its heterogeneous constitu-ents or ultimately layering. The relation between heterogeneity and anisotropy has been quantified by Fletcher (2004). While material heterogeneity is often considered, material anisotropy is perhaps the most overlooked material property when pat-terns are studied that resulted from the deformation of rocks. Material anisotropy is difficult to control in laboratory experi-ments and is not easy to deal with in numerical experiments. The orientation of the anisotropy must be tracked in finite strain experiments and the development of internal instabili-ties requires high numerical resolution. Interaction between heterogeneities and material anisotropy is frequently observed in geological systems but even less studied than the effects of anisotropy alone.

We study the end-member case of a rigid circular inclusion in simple shear as a function of matrix anisotropy. The initial stages where the trace of the matrix anisotropy is undisturbed are analyzed with an analytical solution. This is not possible for the finite-strain evolution due to the heterogeneous evolu-tion of the anisotropy structure of the matrix and we address these stages with a finite element method (FEM) model. In particular we investigate i) the flow evolution in the matrix as a function of anisotropy, ii) the motion of the inclusion, iii) the development of structures in the anisotropic matrix, and iv) the correspondence between explicitly layered matrix material and homogenously anisotropic material.

The analytically derived intensity of the velocity perturbation around a rigid circular inclusion in an anisotropic matrix is shown in Figure D1. The anisotropy factor is defined as the

Figure D1. Velocity perturbation magnitude around a rigid circular inclusion embedded in an infinite homogenous anisotropic host and subjected to simple shear with unit rate at infinity. Anisotropy factors 2(a), 10(b) and 100(c), respectively.

PGP Annual Report 2007PGP Annual Report 2007�1

ratio between normal and shear viscosity. The weakly aniso-tropic case (a) is very close to the isotropic case; the perturba-tion is restricted to the area in the vicinity of the inclusion and the outreach is limited to approximately one inclusion diam-eter. For larger anisotropy factors the perturbation fields reach further into the matrix and focus in the weak directions of the matrix material. Hence, inclusions embedded in anisotro-pic material feel the presence of boundaries and neighboring heterogeneities over larger distances than the corresponding isotropic case.

The structural development in the anisotropic matrix around a rigid inclusion is shown in Figure D2 for a shear strain of magnitude 5. The anisotropy factor 2 case is very similar to the isotropic case. The inclusion appears as strongly rotated and a distinct band of tightly folded markers exist, which is predominately inclined at 20 degrees to the shear plane. For stronger anisotropy (10) the matrix structure becomes more angular and a second, weaker band of folds is present. The maximum fold amplitude is reduced but the perturbation pen-etrates deeper into the host. The orientation of the main de-formation band is slightly steeper. For anisotropy factor 100, strong inhibition of the inclusion rotation is observed. Fold

amplitudes are markedly reduced and the previous deforma-tion bands are hardly recognizable. In the sector between ca. 40 and 80 degrees to the shear plane marker deflections be-come ubiquitous and the localization is effectively pervasive. The evolution of the inclusion rotation rate is shown in Figure D3. It is characterized by a decreasing trend for the studied strain range in all analyzed cases. The deviation from the ho-mogenous isotropic case increases with increasing anisotropy and already for a factor 10 the inclusion effectively stagnates after a shear strain of magnitude 2. It is worth noticing that an even antithetic motion is developed in the explicitly layered case corresponding to the anisotropy factor 100. An impact of the finite thickness layering on the inclusion rotation rate is noticeable but not substantial. The rotation rate curves have been integrated in order to inspect the overall rotation of an inclusion at the end of the simulations. In an isotropic host the expected rotation of the inclusion would be 145° after a shear strain of magnitude 5; the results for the anisotropic host are 100°, 50° and 20° for the studied anisotropy factors of 2, 10 and 100, respectively.

Figure D2. Matrix structures after simple shear deformation of magnitude 5. Small portion of the actual models is displayed. Anisotropy factor is 2, 10, and 100 from left to right.

D. Microstructures


D. Microstructures

Figure D3. Rotation rate of the inclusion for the anisotropic and layered host cases. The results are presented for (effective) anisotropy factors of 2 (a), 10 (b) and 100 (c). The numbers in the legend correspond to the actual number of layers across the inclusion.

ConclusionsWithin the scope of this annual report only a small fraction of the obtained analytical and numerical results can be presented. The most important finding is that we can show that matrix anisotropy has a first order effect on the motion of a rigid het-erogeneity subject to shear and the development of structures around it. Already an anisotropy factor of 2 is sufficient to substantially decrease the total rotation of a rigid circular in-clusion. Further increase in the strength of anisotropy leads to an effective cease of rotation once a shear strain of magnitude 2 is reached. Cross-cutting markers are consequently mark-edly less deflected in the direct vicinity of the inclusion, giving the impression of smaller accumulated strain. Expectedly, box folds and kink bands develop around the inclusion. The range of the perturbation flow increases with increasing anisotropy but the amplitude is reduced. For strong anisotropy factors the distinct zones of localized deformation disappear because of pervasive internal instability with vanishing amplitudes.

The increased perturbation flow range leads to a stronger sensitivity to the applied boundary conditions. Already in the initial stage of a homogenously anisotropic matrix with factor 100, the rotation rate of the inclusion is reduced by more than 10 percent even when the inclusion diameter is only 1/20 of the shear zone width. Explicit layering intensifies this effect.

The major effect of explicit layering on structural development is the reduction of the perturbation range. In the coarse limit the formation of the band forming isoclinal recumbent folds is prevented and open folds result instead. These may in sub-sequent stages be advected away from the inclusion and ap-pear as rootless structures. These and related effects such as competent layer thickening and deformation localization in weak layers cannot be predicted in the frame of the up-scaling anisotropic approach. However, in the limit of thin layering the effective anisotropy provides a robust representation of a layered medium and the discrepancies between the two ap-proaches vanish with decreasing viscosity ratio of layer ma-terials.

Field studies that look at the behavior of heterogeneities in anisotropic materials should consider the following. In aniso-tropic materials the effects of flow confinement and interac-tion are substantially stronger. Furthermore, inclusion rota-tion, foliation wrapping, and deflection amplitudes may yield severe strain underestimations when natural structures are interpreted without the effects of anisotropy taken into ac-count.

1. Structure Development around a Rigid Circular Inclusion in an Anisotropic Host Subject to Simple Shear

PGP Annual Report 2007PGP Annual Report 2007��

Figure D4. Performance results in GFLOPS obtained by the BILAMIN implementation of the MINRES solver for systems with approximately 3’000’000 degrees of freedom per CPU. Code benchmarks were performed on an InfiniBand connected Opteron cluster located at the University of Minnesota, Minneapolis (1192 CPUs). Each node of the cluster consists of two dual-core CPUs and 8 GB of DDR2/666MHz RAM.

MotivationThe three dimensional (3D) equivalent to MILAMIN is ten-tatively called BILAMIN – a FEM code for unstructured meshed and strong material heterogeneities that is capable of solving for one billion unknowns in one minute. The develop-ment of BILAMIN is much more intricate than the one of MILAMIN and requires the collaboration of earth, numerical, and computer scientists. Together with CMA (Centre of Math-ematics for Applications, a Norwegian Centre of Excellence, Oslo) and SINTEF (Oslo) we have started a related project called “Giga-Point, Giga-Flop flow calculations on unstruc-tured and structured grids: upscaling versus resolving” within which Marcin Krotkiewski does his PhD research.

Under the hoodThe prototype of BILAMIN is developed to solve incompress-ible Stokes flow problems. BILAMIN is a Lagrangian finite el-ement code that employs a mixed velocity-pressure approach. In order to solve large systems of equations that arise in mod-eling of 3D problems, it is crucial to employ an iterative meth-od, as memory and time requirements of direct solvers become unrealistic for large systems. We employ the minimum residual iterative method and are thus able to directly operate on the symmetric indefinite system resulting from the discretization of incompressible Stokes flow equations. In order to acceler-ate the convergence we use a block preconditioning approach for this saddle point problem. The unstructured, geometry-adapted meshes are generated by T3D, a tetrahedron mesh generator developed by D. Rypl with whom we have estab-lished collaboration. Our implementation is memory efficient, as we do not explicitly create the connectivity arrays, but only the non-zero structure. Symbolic structure preparation, ma-trix computation, and matrix assembly are fully parallel in terms of computations and memory usage. Communication between the processes is implemented over the message pass-ing interface (MPI). The system of linear equations is explicitly constructed in order to speed up the iterative solver. Reverse Cuthill-McKee (RCM) reordering is used in order to gain best per-CPU cache reuse and at the same time decent inter-CPU data exchange during sparse matrix-vector product. We have tested BILAMIN on large clusters and successfully solved sys-tems with more than 100 000 000 degrees of freedom and meshes consisting of 26 000 000 nodes (6 000 000 elements). See Figure D4 for performance scaling. The efficiency on 1000 CPUs is around 65% starting from a close to optimal sequen-tial implementation.

Application Example: �D FoldingBILAMIN has already been used in our current pattern re-search and an example is 3D folding. Folds on all scales from millimetres to kilometres may be the result of the mechanical instability that arises when a mechanically stratified system is subjected to layer-parallel compression. While the resulting fold patterns are three-dimensional, their geometries are often simplified by assuming that there is no shape variation in the third dimension. An example of our results is shown in Figure D5 and a classification of the patterns as a function of loading conditions is given in Figure D6.

ConclusionsWith our research we are able to classify fold pattern forma-tion in 3D. Combined with the existing framework of folding research we are able to propose measures for far-field loading, mechanical properties, and strain. Hence we are able to add an important quantitative tool for the interpretation of fold patterns, which is relevant for earth science but also, amongst others, engineering and material science. Many more appli-cations can be studied with BILAMIN. However, substantial investment must be made to reach the goal of BILAMIN to be the 3D equivalent of MILAMIN in terms of ease of use, capabilities, and performance.

2. BILAMIN: Applied to �D Folding

D. Microstructures

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D. Microstructures

Figure D5. Example of pattern formation in a highly viscous layer overlaying a less viscous matrix subjected to lateral loading only.

Figure D6. Fold patterns developed out of the same initial perturbation (a) for different loading conditions (b-d) given for the same shortening in x-direction (30%). Spectra show averaged 1D Fourier analyses in x and y direction. b)

1.25, 0.25xx yye e= − = +& &, c)

1.00, 0.00xx yye e= − =& &, d)

0.75, 0.25xx yye e= − = −& &, e)

0.50, 0.50xx yye e= − = −& &.


D. Microstructures

�. Quantification of Flow in Shear Zones in Western Norway

MotivationOver the last few years a number of theoretical models have been proposed that should potentially yield quantitative mea-sures of the type and amount of deformation in shear zones. Since shear zones are important in the understanding of re-gional geology these models are, if applicable, important in the interpretation of geological history. However, most work was either theoretical or experimental while real case studies were lacking. We therefore decided to study one of the major shear zones: the Nordfjord-Sogn Detachment Zone (NSDZ) of the Caledonides of Western Norway (Figure D7).

The NSDZ constitutes a system of large-scale ductile exten-sional shear zones with cumulative top-to-the-west displace-ments in the order of 50-100 km. The NSDZ brings lower pres-sure Caledonian nappes and overlying sediments of Devonian supra-detachment basins in the hanging wall on top of late Caledonian high- (HP) and ultra-high-pressure (UHP) rocks of the Western Gneiss Complex (WGC) in the footwall. The footwall is mainly characterized by Middle Proterozoic conti-nental ortho- and paragneisses, which experienced burial to HP and UHP metamorphic conditions during terminal stages

Figure 1, Johnston et al.

0 km

15 km

A B

0 km

15 km

Solund Kvamshesten Hornelen

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10 20no vertical exaggeration

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B100 km

SolundBasin

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SorøyaneUHP province

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province

late, low-angle brittle–ductile detachments and steep E-W striking oblique-slip faultstop-W mylonites

pre-mylonitic, thrust or mantle-exhumation relatedjuxtaposition of tectonostratigraphic units

structures & metamorphic breaks within the NSDZ

footwall penetrative foliation and symmetric shearfabrics

Devonian basinsUpper AllochthonLower & Middle AllochthonWestern Gneiss ComplexUHP Western Gneiss Complex

tectonostratigraphy

Håsteinen

Leirvik

Sandane

Nordfjord Mylonitic Shear Zone

Nor

dfjo

rd– Sogn

Detach

men

tZo

ne

Figure D7. Regional map and extension-perpendicular cross section displaying tectonostratigraphic relationships and structural styles associated with the Nordfjord–Sogn Detachment Zone.


D. Microstructures

of the Caledonian continental collision in the latest Silurian to Lower Devonian. The structurally deepest level rocks exposed in the Caledonides occur in the footwall of the NSDZ and comprise coesite and non-coesite bearing as well as diamond-bearing felsic gneisses and peridotites. The (U)HP rocks of the WGC underwent rapid decompression and structural exhu-mation starting at ca ~410Ma and continuing throughout the Devonian.

The mylonites along the NSDZ were formed by regional ex-tension with top-to-the-west sense of shear and form an up to 5 km thick zone developed in rocks from both the WGC and the Caledonian nappes. Some segments of the NSDZ mylo-nites are capped or truncated by brittle normal- to oblique-slip faults representing Permian and Mesozoic reactivation, along which the extensional mylonites are partly excised.

Figure D8. Photograph from Site 2 near Sandane showing typical Augen gneiss developed from megacrystic Precambrian granulite facies gneiss, which commonly occurs in the Caledonian nappes as well as within the WGC.

Figure D9. σ-clast indicating top-to-the-left shear sense.


Deformation QuantificationIn order to quantify deformation in the NSDZ by fabric analy-ses, we selected 3 locations within the mylonites: Site 1 at Gjervika on Atløy within low-grade, greenschist facies phyl-lonitic rocks near the top of the NSDZ; Site 2 taken to repre-sent typical mylonitic augen gneisses in the detachment zone which reactivated the original thrust surface separating the nappes and the WGC at Sandane in Nordfjord; and Site 3 at Biskjelneset in a mylonite zone within the WGC near the coesite-bearing eclogite at Verpeneset in Nordfjord.

Typical photographs of the rocks in the NSDZ are shown in Figures D8 and D9. A comparison of the field data for Gjervi-ka with previously published models is shown in Figure D10. The analysis of the structures from the three different outcrops leads to the following findings:

1. Comparison with theoretical and experimental model-ing suggests that the studied mylonites at high structural levels of the NSDZ at Gjervika have undergone simple shear, acting upon rigid inclusions in slipping contact with the enclosing matrix.

2. The observed fabric at intermediate structural levels of the NSDZ at Sandane can be produced by simple shear associated with a significant amount of shortening normal to the shear plane, acting upon rigid inclusions. Part of the inclusion population is perfectly welded while the other is in slipping contact with the enclosing matrix.

3. The observed back rotation of boudins at deep levels of the NSDZ at Biskjelneset can be explained by confined flow associated with a significant component of short-ening across the shear plane.

Figure D10. Aspect ratio vs. inclination from Gjervika, Site 1. The field data is fitted with a power-law and compared to the ice experiments of Marques and Bose (2004), the equivalent void derived by Schmid and Podladchikov (2004), and the transtension case of combined pure and simple shear (Ghosh and Ramberg, 1976).

D. Microstructures


ConclusionsWe have shown that systematic use of inclusion models can give quantitative results and insights in regions where other quantitative analysis or measurements cannot easily be ap-plied. The present study shows that the exhumation along the NSDZ was not only a result of large-scale simple shear, but that flattening across the shear plane was also significant in the deepest parts of the detachment zone and can be measured to be quantified. The present study suggests an overall increase of the pure shear component with depth in the NSDZ. This shortening component across the NSDZ mylonites adds to the exhumation of the HP/UHP in the footwall and confirms the regional interpretation by Andersen and Jamtveit (1990) who stated that there is a substantial flattening component in the lower parts of the NSDZ. The correspondence between these results from outcrop and regional studies strengthens the qual-ity of the findings and is a field example of the importance of the multi-scale approach taken by PGP. Furthermore this study demonstrates the usefulness of quantitative numerical models that are employed here to decipher the information contained in deformed rocks.

Cited ReferencesAndersen, T.B. and Jamtveit, B. 1990. Uplift of Deep

Crust during Orogenic Extensional Collapse - a Model Based on Field Studies in the Sogn-Sunnfjord Region of Western Norway. Tectonics, 9(5): 1097-1111.

Dabrowski, M., Krotkiewski, M. and Schmid, D.W. 2008. MILAMIN: MATLAB-based FEM solver for large problems. Geochemistry, Geophysics, and Geosystems (in press).

Dabrowski, M. and Schmid, D.W. Effective material prop-erties of sheared polyphase aggregates (in prep).

Dabrowski, M., Schmid, D.W. and Krotkiewski, M. (2008) Evolution of large amplitude 3D fold patterns: a FEM study. Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interi-ors (in press).

Fletcher, R.C. 2004. Anisotropic viscosity of a dispersion of aligned elliptical cylindrical clasts in viscous matrix. Journal of Structural Geology, 26(11), 1977-1987.

Ghosh, S.K. and Ramberg, H., 1976. Reorientation of inclusions by combination of pure shear and simple shear. Tectonophysics, 34(1-2), 1-70.

Jettestuen, E., Dabrowski, M. and Schmid, D.W. Numeri-cal investigations of particle suspensions: direct FEM versus Stokesian dynamics (in prep).

Krotkiewski, M., Dabrowski, M. and Podladchikov, Y.Y. Fractional Steps Methods for Transient Problems on Com-modity Computer Architectures. Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors (submitted).

Kuhl, E. and Schmid, D.W. 2007. Computational model-ing of mineral unmixing and growth - An application of the Cahn-Hilliard equation. Computational Mechanics, 39, 439-451.

Marques, F.O. and Bose, S. 2004. Influence of a perma-nent low-friction boundary on rotation and flow in rigid inclusion/viscous matrix systems from an ana-logue perspective. Tectonophysics, 382(3-4), 229-245.

Marques, F.O., Schmid, D.W. and Andersen, T.B. 2007. Applications of inclusion behaviour models to a major shear zone system: The Nordfjord-Sogn Detachment Zone in western Norway. Journal of Structural Geol-ogy, 29(10), 1622-1631.

Milke, R. et al., submitted. Matrix rheology effects on re-action rim growth I: evidence from orthopyroxene rim growth experiments. Contributions to Mineralogy and Geology (submitted).

Schmalholz, S.M., Schmid, D.W. and Fletcher, R.C., 2008. Evolution of pinch-and-swel structures in a power-law layer. Journal of Structural Geology (in press).

Schmid, D.W., Abart, R., Podladchikov, Y.Y. and Milke, R. Matrix rheology effects on reaction rim growth II: coupled diffusion and creep model. Earth and Plan-etary Science Letters (submitted).

Schmid, D.W. and Podladchikov, Y.Y. 2004. Are isolated stable rigid clasts in shear zones equivalent to voids? Tectonophysics, 384(1-4), 233-242.

�. Quantification of Flow in Shear Zones in Western Norway

D. Microstructures


E. Interface processes group

1. Formation of stylolites

Scientific problemStylolites are rough quasi-planar structures that are common in a variety of sedimentary rocks. The intriguing geometry of stylolites has attracted the attention of geologists for many years, and spectacular examples can be seen in the architec-tural stone in many public buildings. Stylolites may also have an important impact on fluid flow in carbonate oil reservoirs, and the processes responsible for stylolite growth may have a substantial impact on the rheology of the Earth’s crust. They are believed to be formed by a pressure-solution process dur-ing the compaction of sediment, and they are often described as pressure-solution seams. The geometry of stylolites is quite variable. They may resemble fractures, and this has led to the idea that they are stress-corrosion anticracks. However, many stylolites are highly interdigitated, and in cross-section they often appear to be a series of alternating, interpenetrating col-umns that form sutures in the rock strata. Very often, insoluble residual mineral particles accumulate in the stylolite, and this supports the idea that large quantities of soluble minerals are dissolved in the stylolite and reprecipitate in the surrounding porous rock. While there is general agreement that stylolites are formed by dissolution, the details of their formation is still controversial. Based on our extensive experience with both compaction and dissolution processes we have recently initi-ated an effort to theoretically and numerically model stylolites and to reproduce them experimentally in the laboratory. The objective of this work is to obtain a better understanding of stylolite formation and discriminate between competing hy-potheses.

Approach and resultsIn sedimentary rocks and other porous materials local stress variations typically promote morphological changes via dis-solution in regions of high stress (high chemical potential), transport through the fluid saturated pore space and precipi-tation in regions of low stress. This phenomenon is known as pressure solution or chemical compaction. This process is often accompanied by the growth of stylolites.

The formation of irregular interfaces is a well known phenom-enon in multiphase solid-liquid systems under stress. We re-cently proposed a solid-solid phase transformation model for a roughening instability of the interface between two porous materials with different porosities under normal compression stresses. The instability occurs because of a finite difference in

Figure E1. Basic setup of the model for a moving interface between two elastic solid phases, characterized by different Young’s moduli (E2 > E1) and Poisson’s ratios υ1 , υ2 . The interface boundary propagates with a normal velocity Vn , when the solids are subjected to uniform far-field compressional stresses σ0 in the vertical direction.

Introduction

In 2007 the research in the Interface Processes Group in 2007 focused on three problems: 1) Processes at interfaces loaded by far-field stress, 2) Processes at interfaces where stresses are generated by volume-changing reactions, and 3) Pattern-formation during precipitation in systems with open channel flow. These problems apply to a variety of geological systems as described below.

Vnn

Solid 1

Solid 2

σ0

σ0



the free energy density across the interface. The instability re-sults in the formation of fingers – structures that extend from the surface in a direction aligned with the principal direction of compaction.

We consider the material to be elastic and separated by a con-tinuous interface into two regions with different porosities (Figure E1). The elastic parameters of the materials are related to their porosities, and a finite difference in porosities across the interface, results in a finite jump in elastic energy densi-ties, which drives the motion of the interface. Our descrip-tion leads to a model in which the surface normal velocity is a linear function of the driving force, which depends on the the bulk and surface contributions to the free energy. While the problem is easy to formulate, it is challenging to solve nu-merically. We used a Galerkin finite element discretization of the elastostatic equations describing the stress fields and the phase boundary was captured using a level-set method.

This model predicts an instability of the interface under com-pressive stress (Figure E2). The roughening of the interface occurs at a characteristic time that depends on the external stress, and a larger difference in the elastic properties of the two phases shortens the roughening time. This allows the roughening time to be estimated as a function of burial depth in sedimentary basins.

While this model captures some of the features observed in natural systems and provides a basis for future research, a wide range of important questions remain open. These include:

• What is the impact of heterogeneity on the geometry of stylolites?

• What role, if any, do insoluble mineral particles such as clay minerals play in the kinetics of stylolite growth and the resulting stylolite geometries?

• How well do two-dimensional models represent the formation of three-dimensional stylolites?

• How do multiple stylolites grow and interact?• Which aspects of stylolite growth and geometry are

universal and which depend on details such as miner-alogy, burial depth/time history and other details?

We will investigate these and other outstanding questions us-ing a combination of more sophisticated computer simula-tions, laboratory experiments and field investigations.

ReferencesAngheluta, L., Jettestuen, E., Mathiesen, J., Renard, F.,

Jamtveit, B. 2008 Stress-driven phase transformation and the roughening of solid-solid interfaces. Physical Review Letters, 100, 096105

Figure E2. Map of the logarithm of the elastic energy in the solids during the roughening process, with E1 = 10 GPa, E2 = 60 GPa, υ1 = υ2 = 0.3, and σ0 = 0.05 MPa. Lower panel: initial h(x) at t = 0. Upper panel: interface at a later stage of roughening.



2. Mechano-chemical replacement processes

Scientific problemThe transformation of rocks from one state to another is often driven by fluid infiltration, and the dynamics of these transfor-mation processes can often be described in terms of a ‘reaction front’ that propagates into the unaltered material. The chemi-cal composition and mineralogy change from those associ-ated with unaltered rock to those associated with completely transformed material across the interface. Both mechanical and chemical processes contribute to the structure and dy-namics. The widths of reaction fronts may range from atomic scales to scales much larger than the size of a mineral grain, and these reaction fronts can be described by sharp interface or diffuse interface models depending on the physicochemi-cal details and the scale of observation. In some cases, the reaction front may consist of multiple well-defined or poorly-defined defined zones. Reactive transport in porous media has been quite extensively investigated, but so far this work has focused only on the hydrodynamic and chemical aspects of reaction front behavior. This is clearly not adequate for the alteration of rocks with very low porosities and permeabilities, or reactions associated with large changes in solid volume. We have therefore developed models that address the mechano-chemical coupling during such processes: Fluid-initiated reac-tion processes lead to changes in the local stresses that induce fracturing of the rock matrix. As a result, fluids gain access to the rock matrix through the newly generated fractures. This strongly coupled process has a first-order impact on transfor-mation rates and also on the geometries of reaction fronts. We are applying this theoretical approach, combined with field and laboratory experiments, to address weathering, one of the most important processes associated with reactive transport.

Modelling approaches We have recently developed a model for fracturing-accelerated reaction front dynamics. For the case of diffusion-controlled volume changing processes, which include devolatilization re-actions, drying, or cooling under appropriate conditions, we have previously shown that the reaction front moves with a constant speed and maintains a constant width (Malthe-Sø-renssen et al., 2006).

We have now extended this modelling approach to address more general diffusion-reaction processes. The reaction may lead to a volume change: a decrease in volume for shrinkage processes such as drying and eclogitization, or an increase in volume for many weathering reactions.

We have applied this model to study how local (inhomoge-neous) expansion processes may lead to porosity formation

and accelerated fluid infiltration (Jamtveit et al, 2007) by a percolation process between expanding grains in an essential-ly unaltered matrix, as shown in Figure E3. Grain-grain inter-actions during the expansion process leads to the preferential formation of fractures between grains due to stress concentra-tions (Figure E3). These fractures rapidly evolve into channels that enable fluid transport between the reacting grains.

A particularly interesting volume-increasing processes is as-sociated with sphereoidal weathering. We have developed theoretical and numerical models that demonstrate how local volume-increasing reactions may produce a large-scale hierar-chical fracture pattern, and how this hierarchical process has a first-order impact on weathering rates. Recent developments in the simulation models have resulted in direct simulation of systems with up to five generations of hierarchical fractur-ing, which also provide quantitative estimates for the increase in reaction rates due to the hierarchical fracturing process (Røyne et al., 2008).

We are currently applying the ideas and methods developed for these studies to a wide range of phenomena, including serpentinization processes and replacement reactions (e.g. Jamtveit et al., in prep), where we also observe hierarchical fracturing and accelerated reactions. An area of particular in-terest is to find experimental or geological systems that allow us to test the quantitative predictions of the models against data from real systems, and we will make a significant effort to investigate such systems.

The crossover from hierarchical fracturing to fracturing at a particular scale is particularly clear in the case of drying or cooling fractures, and Joachim Mathiesen and co-workers have recently developed models and theories that allow us to study the transition from non-hiearchical to hierarchical fracturing. We expect to begin publishing the results of these investigations in 2008.

The coupling between volume changing processes, fracturing, fluid flow and diffusion has a very wide range of important implications in fundamental geoscience as well as potential applications in areas such as fossil fuel recovery (particularly unconventional fossil fuel recovery such as the in situ produc-tion of hydrocarbon from organic rich shales and in situ coal gasification). We believe that a cross-disciplinary approach based on closely coordinated laboratory experiments, field investigations and computer simulations will allow PGP to make important contributions to these areas, and this will be a high priority for PGP in the foreseeable future.



Figure E3. (A) Illustration of the simulation model for fracture accelerated rock degradation. The elastic material is modeled by a discrete element network. Concentrations are calculated at each particle position, and the reaction–diffusion equation is solved by summing fluxes along particle contacts. (B) The initial configuration of a simulation, in which olivine grains represented by black polygons are embedded in a plagioclase matrix shown in yellow. The blue grain is initially in contact with a fluid, and the tensile stress field around the blue grain together with the incipient microfractures radiating into the plagioclase matrix due to the reaction induced volume increase are shown. (C, D) Snapshots of the simulation at two different time-steps illustrating the progress of the reaction. The blue and white polygons indicate un-reacted and reacted olivine grains. Fractures are indicated by white lines. Some of the un-reacted grains are left behind the main reaction front. (E, F) Simulation of the region between three reacting grains with a real grain geometry taken from a thin section (E) shows the (tensile) stress field without any fractures illustrated by a “temperature” scale. (F) shows the fracture pattern and the (tensile) stress field at a late stage in the simulation, when the region contains a large number of fractures. At this resolution, the fractures generated by the simulation model are strongly controlled by the lattice directions in the triangular grid.

ReferencesJamtveit, B., Malthe-Sørenssen, A.

and Kostenko, O. 2008, Reac-tion enhanced permeability during retrogressive metamor-phism. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 267, 620-627.

Jamtveit, B., Putnis, C., Malthe-Sørenssen, A., in prep, Reac-tion induced fracturing during replacement processes, Geology (submitted).

Malthe-Sørenssen, A., Jamt-veit, B., and Meakin, P. 2006, Fracture patterns generated by diffusion-controlled volume changing reactions. Phys. Rev.Letters, 96, art no. 245501.

Røyne, A., Jamtveit, B., Mathie-sen, J., Malthe-Sørenssen, A. Controls on weathering rates by reaction-induced hierarchical fracturing. Science (submitted).



�. Growth of travertine terrace patterns

Scientific problemPGP has conducted an investigation of the growth of traver-tine terracing and related phenomena such as ice terraces and geyserite terraces for several years. This project was brought to a conclusion in 2007. The primary focus has been the pattern formation and self organization in these beautiful and quite common systems. Prior to our work, neither the mechanistic details nor the emergent properties of travertine terracing had been properly understood or modeled.

Approach and resultsOur paper in Earth and Planetary Science Letters (Hammer et al. 2007) demonstrated that a simple model based on the coupling between flow rate and precipitation rate is sufficient to reproduce patterns similar to those seen in nature. Similar work was carried out independently by a group in the United States (Goldenfeld et al.). The work of Goldenfeld et al. will be reported in an upcoming Nature Physics article, which will be accompanied by an introduction by Hammer.

A more detailed two-dimensional model was developed in order to obtain a better understanding of the mechanisms responsible for the correlation between flow rate and pre-cipitation rate (Figure E4). This model includes hydrodynam-ics (described by the Navier-Stokes equation), diffusive and advective transport, calcite precipitation, CO2 degassing and a kinetics model for the complex aqueous carbonate system chemistry. The model parameters were selected to correspond to a laboratory experiment, and excellent agreement between the simulation results and and experimental observation was obtained (Hammer et al. in press). This work demonstrates the importance of advection on chemical transport and precipita-tion, particularly the vertical compression leading to increased concentration gradients during shallowing. In contrast with previous ideas, the model also shows that the effect of flow rates on degassing does not have a dominant effect on pattern formation - at least on smaller scales.

Coupling between flow, solute transport and precipitation and/or dissolution reactions plays an important role in a wide variety of geological pattern formation processes. In addition, these coupled processes can be used in a variety of geotechni-cal applications related to fossil fuel recovery, carbon seques-tration and the remediation of environmental contamination. Although PGP does not plan to conduct further research on travertine geomorphology the theoretical and computational methods developed for this work will be applied in other PGP projects.

ReferencesHammer, Ø., Dysthe, D.K., Jamtveit, B. 2007, The dynam-

ics of travertine dams. Earth Planet Science Letters 26, 258-263

Hammer, Ø., Dysthe, D.K., Lelu, B., Lund, H., Jamtveit, B. 2008, Calcite precipitation instability under laminar, open-channel flow. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta (in press)

Hammer, Ø. 2008, Watch your step. Nature Physics (News and Views) doi:10.1038/nphys915


Figure E6. Some results from the travertine terrace (rimstone) project in 2007. Top left: rimstone from the Troll thermal springs, Svalbard. Top right: simulation results from a simple coupled hydrodynamics-precipitation model (Hammer et al. 2007). Bottom: simulation results from a comprehensive two-dimensional simulation including hydrodynamics, water chemistry and precipitation. The flow is from left to right over a rectangular obstruction (Hammer et al. 2007, and in press).



Computing

IntroductionAlmost all PGP projects use numerical models, whether as the main part of the project or as a complement to field, theory or laboratory studies. Because learning numerical model devel-opment is an integral part of the PGP Master Program, many of the research codes we use are written from scratch by our students and staff members. In all sciences the usage of nu-merical models has become important, but PGP is perhaps unique with respect to the number of self-developed models and codes, the intensity of their usage, and their integration into multidisciplinary projects. While computational activities are often “hidden” in the description of individual projects we now feel that our computational efforts merits a separate sec-tion of this annual report.

HardwareAs stated in the section “Infrastructure and laboratories” PGP employees use more than 150 computers. While these desktop and laptop computers have become more and more powerful they are still insufficient for large scale computations. Three dimensional (3D) models, especially, demand more powerful computational resources. Such resources are basically impos-sible to acquire by a single research institution and PGP staff rely on collaborations to obtain access.

Collaboration takes place on three different levels: local (uni-versity), national, and international. On the university level the most important partner is the “Scientific Computing Group” of USIT “Center for Information Technology Services”. This group runs and develops the local supercomputing facilities, in particular the TITAN cluster. PGP has contributed one large shared memory machine (128Gb RAM, 16 cores) and 14 standard nodes (8Gb RAM, 4 cores) to TITAN. While TI-TAN proves to be an excellent resource for small 3D models and development it does not yield enough CPU hours for the larger projects. Therefore, a number of PGP research projects make use of NOTUR, the umbrella project for High Perfor-mance Computing (HPC) in Norway. NOTUR provides ac-cess to the national computing facilities, spread among the universities at Tromsø, Trondheim, Bergen, and Oslo. As of February 2008 standard NOTUR projects can use up to 1 000 000 CPU hours and large projects even more than that. Appli-cations for the smaller projects are judged by a local evaluation committee those for large projects go through an international

review process. In 2007, the total NOTUR CPU hours used by PGP projects was approximately 1 000 000. In 2008 NO-TUR obtained a 20-fold increase in available national CPU hours, so it is expected that PGP usage will be larger in the future. Computational resources in other countries, the US in particular, are more powerful than those available in Norway. Access to such international resources generally require ac-tive collaborations, but once these are established, access for projects that make efficient use of large parts of the hardware for massively parallel jobs is relatively easy to obtain. PGP research is conducted on computational facilities provided by the Arctic Regional Supercomputing Center, the Australian Computational Earth Systems Simulator, Los Alamos Nation-al Laboratory, the Minnesota Supercomputing Institute, and the National Center for Atmospheric Research.

Numerical ModelsThe numerical models that are used in the research of PGP are mostly developed from scratch. Particular characteristics of geological processes such as complex and strongly vary-ing material properties in space and time, development of strong localization, large strain, multi-physics and multi-scale requirements render commercial software packages not ap-plicable or make their application as much or more tedious than the development from scratch. Software developed in the academic, open-source, or research laboratory communi-ties are more flexible than commercial software packages and have the advantage of a large user base and extensive verifica-tion and validation programs. Such external models are used by PGP researchers. Examples include ESyS_Particle (devel-oped by ESSCC, University of Queensland, Australia), SAGE (developed by Los Alamos National Laboratory and Science Applications International under the auspices of the United States Department of Energy program in Advanced Simula-tion and Computing), and MFIX (developed by the National Energy Technology Laboratory of the United States Depart-ment of Energy). PGP contributes to the pool of numerical models that are available to the research community by releas-ing some of our mature codes. Examples are and LiToastPhere (used in hydrocarbon industry), MILAMIN (milamin.org, used worldwide, discussed below in detail), PAST (folk.uio.no/ohammer/past, thousands of downloads, 184 ISI citations in 2007), and ReactDEM (used at Idaho National Laboratory, Imperial College, University of Lausanne, and University of Mainz; code offspring is part of the “Elle” project), Table 1 (Incomplete) list of numerical models developed at PGP


List of some numerical models developed at PGP

Name Developers Purpose / Method

Align Hammer New statistical methods for detection of lineaments in point patterns.

CBI Schmid et al. 2D and 3D implementation of the Cahn/Hilliard equation to study mineral exsolution.

BILAMIN Krotkiewski et al. 3D deformation model for large strain. Body fitted meshes, finite element method imple-mented for large cluster systems, can solve systems with 200’000’000 unknowns.

GranMaS Nicolaisen 2D Granular Material Simulation. Discrete element code for simulating granular motion combined with fluid diffusion in a porous media.

Kirbestr Rozhko 2D finite difference code to model propagation of fractures driven by filtration of fluid in a porous medium. Darcian filtration of fluid in a medium with a nonlinear poro-elasto-plastic constitutive relationship. Used to study venting.

LiToastPhere Hartz et al. 1D code that models the deformation in a deforming lithosphere. Includes deformation, frictional heat, lithospheric strength, geothermal gradient, tectonic overpressure, min-eral phase transitions, and uplift and subsidence as a result of force, energy and mass balanced thinning or thickening.

MILAMIN Dabrowski et al. 2D general purpose finite element code with body fitted meshes. 1 million unknowns in 1 minute. milamin.org.

None Yarushina 2D elastoplastic finite element code based on incremental solution strategy with adap-tive mesh.

OS_Wave & OS_Flow

Krotkiewski et al. Operator split based 3D methods for wave propagation and fluid flow. Structured grids with billions of unknowns solved in minutes.

PAST Hammer PAlaeontological STatistics. Free, easy-to-use data analysis package originally aimed at paleontology but now also popular in ecology and other fields. folk.uio.no/ohammer/past.

Proshell Medvedev Shell implementation of the finite element method to study the interaction between deformation and surface processes.

ReactDem Malthe-Sørenssen 2D Discrete Element Model coupled to diffusion-reaction and fluid-flow solvers.

Unsteadycarb Hammer The carbonate system in aqueous solution, non-steady state, with advection, diffusion, reaction, degassing, calcite precipitation and dissolution kinetics.

VEMantle Beuchert 2D thermo-mechanical finite element code with static mesh (cylindrical/rectangular) for solution of infinite Prandtl number thermal convection in viscoelastic fluids. Operator-splitting for diffusion and advection terms, semi-lagrangian characteristics for advec-tion. quadratic elements with static pressure condensation, and Uzawa iterations.


Open-Source Code Development: MILAMIN

MotivationThe multi-physics and multi-scale approach that is at the heart of PGP activities often requires special numerical models. These are frequently developed over the time span of a Ph.D or PostDoc project. It is a challenging task to develop such models from scratch, understand the involved physics, learn the numerical techniques, and obtain an accurate and efficient numerical model. Unfortunately, the codes that are developed with considerable effort regularly become unavailable once the author leaves PGP or focuses on different topics. Reasons for this are that (1) the code has not reached a stage where others can use it, (2) it is poorly documented, or (3) it is not efficient enough. While developing code is an excellent edu-cational process for a student, the loss of know-how is an un-fortunate consequence that is contrary to achieving the overall goals of PGP. We have therefore decided to release some of the continuum mechanics codes as open-source projects and document them in technical papers.

MILAMINThe first example of this is a project called MILAMIN. The aim of MILAMIN was to develop a two-dimensional, unstruc-tured mesh, finite element method (FEM) code capable of set-ting up, solving, and post processing diffusion and Stokes flow problems with one MILlion unknowns in A MINute. We have written MILAMIN entirely in standard MATLAB. MATLAB, a commercial computational package from MathWorks Inc., is a widely used tool at PGP and is very popular in science and industry worldwide. However, while MATLAB is gen-erally considered an excellent tool for educational purposes and prototyping, it is less frequently used for production. The usual approach is to develop a model in MATLAB and then translate the code to a language such as C or Fortran. With MILAMIN entirely written in MATLAB this additional step of translation is not required. Therefore MILAMIN not only provides fast and efficient codes that are well suited for educa-tion, research, and production, but it also reduces the number of required development steps.

Under the hoodDetailed analysis of our original implementation of the FEM in MATLAB revealed that it was running with a performance of 15 Megaflops; i.e. 15 million floating point operations were executed per second. Modern processors (CPUs) have a peak performance of more than 4 billion floating point operations per second. Hence, this precursor of MILAMIN used 0.4% of

the CPU performance. Consequently, much more performance could be gained by exploiting algorithm improvements. In the case of the FEM code it turned out that most performance loss occurred in matrix multiplication operations. This was rather surprising as the underlying libraries (BLAS) that per-form these operations are known to be able to run close to peak performance. However, the latter can only be achieved if relatively large matrices are involved; in the case of FEM the local (elemental) operations involve matrices and vectors that are far too small to make efficient use of the BLAS.

The remedy for the problem of small matrix operations is to operate on larger ones. This can be achieved in FEM by loop reordering. Instead of having the loop over elements as the outermost one, we reorder so that the integration point loop becomes the outermost one. In addition we introduced block-ing in order to make optimal use of the cache. Coincidentally, this entire approach to optimize the FEM matrix computation is similar to vector computer implementations that were de-veloped in the late 80s but are not usually exploited on today’s different computer architectures. Our final implementation of the matrix computation achieves a sustained performance of 350 Mflops for any system size – more than 20 times than the original version!

ConclusionsThe goals of MILAMIN to develop an efficient set of FEM codes that are capable of setting up, solving, and post-pro-cessing problems with one million degrees of freedom in less than one minute have been reached. MILAMIN also serves as an educational example of good code practice and how to program on modern computer architecture. The perfor-mance of MILAMIN is superior compared to commercial and other open-source codes. MILAMIN is available from the American Geolophysical Union journal Geochemistry, Geo-physics, Geosystems. We will also set up a specific website www.milamin.org. We hope that MILAMIN will contribute to keep and expand the know-how that is developed at PGP.

ReferencesDabrowski, M., Krotkiewski, M., Schmid, D. (2008).

MILAMIN: MATLAB-based FEM solver for large problems, Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, doi:10.1029/2007GC001719, in press.


Computing

Software Matrix Computation and Assembly Solve Solver Type

ABAQUS, T2 80 260 Proprietary

FEMLAB, T2 18 40 UMFPACK

FEAPpv, fortran, T2 7 712 PCG

OOFEM, C++, T1 36 400 ICCG

TOCHNOG, C\C++, T2 15 1711 BiCG

IFISS, Q2 999 57 MATLAB \

MILAMIN opt, T2 5 24 CHOLMOD2 (AMD)

A comparison of MILAMIN with other open source and commercial software.

It is evident that MILAMIN outperforms both types of software packages. Scaling of the performance is shown in the graph below. Clearly the goal of 1 million degrees of freedom per minute is reached with a good margin.

Performance of MILAMIN for thermal and mechanical problems.

Illustration of a one million node application problem modeled with MILAMIN. Steady state diffusion is solved in a heterogeneous rock with channels of high conductivity. Heat flow is imposed by a horizontal thermal gradient; i.e. T(left boundary)=0, T(right boundary)=1, top and bottom boundary conditions are zero flux. a) Conductivity distribution. b) Flux visualized by cones and colored by magnitude. Normalization versus flux in homogeneous medium with conductivity of the channels. Background color represents the conductivity. Triangular grid is the finite element mesh used for computation. Note that this picture only corresponds to a small subdomain of a) (see square outline).


4S

Master Project3F Specialisation Courses

2S

1FIntroductory semesterProblems, Methods, Introductory project

MasterBachelor

PGP-physics

PGP-geology

PGP-simulation

Material science

Geology

Geophysics

Mathematics

Computer science

PhysicsThe educational activities at the centre include administrating and teaching the master program, running a graduate school for PhD students, and contributing to the teaching activities at the institutes of Physics, Biology and Geology at UiO, as well as at external institutions.

Master in Physics of Geological ProcessesThe centre hosts a two-year master program and graduate school in the Physics of Geological Processes. The program is based on the principle that the most effective cross-discipli-nary collaborations are rooted in the excellence of the collab-orators in the respective fields. In order to ensure a sufficient level of specialization, and at the same time build an interdis-ciplinary activity, students with Bachelor degrees in Physics, Geology, Applied Mathematics or Computer Modelling are offered a common program with specializations within their respective fields. All courses taught at PGP for 2007 have been carried out with good or excellent student evaluations. The courses are well suited for the requirements for a master in physics of geological processes. The main problem of the master program in 2007 was shortage of new students with geo-science background, and we have increased our efforts for better and more balanced recruitment of students with geoscience and physics background education. A revision and updating of course contents awaits the main evaluation of the PGP-master program in 2008.

The master program consists of three parts:

1. An introductory term (autumn) providing introduction to methods and to give the students a common identity and immediate interdisciplinary experience.

2. Three specialization courses to provide the necessary background for the master project.

3. A master project (1 year) provides a practical introduc-tion to scientific work and to the issues relevant to the research activities within PGP.

Education

PGP staff members have taught 17 UiO and 2 external (Uni-versity of Krakow, University of Copenhagen) courses in 2007 (Bio, Fys, Geo, and Fys-Geo courses, see below). Following the very good production in 2006, only 2 Masters in PGP gradu-ated in 2007. However, the first 3 in a row of bona fide PGP PhD students defended their doctorates in 2007. By December 2007, 5 Master and 17 PhD students are registered at PGP. Our candiates have continued to be attractive employees both in industry and for recruitment to academic research fellow-ships. A complete list of Master students, PhD projects and courses given by PGP staff in 2007, is given in Appendix 2.


One of PGPs aims is to provide “short and effective chan-nels from basic research to education, industry, and the pub-lic”. Many of PGP’s core activities involve the understanding of processes relevant for the petroleum industry. PGP was strongly involved in seven external projects linked to the core activities in 2007 (Table 1). Results from this research are presented to the industry through publications, conferences, seminars, field trips, and consulting work through collaborat-ing companies.

Broadly, the two main industry-related PGP activities are con-nected to

1. Quantification of processes forming sedimentary basins and continental margins (phase transition, PetroBar, and rock instability projects), and

2. Metamorphic aureole and fluid venting processes in volcanic basins (sill, vent, pockmark, aureole, and pa-leoclimate projects).

The basin modeling projects have been conducted in close collaboration with the petroleum industry. Statoil (and re-cently StatoilHydro) have been strongly involved in both the phase transition and PetroBar projects, providing funding and participating in workshops. Additional workshops have been conducted with Aker Exploration. Research regarding the thermo-tectonic evolution of the Viking Graben has been completed in collaboration with GeoModelling Solutions.

Results from the volcanic basin projects have been utilized in several industry-related projects. Eruption of the LUSI mud volcano in Java, Indonesia, in 2006 lead to the displacement of more than 10 000 people. Results from the vent project have been used for understanding the eruption dynamics of this mud volcano, and presented to Indonesian government and petroleum companies. The petroleum company Lapindo Brantas Inc. have provided access to borehole data and par-ticipated in joint scientific publications.

Unique samples from metamorphic aureoles in the Tunguska Basin, Siberia, have been collected in collaboration with No-rilsk Nickel. The samples are currently in Moscow, but will be transferred to Norway in the spring 2008.

Magmatic sills, hydrothermal vent complexes, and pockmarks are abundant on the Norwegian continental shelf, and have had a major impact on the petroleum system history in the basins. Project results have been used in collaboration with Volcanic Basin Petroleum Research (VBPR) for project work for StatoilHydro and license partners in the Tulipan and Troll areas. The minor Tulipan discovery is in a dome-structure created by the emplacement of a saucer-shaped sill, and sur-rounded by about 10 hydrothermal vent complexes. Hundreds of pockmarks are present in the Troll region in the Norwegian Channel. The purpose of the “Troll A Shallow Gas Migration Project” was to determine if fluid flow in the pockmarks could have an impact on the platform stability. Project results have been used in reports and presented in project meetings. Statoil and partners have provided further data and funding to PGP that have been used in several projects and scientific papers over the past year.

Petromax & Industry funded projects

Troll platform 3D-model: Showing platform and surrounding pocmarks. From The Troll A Shallow Gas Migration Project (2004-2007)


Petromax & Industry funded projects

Troll Zoo: Branching soft coral, often called “Bubble gum coral” From The Troll A Shallow Gas Migration Project (2004-2007)

Industry-related externally funded projects at PGP in 2007

Project title Funding PGP PI Resources Duration

Phase transition project: Mineral phase transitions control on basin subsidence: The role of temperature, pressure, fluids and melting

PETROMAKS Y. Podladchikov 3 Post.Doc.2 Ph.D.

2004-2008

PetroBar project: Petroleum-related regional studies of the Barents Sea region

PETROMAKS Y. Podladchikov 1 Post.Doc.1 Ph.D.

2006-2009

Rock instability project: Forward and inverse modeling of rock instabilities in the presence of fluids

YFF Y. Podladchikov2 Ph.D.

2005-2008

Sill project: Emplacement mechanisms and magma flow in sheet intrusions in sedimentary basins

FRINAT R.E. Neumann 1 Post.Doc.1 Ph.D.

2004-2007

Vent project: Formation of piercement structures in sedimentary basins

PETROMAKS A. Malthe-Sørensen 1 Post.Doc.1 Ph.D.

2004-2007

Pockmark project: The geobiology of Arctic hydrothermal springs YFF Ø. Hammer 1 Ph.D. 2004-2008Aureole project: Hydrocarbon maturation in aureoles around sill intrusions in organic-rich sedimentary basins

PETROMAKS H. Svensen 1 Post.Doc.1 Ph.D.

2005-2009

Paleoclimate project: Processes in volcanic basins and the implications for global warming and mass extinctions

YFF H. Svensen 2 Post.Doc2 Ph.D.

2007-2011


Public relations

Public relationsPGP is one of the most active Norwegian research environ-ments in promoting science to the general public. We have an active relationship to both national and international media with outreach both via journalists and popular science contri-butions from our researchers. The 2007 media statistics show that PGP researchers have participated in one TV program and 21 radio programs, and received news and feature cover-age in magazines like Nature and New Scientist. A complete list of media activities is found in Appendix 4. The highlights of 2007 include:

• Continued coverage of PGP fieldwork in Java, Indone-sia, where the LUSI mud volcano suddenly appeared the 27th May 2006. The EPSL paper of Mazzini et al. from September 2007 has spurred even more interest on the subject, including an Al Jazeera TV interview and a Nature interview (February 2007). Mazzini is continuing his research on LUSI in 2008, and his up-coming field work (February 2008) will be followed by a TV documentary team.

• Bjørn Jamtveit has had 13 radio appear-ances in NRK talking about geological processes, contributing to PGP visibility among the general public in Norway.

• Nature Research Highligts commented the “Waves of honey” paper by Buchanan, Molenaar and de Villier, and Nature Geoscience comment on the Mazzini et al. paper on LUSI.

• PGP’s own popular science writing has been published in Norwegian media like Aftenposten A-Magasinet (Svensen, on mass extinctions), Meta (Gisler, violent processes), GEO (Svensen and Planke, global warming, LUSI), and P2-Akademiet (Jamtveit and Svensen).

• A four page feature in New Scientist in December 2007 about PGPs work on gas venting, global climate changes and mass extinctions (“Mass extinctions: The Armageddon factor.” New Scientist, 08.12.2007).

PGP artPGP`s artist Ellen Karin Mæhlum’s exhibition Geoprints con-stitutes graphical prints inspired by geological patterns. The exhibition was invited to Félagid íslensk grafík in Reykjavik, Iceland and opened there in May. Prints from this exhibition have been bought by the Norwegian Department for Oil and Energy, and the National gallery: www.norske-grafikere.no/Pages.aspx?pageID=440 www.fys.uio.no/pgp/pdf/Press_geotrykk.pdf www.ellenkarin.no/indexg.html

The exhibition 80˙ is the result of a collaboration between PGP and three Norwegian artists: Ellen Karin Mæhlum (graphi-cal art), Kjell Ove Storvik (photography) and Eamonn Shaw (video installation). 80º aims to communicate impressions of the meeting of artists, scientists and Nature at Svalbard. The exhibiton was shown in Leeds, Great Britain in January 2007 in connection with a large conference about possible life in Space: earth.leeds.ac.uk/ebi/amase/amase.htm


PGP is headed by a director, Bjørn Jamtveit, who is appointed in a full time position for PGP`s second 5-year period. The director, assisted by an administrative manager, Trine-Lise Knudsen**, has responsibility for project management, ad-ministration and technical and financial delivery. The director reports to the board.

The scientific organization is divided in five research groups, each led by a group coordinator who reports to the director. All Postdocs, PhD students and Master students are associated with a research group, while senior scientists may participate in more than one group. In additon, PGP has coordinators for media contact, industry contact, field activities and education. The coordinators, the administrative manager and the director have regular meetings.

StaffThe staff includes scientists with background in physics, earth science and computatonal science. Their work integrates field studies, laboratory experiments, computer simulations and theoretical calculations. The total work force constituted 43.1 man-labour years in 2007. In addition, guests and collabora-tors constituted 2.0 man-labour years, adding up to a total of 45.1 man years of work conducted for PGP in 2007. A com-plete list of staff is found in Appendix 1.

As of December 31 2007, the center had 54 staff members from 14 countries representing 4 continents. The status of the work force was:

• 24 professors and senior researchers, including 9 part-time employees (3 part time Professors/Associate Professors came to the center in 2007, 1 researcher left)

• 3 professor emeriti• 14 post-doc researchers ( 3 left and 1 started in 2007)• 20 PhD students ( 3 finished and 1 came in 2007)• 5 technical and administrative staff members, not in-

cluding services provided by the Department of Physics and the MN-faculty ( 1 left and 1 came in 2007)

• 7 foreign Professors visited for at least one week, and 3 PhD students and 2 foreign Master students. A one-year Fullbright-financed student stayed from August 2007.

In addition to this, numerous short term visitors stayed at PGP, of which 25 gave invited talks at the PGP external semi-nar serie (Appendix).

Organisation

* Sverre Planke relaced Lars Rüpke as the industry coordinator from 1 October 2007. ** Helle Øverbye left PGP in April 2007 and was replaced by Trine-Lise Knudsen as the administrative manager from 18 June.

PGP organization chart 2007

C

Locali-zation

Processes

A

Geo-dynamics

B

FluidProcesses

PGP directorBjørn JamtveitPGP directorBjørn Jamtveit

PGP board

Administration-Admin. Manager:Trine-Lise Knudsen **-Admin. Secretary:Karin Brastad-Lab. Support::Olav Gundersen-IT support:Jesmine Christopher

Norwegian Research Council

E

InterfaceProcesses

D

Micro-structures

Statoil,Aker

Exploration,other

industry-fundedprojects

IndustryPGP research groups:PGP research groups:

YFF projects,Petrobar-projects,

other NRC projects

Coordinators for-Industry: Sverre Planke*-Education: Torgeir Andersen-Media: Henrik Svensen-Field: Timm John


PostdocsT.John (LR)

N.Simon (ERN)

Ph.D-studentsM.Beuchert (YPP)E.Tanzerev (YPP)C.Galerne (ERN)

J.Sempric(NS/JIF)

MS-students

PostdocsT.John (LR)

N.Simon (ERN)

Ph.D-studentsM.Beuchert (YPP)E.Tanzerev (YPP)C.Galerne (ERN)

J.Semprich(NS/JIF)

MS-students

PGP directorB.Jamtveit

PGP directorB.Jamtveit

C

LocalizationProcesses

K.Mair

Postdocs

Ph.D-studentsH.Vrijmoed (HAU)V.Yarushina (YPP)

K.Iyer (BJ)S.Bræck (YPP, to

07.09.12)

T.Bjørk

MS-studentsS. Munib (KM)

Postdocs

Ph.D-studentsH.Vrijmoed (HAU)V.Yarushina (YPP)

K.Iyer (BJ)S.Bræck (YPP, to

07.09.12)

T.Bjørk

MS-studentsS. Munib (KM)

A

Geodynamics

S. Medvedev(L.Rűpke

to October)

PostdocsA.Mazzini (HS)S.Polteau (HS)

O.Galland (ERN)

Ph.D-studentsF.Nicolaisen (AMS)

I.Aarnes (HS)A.Rozhko (YPP)

K.Webb (ØH)

MS-students

PostdocsA.Mazzini (HS)S.Polteau (HS)

O.Galland (ERN)

Ph.D-studentsF.Nicolaisen (AMS)

I.Aarnes (HS)A.Rozhko (YPP)

K.Webb (ØH)

MS-students

B

FluidProcesses

G.Gisler

EPostdocs

H.Enger (JF, to07.03.31)

Ph.D-studentsS.deVilliers (JF)A.Røyne (DKD)A.Nermoen (JF)

N. Korslund (AMS)L. Angelutha (JM)

MS-studentsO.K. Eriksen (DD)

B. Oust (JM)

PostdocsH.Enger (JF, to

07.03.31)

Ph.D-studentsS.deVilliers (JF)A.Røyne (DKD)A.Nermoen (JF)

N. Korslund (AMS)L. Angelutha (JM)

MS-studentsO.K. Eriksen (DD)

B. Oust (JM)

InterfaceProcesses

A.Malthe-Sørenssen

DPostdocs

E.Jettestuen (BJ)

Ph.D-studentsM.Dabrowski (DS)

M.Krotkiewski (YPP)

MS-studentsY.W. Ydersbond

(DD)

PostdocsE.Jettestuen (BJ)

Ph.D-studentsM.Dabrowski (DS)

M.Krotkiewski (YPP)

MS-studentsY.W. Ydersbond

(DD)

Micro-structures

D.Schmid

PGP Scientific organizaton by December 2007


Name Institution Research area Country 1 Prof. I. Giæver (Chairman) Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY Physics USA

2 Prof. A. Aharony Tel Aviv University Physics Israel 3 B. Kruse University of Oslo NA Norway 4 Prof. S. O’Reilly Macquarie University Geology Australia 5 Prof. A. Putnis University of Münster Geology Germany 6 Prof. E. Roaldset Natural History Museum, UiO Geology Norway 7 K. Åm Industry representative Geophysics Norway

The PGP board The board evaluates and advises on the centre’s scientific per-formance and assesses recent progress and future strategies. Its mandate is to ensure that the inventions and plans under-lying the contracts between the parties are fulfilled and com-pleted within the adopted time frame. The board shall further ensure that the interaction between PGP and the host institu-tion functions smoothly.

PGP has a seven-member board appointed by the Rector of UiO, and reporting to the MN-faculty. Four board members are scientists, two from physics and two from geosciences. One board member is a high-level manager in a major petro-

PGP employees 2003-2007

0,0

2,0

4,0

6,0

8,0

10,0

12,0

14,0

16,0

18,0

20,0

Professors andresearchers

Postdoctoral fellows PhD students Other personnel

Man

-labo

urye

ars

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

leum company, and two board members are representatives from UiO. Professor emeritus Torstein Jøssang functions as the secretary of the board, together with the administrative man-ager. The board’s comprehensive management experience has played an important role in cases of strategic importance, and it also works as an advisory board in scientifc questions. This combined function has worked well for PGP and a similar model is selected for the new board which will be constituted in February 2007 and will be working for the second 5-year period of the centers existence. The board meetings took place on 17 January and 19-20 June.

The PGP employee chart shows that PGP had a high number of PhD students in 2007, 9 of these are expected to receive their PhD degree in 2008.

The board members:


Organisation

Computer and network supportPGP has invested in a small local cluster of 4 quad-core Linux machines that are used for testing, development and produc-tion runs of OpenMP-compiled applications. In particular, these machines are used for longer simulation runs, for simu-lations extending over weeks that are not as easily done on the machines administrated through Notur.

We have also purchased, and are in the process of purchasing more nodes at the TITAN supercomputing cluster, part of the High-Performance Computing (HPC) cluster at the University of Oslo. Here we make use of MPI and openMP paralleliza-tion to run processor- and memory-intensive programs. At present we have 10 nodes (40 CPUs), and are now acquiring 10 more. Note that we have access to the entire TITAN grid, consisting of several thousand CPUs, although we have prior-ity on the nodes that we have purchased.

The cooperation with the high performance computing (HPC) group at the central IT services (USIT) at the University is started. This work is coordinated and run by Dani Schmid PGP).

PGP is still planning to allocate a server room and a new serv-er in association with the Department of Physics. A new disk array has been obtained to replace the server and to provide more storage for PGP. We are also looking into different so-lutions for backing up user data that today is being stored on each user’s own computer.

PGP has partially replaced the computers that are older than 3 to 4 years with new Windows and Linux computers, and has implemented extra firewalls for the existing additional com-puters, and has substantially increased the number of Linux machines used for calculation. In 2007, PGP purchased 14 laptops and 18 desktops. The users are highly differentiated, with Linux, Windows, Mac OS and powerful workstations for higher computational tasks. We provide Internet access through a firewall to computers for short term visitors and we also maintain 9 private laptops. Most of the employees and stu-dents express preference for using laptops rather than desktop devices due to assignments associated with traveling. We have accommodated the needs of most of the students within the allotted resources. Most of the students informed us that it has increased their mobility and flexibility and thereby increased their performance, efficiency and productivity as well.

Infrastructure and laboratories


Infrastructure and laboratories

Laboratory equipment

Experimental facilitiesThe number of experimental users and of experimental activi-ties has increased recently substantially (Appendix 7). In 2007 the experimental facilities were upgraded. The labs were reor-ganized, the database containing our scientific equipment was updated and completed, and new instruments were acquired. Recently purchased instruments have begun producing good scientific results.

Interface laboratoryThe new room that was completely renovated has been shown to be a high quality lab and has become popular. This is because the new interface lab has good temperature and mechanical stability, low noise ventilation system, high purity compressed air and water supply, a fume hood, UPS protected electrical outlets and Ethernet outlets at 8 different work places, 4 of the work places are “islands” with vibration free tables adjacent to instrumentation platforms. The neighbouring room also has had a new fan-coil installed for temperature control, and this also raised the functionality of this lab. The two rooms also have a closed network behind a common server with firewall for the instrumentation PCs to avoid common problems of communication with the outside world versus complete con-trol of computer settings needed for experimental work. The instruments installed or under development in the two rooms of the interface laboratory are:

• Long term paper-crumpling experiments• Motorized polarization microscope for stress imaging• White-light interferometer microscope• Imaging Mach-Zehnder interferometer with phase shift-

ing• Inverted microscope with acousto-optic tunable light

source for phase shifting of Newton fringes• High-resolution capacitance dilatometer• Calcite growth instability experiment

InstrumentsIn 2007 the AstroCam, the second of two high intensity and high spatial resolution cameras that stopped working, was repaired. This was done after careful considerations regard-ing quality and price. Since high-resolution imaging has been central to the experimental activity for the last 2 decades, we needed such a camera to continue this activity. A new replace-ment camera would cost 2-3 times more than the repair, thus we chose to repair and stick to the old hardware.

• We purchased a 3D photo scanner system for scanning moving surfaces, and with this we are now able to scan all scales:• up to 2cm: White light interferometer• 1-20cm: 3D needle scanner (desktop model)• 10cm –1m: 3D photo scanner

There is now high activity in the labs with more experimen-talists working there than ever before (see Appendix 2007 Experimental laboratory activities).


Accounting and Balance PGP had a total income of 39.650 million NOK, and total ex-pense of 37.580 million kroners in 2007. 4.421 million kroners were transferred from 2007 into future salary obligations and some delayed start-up of activities. Salary costs constituted 81% of the expenses (money transfer from 2007 to 2008 ex-cluded), while scientific equipment investments and operating costs were 6% and 13%, respectively.

PGP is on track financially in 2007. The center had a higher income than anticipated in the long term funding plan of the NRC contract. A higher than anticipated income from exter-nal grants was balanced with higher personal costs, while the scientific equipment investments and the operating costs are somewhat lower than assumed in the long term plan.

Finances

Accounting 2007Type of financing Total UiO UiO SFF PGP GRAND FUNDINGProject 0 (basis) 142042 TOTAL PLAN*Type of activity/tiltak grantsIncomeSUM, total income: 30 084 13 916 16 168 9 566 39 650 31 098Transfer 2006-2007 (+/-) 3 419 4 346 -927 -778CostsSUM, total costs 27 153 10 985 16 168 8 076 37 580 34 084I Personnel and overhead 19 901 9 082 10 819 6 731 26 632 26 082

II. Consultants/Ext. services (FoU)

III. Scientific equipment 1 953 1 322 631 1 953 2 346

IV. Operating costs 3 564 581 2 983 1 284 4 268 5 656Transfer 2007-2008 2 931 1 490 4 421

All numbers in 1000 NOK (kkr)* according to the long term contract with NRCTransfer 2006-2007 is included in the income SUMTransfer 2007-2008 is due to future salary obligations on Basis and delayed start ups of projectsThe PGP Centre of Excellence grant and the UiO basis grant are treated as onegrant for practical reasons (white column left in the figure).

Totalexternal

Accounting 2007


PGP personel are involved in 4 new projects in 2007. Henrik Svensen got a YFF grant from the Norwegian Research Council for four years, involving salary costs for 2 PhD students and 3 postdoc researchers. Ebbe H. Hartz received a NRC grant for a book project on children’s meeting with the arctic nature of Greenland. The Petrobar project granted to Jan I. Faleide at the Department of Geoscience, covers salary expenses and operating costs for a Postdoc and PhD student at PGP for three years, while the Euromargin project granted to Faleide covered salary expenses for a senior researcher at PGP for 3 months in 2007. Three NRC funded projects expired by the end of 2007, but they all continue with some activities in 2008. The complete project portfolio for 2007 is given in Appendix.

New PGP projectsType of financing NRC NRC Private g. UiO/MNProject number 142919 142953 0 (Basis)

Torju

s

YFF

H.S

vens

en

Stat

oil

Star

tpak

keD

D

Expir. Year 2009 2011 2008 2011Project leader EHH HS TT/SM DD*

Income2007 10 1 752 1 556 2102008 1180 3468 778 3002009 10 2640 3502010 15622011 548TOTAL 1 200 9 970 778 860

All numbers are in 1000 NOK (kkr)*Start package to D. Dysthe allocated 7 Feb. 75 % from UiO MN-fac, 25 % from PGP

New PGP projects

Finances


Appendices 2007 List of staff .............................................................612007 Teaching statistics ............................................... 632007 Fieldwork .............................................................. 662007 Production list ..................................................... 682007 Project portfolio ................................................... 782007 Experimental laboratory activities................... 79

Appendices


2007 List of staff

2007 list of staffName % Project From To # months in

2007 Comment Home country Man-labour year

Financed by UiO/MN-faculty1 Andersen, Torgeir B. Professor 75 NA NA NA 12 Norway 0,82 Aharony, Amnon Professor 20 NA 01.02.2003 NA 12 Israel 0,23 Austrheim, Håkon Professor 75 NA NA NA 12 Norway 0,8

Corell, Gro Adm. 25 NA NA NA 12 Financed by MN Norway 0,31 Dysthe, Dag Senior 100 0 NA NA 12 Norway 1,04 Feder, Jens Professor 75 NA NA NA 12 Norway 0,8

Giæver, Ivar Professor Emeritus USA/NorwayJøssang, Torstein Professor NA NA NA Emeritus NorwayLothe, Jens Professor Emeritus Norway

2 Malthe-Sørenssen Anders Senior 75 NA NA NA 12 Norway 0,85 Neumann, Else-Ragnhild Professor 75 NA NA NA 12 Norway 0,86 Podladtchikov, Yuri Professor 100 0 01.07.2003 NA 12 Russia 1,0

1 Røyne, Anja PhD student 100 NA 08.08.2005 30.04.2010 3 Maternity leave Norway 0,33 Schmid, Daniel W. Senior 75 NA 01.04.2003 12 Switzerland 0,82 Angeluheta, Luiza PhD student 100 0 16.10.2006 15.10.2009 12 JM Start package Romania 1,01 Enger, Håkon Postdoc 100 0 06.06.2005 31.03.2007 3 AMS Start package Norway 0,33 Iyer, Karthik Herman PhD student 100 0 01.06.2004 30.09.2007 9 India 0,84 Korslund, (Morten) Nicolay PhD student 100 0 28.08.2006 27.08.2009 12 AMS Start package Norway 1,05 Nermoen Anders PhD student 100 0 21.08.2006 20.08.2010 12 Norway 1,06 Tanzerev, Evgenyi PhD student 100 0 08.10.2004 09.10.2007 10,5 YP Start package Russia 0,97 Vrijmoed Hans PhD student 100 0 26.09.2005 25.09.2008 12 The Netherlands 1,0

Financed by projects at Dept. of Geology, granted to Basis PGP8 Semprich, Julia PhD student 100 0 01.05.2007 30.04.2010 8 Petrobar, Faleide Germany 0,72 Simon Nina S.C. Postdoc 100 0 01.02.2007 31.01.2010 11 Petrobar, Faleide Germany 0,93 Medvedev, Sergei Postdoc 100 142042 01.10.2007 31.12.2007 3 Petromax, Faleide Russia 0,3

Financed by PGP grant from NRC (project 142042)9 Bjørk, Torbjørn PhD 100 142042 18.01.2007 31.01.2008 12 Norway 1,01 Brastad Karin Adm. 100 142042 01.09.2003 31.01.2010 12 Norway 1,02 Cristopher Jesmine Techn. 60 142042 03.05.2006 31.12.2012 12 India/Norway 0,610 De Villiers Simon PhD student 100 142042 01.04.2007 30.06.2007 3 South Africa 0,310 De Villiers Simon PhD student 100 142042 15.10.2007 31.12.2007 2,5 South Africa 0,23 Erambert Muriel Techn. 30 142042 01.01.2004 30.06.2008 12 France/Norway 0,37 Fletcher Ray Professor 20 142042 01.01.2006 31.12.2008 12 USA 0,211 Galerne Christophe PhD student 100 142042 01.09.2007 31.12.2007 3 France 0,34 Galland Olivier Postdoc 100 142042 14.11.2005 31.12.2007 12 France 1,04 Gisler Galen Senior 100 142042 01.04.2006 31.01.2013 12 USA 1,04 Gundersen Olav Techn. 100 142042 08.09.2003 31.01.2013 12 Norway 1,05 Hammer Øyvind Senior 50 142042 01.02.2003 31.01.2009 12 Norway 0,58 Hardy Rocky Professor 20 142042 01.05.2004 31.01.2008 12 USA 0,26 Hartz Ebbe Hvidegård Senior 100 142042 01.05.2003 31.01.2007 1 Denmark/Norway 0,16 Hartz Ebbe Hvidegård Senior 20 142042 01.02.2007 31.01.2008 11 Denmark/Norway 0,2

3 Iyer, Karthik Herman PhD student 100 142042 01.10.2009 31.12.2007 3 web work India 0,39 Jamtveit Bjørn Professor 100 142042 01.02.2003 31.01.2008 12 Norway 1,05 Jettestuen Espen Postdoc 100 142042 01.08.2005 31.12.2007 12 Norway 1,06 John Timm Postdoc 100 142042 15.08.2007 30.06.2008 4,5 Germany 0,412 Krotkiewski Marcin PhD student 100 142042 01.11.2005 30.09.2010 12 Poland 1,05 Knudsen, Trine-Lise Adm. 100 142042 18.06.2007 17.06.2009 6,5 Norway 0,57 Mair, Karen Senior 100 142042 01.01.2005 31.12.2012 12 Great Britain 1,08 Mathiesen Joakim Senior 100 142042 01.06.2006 31.01.2008 12 Denmark 1,07 Mazzini, Adriano Postdoc 100 142042 01.04.2007 16.07.2007 5,5 Italy 0,53 Medvedev, Sergei Postdoc 100 142042 01.01.2006 30.09.2007 9 Russia 0,88 Molenaar, David Postdoc 100 142042 01.02.2005 28.02.2007 2 The Netherlands 0,29 Planke, Sverre Senior 20 142042 01.02.2003 31.01.2009 12 Norway 0,210 Renard Francois Professor 20 142042 01.04.2003 31.03.2011 12 France 0,210 Rüpke Lars Senior 100 142042 15.04.2007 01.10.2007 5,5 Germany 0,511 Svensen, Henrik Senior 100 142042 01.09.2005 31.12.2012 12 Norway 1,06 Tanzerev, Evgenyi PhD student 100 142042 10.10.2007 31.01.2008 1,5 Russia 0,111 Torsvik, Trond Helge Professor 20 142042 01.04.2007 31.03.2010 9 Norway 0,26 Øverbye Helle Adm. 100 142042 25.02.2003 16.04.2007 3,5 Norway 0,3

Financed by other NRC projects or private grants13 Nicolaisen Filip Ferris PhD student 100 142404 01.01.2005 31.12.2007 12 AMS prosjekt Norway 1,09 Mazzini, Adriano Postdoc 100 142404 15.03.2005 14.03.2007 2,5 AMS prosjekt Italy 0,21 Enger, Håkon Postdoc 100 142404 01.04.2007 30.06.2007 3 AMS prosjekt Norway 0,311 Galerne Christophe PhD student 100 142249 27.09.2004 26.09.2007 11 ERN prosjekt France 0,910 Rossi Magali Postdoc 100 142405 12.01.2006 11.01.2007 0,5 YPP prosjekt France 0,014 Beuchert Marcus PhD student 100 142405 10.10.2005 09.10.2008 12 YPP prosjekt Germany 1,015 Dabrowski Marcin PhD student 100 142405 01.04.2005 31.03.2008 12 YPP prosjekt Russia 1,011 John Timm Postdoc 100 142042 15.08.2006 14.08.2007 7,5 YPP prosjekt Germany 0,6


Financed by other NRC projects or private grantsNicolaisen Filip Ferris PhD student 100 142404 01.01.2005 31.12.2007 12 AMS prosjekt Norway 1,0Mazzini, Adriano Postdoc 100 142404 15.03.2005 14.03.2007 2,5 AMS prosjekt Italy 0,2Enger, Håkon Postdoc 100 142404 01.04.2007 30.06.2007 3 AMS prosjekt Norway 0,3Galerne Christophe PhD student 100 142249 27.09.2004 26.09.2007 11 ERN prosjekt France 0,9Rossi Magali Postdoc 100 142405 12.01.2006 11.01.2007 0,5 YPP prosjekt France 0,0Beuchert Marcus PhD student 100 142405 10.10.2005 09.10.2008 12 YPP prosjekt Germany 1,0Dabrowski Marcin PhD student 100 142405 01.04.2005 31.03.2008 12 YPP prosjekt Russia 1,0John Timm Postdoc 100 142042 15.08.2006 14.08.2007 7,5 YPP prosjekt Germany 0,6Yarushina Victoria PhD student 100 121114 01.10.2005 30.09.2008 12 YFF/YPP prosjekt Russia 1,0Rozhko Alexander PhD student 100 121114 17.06.2003 21.07.2007 6,5 YFF/YPP prosjekt Russia 0,5Bræck Simen PhD student 100 121114 01.06.2003 31.03.2007 3 YFF/YPP prosjekt Norway 0,3Rüpke Lars Senior 100 420687 15.04.2005 14.04.2007 3,5 YPP Statoil project Germany 0,3Webb Karen Elizabeth PhD student 100 121116 20.06.2005 19.06.2008 12 YFF/ØH prosjekt Great Britain 1,0Aarnes Ingrid PhD student 100 142561 01.10.2006 30.09.2009 12 HS/Hydrocarbon Norway 1,0Polteau Stephane Postdoc 100 142561 01.09.2006 30.06.2008 12 HS/Hydrocarbon France 1,0Mazzini, Adriano Postdoc 100 142561 16.07.2007 30.09.2007 2 HS/Hydrocarbon Italy 0,2Mazzini, Adriano Postdoc 100 142953 01.10.2007 30.09.2009 2 YFF/HS Italy 0,2

GUESTS (more than 1 month in 2007)Karen Fristad Student 4 Fulbright stipendium USA 0,4Alexander Bobyl Professor 2 Russia 0,2Other shorter-term visitors 1,4

TOTAL man-labour years: 45,1

Professors 6,4Senior researchers 8,4Postdocs 7,9PhD 17,6Technical-administrative staff 3,7


Appendices

Courses given by PGP staff, 2007

Geology:GEL2130 Structural geology (ECT 10)~15 students40 hours lecture, 14 hours lab, 2 days field teachingD. W. Schmid, T. B. Andersen, T. Bjørk

GEO4840, Tectonics (ECT 10)3 students30 hours lectures, 6 hours lab, 7 days field teachingT.B. Andersen

GEL2110 Mineralogy, Petrology and Geochemistry (10 ECT)~15 students12 hours lectures, 4 hours lab, 1 day field teachingT. John

GEL4630 Geodynamics (10 ECT)~10 students2 hours introduction to mathematical models in natural case studiesca 10 studentsD.W. Schmid

GEL9200 Basin modelling (10 ECT)~10 students4 hours lecture, on numerical modellingD.W. Schmid

PGP-coursesFYSGEO4100 Introductory project (ECT 10)6 students30 hours lectures and labG. Gisler

FYSGEO4200 Case study in PGP (ECT 10)6 students28 hours lectures 25 hours lab, 3 days field teachingK. Mair, J. Mathiesen, T. Bjørk

FYSGEO4300 Methods in PGP (ECT 10)6 students30 hours lectures 10 lab 1 day field teachingD.K. Dysthe, B. Jamtveit, Y Podladchikov, J. Mathiesen, T.B. Andersen

FYSGEO4510 Introduction to mechanical geomodeling (ECT 10)6 students40 hours lectures and labY.Y. Podladchikov

FYSGEO4520 Introduction to thermodynamic geomodeling (ECT 10)7 students40 hours lectures and labY.Y. Podladchikov

PhysicsFYS-MEK-1110 (10 ECT)80 hours lectures159 studentsAnders Malthe-Sørenssen

FYS-MEF1110 (ECT 10)80 hours lecture (same as fys-mek1110)~30 studentsAnders Malthe-Sørenssen FYS4130 - Statistisk mekanikk (10ECT)50 hours lectures and lab~20 studentsJ. Feder, J. Mathiesen FYS1120 – Elektromagnetisme (10ECT)4 hrs lectures~20 studentsJ. Mathiesen

BiologyBIO4210 Classification and phylogeny, 10 ETC 10 students.8 hours (lecture, lab)Øyvind Hammer

BIO4230 Biogeography and biodiversity, 10 ETC10 students.12 hours (lecture, lab, student presentations)Øyvind Hammer

2007 Teaching statistics


BIO4240 - Evolution and systematics of organismal groups 10 ECT‘The Animal Kingdom’15 students.2 hours lecture.Øyvind Hammer

External teaching:Paleontological Data Analysis, 1 day seminar University of Krakow, PolandØyvind Hammer

Topics of Complex Systems, graduate course ‘Fractals and multifractals’Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen. 3 hours lecturesJ. Mathiesen

STUDENTS:

Master students: Bachelor Graduation1. Eriksen, Ola Kaas Physics A 082. Løberg, Magnus M Maths S 093. Oust, Bodil Physics S 094. Sarwar, Munib Physics A 085. Ydersbond, Yngve W. Physics A 08

Students graduated 2007 Henriksen, Hilde Geoscience S-07Thesis: Carbonate deposits from Sigurdfjell, Svalbard

Husdal, Thomas Geoscience S-07Thesis: Synthesis and structure determination of Ca-Th silicate with apatite structure

PhD students: | Subject ; Topic1. Angheluta, Luiza | Physics; Pattern formation/stylolites 2. Aarnes, Ingrid | Geology; Metamorphism around sill

intrusions 3. Bjørk, Torbjørn | Geology; Faults and fault rocks 4. Beuchert, Marcus | Geology; Crust-mantle interactions5. Dabrowski, Marcin | Geophysics; Deformation6. Galerne, Christophe | Geology; Sill intrusions 7. Korslund, M. Nicolay | Physics; Dynamics mechano-

chemical processes8. Krotkiewski, Marcin | Geophysics; Computational

geodynamics 9. Nermoen, Anders | Physics: Particle flow in micropores 10. Nicolaisen, Filip Ferris | Physics; Piercement project 11. Røyne, Anja | Physics; Weathering 12. Semprich, Julia | Geology; Basin formation 13. Tanzerev, Evgenyi | Applied mathematics; Inverse

modelling 14. de Villiers, Simon | Physics; Crumpled sheets 15. Vrijmoed, Hans | Geology; Fracturing, metamorphism

and metasomatism at ultra-high pressure 16. Webb, Karen E. | Marine biology; Bio-geo coupling 17. Yarushina, Victoria | Geophysics; Computational

geophysics

PhDs completed 2007:Bræck, Simen, Physics; Sep 2007 PhD, Thesis:Mechanical failure of viscoelastic solids by self localized thermal runaway

Rozhko, Alexander Geophysics;Dec 2007, PhD, Thesis:Role of seepage forces on hydraulic fracturing and failure patterns

Iyer, Karthik H. Geology; Dec. 2007, PhD, Thesis:Mechanisms of serpentinisation and some geochemical effects


Appendices

A short summary of field activities are numbered chronologi-cally with headings: a) Location and duration; b) Participants; c) Short statement of problem and result; d) Short statement of follow-up work and results.

1 a) Field-consulting in connection with collapse of Hanek-leiv tunnel, 15 January.b) T.B. Andersen (PGP)c) Structural geology around collapsed roof of tunneld) New dangerous zone was found in the still open tunnel. Both were tunnels closed on advice of T.B. Andersen.

2 a) South Africa, the Aureole project 17-28. February.b) B. Jamtveit, I. Aaarnes, S. Polteau, all from PGPc) Studies of spheroidal weathering between Queenstown and Grahamstown d) The project studies the coupling of chemical and mechani-cal processes during weathering of doleritic sill sin the Karroo basin. Its is particularly focused on the observed hierarchical fragmentation that seems to be driven by the weathering reac-tions.

3 a) Indonesia, Java Island. Erupting LUSI Mud volcano, 19 February – 1 March.b) A. Mazzini (PGP), G. Ackmanovc) Investigation of eruption site conducting onsite measure-ments and sampling of fluids, clasts and sediments.d) The aim is to understand the origin of fluids and the mecha-nisms triggering the eruption.

4 a)Solund Devonian Basin, 10-12 April.b) T.B. Andersen, H. Austrheim, both from PGP.c) Investigating the hydrothermal alteration in the Solund Ba-sin. d) Sample collection, hydrothermal alteration of mafic/ultra-mafic clasts.

5 a) Field course Western Norway, 2-8 May.b) T.B. Andersen, J. Mathiesen both PGP, 2 Students from De-partment of Geoscience, 3 Master students and 1 PhD student from PGP, Y. Ydersbond, M. Saewar, O.E. Kaas, L. Anghelu-ta.c) Field course mapping.d) Obligatory field course teaching, GEO4840 Tectonics and Fysgeo4300 Methods in Physics of Geological Processes; with student reports.

6 a) Field course preparation Fysgeo4200 Case study, 23 May.b) K. Mair, T.B. Andersen (both PGP) + 5 people from Geo-science and Museum Tøyen.c) Preparations for the fieldwork connected to Fysgeo4200 Case study. d) Planning and reconnaissance for teaching in the autumn 2007.

7 a) Excursion with University of Münster, Western Norway, 29 May – 2 June.b) H. Austrheim, T.B. Andersen and 4 participants from Mün-ster.c) Field excursion with overview of problems in mineralogy/metamorphic petrology/tectonicsd) None planned.

8 a) Fieldwork Svartberget-Hustad Western Norway, 1-21 June.b) J.C.Vrijmoed (PGP), and from the VU Amsterdam, Thomas Kruijer , Ananda Floris, Rik Iping, with visit of Prof. Gareth Davies.c) Fieldwork for PhD and undergraduate supervising.d) Sampling for zircon dating, and detailed mapping of the Svartberget peridotite. Looking for UHP equivalences in the Hustad pyroxenite several kilometers away from the Svartber-get body.

9 a) Fieldwork Leka Ophiolite, 25-28 June.b) H. Austrheim, T.B. Andersen, both PGPc) Fieldwork on fluid-related alterations, serpentinization and brecciation in Leka ophiolite.d) Sampling and planning of new research project in connec-tion with NFR application.

10 a) Western Norway, Kråkenes, 7-11 August.b) T. John, T.B. Andersen, both PGPc) Fieldwork/sampling of pseudotachylytes and shear zones, Kråkenes.d) More documentation of brittle-ductile relationships and strain localization.

2007 Fieldwork


11 a) Western Norway, Kråkenes, Nordfjord, 27-31 August.b) S. Medvedev, T. John, both PGPc) Study shear zone and pseudotrachylites. d) Mapping and sampling in order to understand the coexist-ence of shear zones and pseudotachylytes.

12 a) South Norway, Gardnos fieldtrip preparation, 21 Au-gust.b) K. Mair, F. Renard, Ø. Hammer, T. Bjørk, all PGPc) Study the Gardnos meteorite crater. d) Planning and reconnaissance for teaching in the autumn 2007.

13 a) South Norway, Nærsnes Fornebu fieldwork for Fys-Geo 4300, 4 September.b) T.B. Andersen, and 3 PGP master students: B. Oust, M. Løberg, I. Omoloc) Field methods training for Fysgeo4300. d) Report from students.

14 a) Excursion traverse Oslo to Solund, 6-7 September.b) Y. Podladchikov, J.C. Vrijmoed, T.B. Andersen, M. Dab-rowski, all PGP and 3 participants university of Zürich.c) Excursion and planning of future cooperations.d) Transect through the Caledonides.

15 a) Western Norway, Caledonide transect, 7-11 Septem-ber.b) Y. Podladchikov, J.C. Vrijmoed, M. Dabrowski, all PGP with three visitors from ETH Zürich.c) Field trip examining structural geology, Caledonide transect, peridotites, phase transition, UHP in the area Leirvik-San-dane-Åheim-Bud.d) Field based discussion on current debates on HP/UHP rocks in the Western Gneiss Region.

16 a) South Norway, Gardnos fieldtrip with Fys-Geo 4200, 10-11 September.b) K. Mair (PGP) with students: Y. Ydersbond, M. Løberg, B. Oust, M. Adamuszek (guest student), O.K. Eriksen, M. Sar-war, I. Omolo, E. Kallesen, T. Bjørkc) Study the Gardnos meteorite crater. d) Compulsory part of Fys-Geo4200.

17 a) Pre-excursion for the IGC 2008 to the UHP Svartber-get peridotite, Norway, 11-12 September.b) J.C. Vrijmoed (PGP), P. Robinson (NGU)c) To see if this is a possible excursion point for one of the post conference excursions of the IGC 2008.d) Visiting the Svartberget peridotite and discussing tec-tonostratigraphy of the area Bud-Tornes.

18 a) Salse di Nirano. Mud volcano seepage sites, Italy, 9-16 September.b) A. Mazzini (PGP)c) The visit to the seepage sites coincided with the SEECAM workshop. d) Sampling of water has been completed for further geochem-ical analyses.

19 a) Field course Oslo Area, 3-4 October.b) D.W. Schmid, T. Bjørk, T.B. Andersen, all PGP and 10 stu-dents from the Department of Geosciences.c) Obligatory field teaching structural geology Gel2130d) Student reports

20 a) Sampling a pockmark south of Snarøya, Inner Oslo Fiord, 11-13 November. b) O. Hammer, K. Webb, both PGP.c) Sampling of two 8 m piston cores and two 10 m CPT tests inside and outside a pockmark.d) To understand the mode of formation (degassing, pore wa-ter expulsion or groundwater flux), and timing of the event or process.

21 a) Salton Sea. Hydrothermal seepages. USA, The sill project, 1-16 December.b) A. Mazzini, S. Polteau, O. Galland, all PGPc) The fieldwork included the deployment of thermometers for long range T record, onsite measurements and and the sam-pling of fluids for further geochemical analyses.d) The aim is to understand the subsurface plumbing system feeding the seeps and to observe T variations connected with the numerous seismic activities in the region.


Appendices

Publications in international journals 20071. Bobyl, AV., Podladchikov, Y.Y., Austrheim, H., Jamtveit, B., Johan-

sen, T. H., Shantsev, D. 2007. Magnetic field visualization of mag-netic minerals and grain boundary regions using magneto-optical imaging. Journal of Geophysical Research, 112 (B04105).

2. Brouste, A, Renard, F., Gratier, JP, Schmittbuhl, J. 2007. Variety of stylolites’ morphologies and statistical characterization of the amount of heterogeneities in the rock. Journal of Structural Geol-ogy, 29, 422-434.

3. Bræck, S., Podladchikov, Y.Y. 2007. Spontanous thermal runaway as an ultimate failure Mechanism of materials. Physical Review Letters, 98, 095504.

4. Buchanan, M., Molenaar, D., De Villiers S. D, Evans, R.M.L. 2007. Pattern formation indraining thin film suspensions. Langmuir 23, 3732-3736.

5. Buiter, S. J. H., Torsvik, T. H. 2007. Horizontal movements in the eastern Barents Sea constrained by numerical models and plate reconstructions. Geophys. J. Intl., 171, 1376-1389.

6. Connolly, J.A.D, Podladchikov, Y.Y. 2007. Decompaction weaken-ing and channeling instability in ductile porous media: Implica-tions for asthenospheric melt segregation. Journal of Geophysical Research 2007,112. B10205, doi:10.1029/2005JB004213.

7. Engvik, A. K., Andersen, T. B., Wachmann, M. 2007. Inhomoge-neous deformation in deeply buried continental crust, an example from the eclogite-facies province of the Western Gneiss Region, Norway. Norwegian Journal of Geology, 87(4), 373-389.

8. Fossen, H., Schultz, R., Shipton, Z., Mair, K. 2007. Deformation bands in sandstone: a review. Journal of the Geological Society 2007, 164, 755-769.

9. Galland O., Cobbold P. R., de Bremond d’Ars J., Hallot E. 2007. Rise and emplacement of magma during horizontal shortening of the brittle crust: Insights from experimental modeling. Journal of Geo-physical Research-Solid Earth, 112, doi:10.1029/2006JB004604.

10. Gao, J., John, T., Klemd, R, Xiong, X.M. 2007. Mobilization of Ti-Nb-Ta during subduction: Evidence from rutile-bearing dehy-dration segregations and veins hosted in eclogite, Tianshan, NW China. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 71, 4974-4996.

11. Hammer, Ø. 2007. Spectral analysis of a Plio-Pleistocene multispe-cies time series using the Mantel periodogram. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 243, 373-377.

12. Hammer, Ø, Dysthe, D.K., Jamtveit, B. 2007. The dynamics of travertine dams. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 26, 258-263.

13. Hirth, J.P., Pond, R.C., Lothe, J. 2007. Spacing Defects and Discon-nections in Grain Boundaries. Acta Materiala, 55, 5428-5437.

14. Ivanov, M., Blinova, V., Kozlova, E., Westbrook, G., Mazzini, A. Minshull, T. and Nouzé, H. 2007. First sampling of gas hydrate from the Vøring Plateau. EOS, 88(19): 209-210.

15. Johnston, S., Hacker, B.R., Andersen, T.B. 2007. Exhuming Nor-wegian ultrahigh-pressure rocks: Overprinting extensional struc-tures and the role of the Nordfjord-Sogn Detachment zone. Tec-tonics, 26, TC500i.

16. Kuhl, E., Schmid, D.W. 2007. Computational modeling of mineral unmixing and growth – An application of the Cahn-Hilliard equa-tion. Computational Mechanics 2007, 39, 439-451.

17. Köhn, D, Renard, F., Toussaint, R., Passchier, C.W. Growth of sty-lolite teeth patterns depending on normal stress and finite compac-tion. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 2007, 257:582-595.

18. Le Guen, Y., Renard, F., Hellmann, R., Brosse, E., Collombet, M., Tisserand, D., Gratier, J.P. 2007. Enhanced deformation of lime-stone and sandstone in the presence of high P-CO2 fluids. Journal of Geophysical Research, 112(B05421).

19. Lock, B.E., Robey, J.A., Svensen, H., Planke, S., Jamtveit, B., Che-vallier, L. 2007. Discussion on structure and evolution of hydro-thermal vent complexes in the Karoo Basin, South Africa - Journal, Vol. 163, 2006, 671-682. Journal of the Geological Society, 164, 477-479.

20. Mair, K., Hazzard, J. 2007. Nature of stress accommodation in sheared granular material: Insights from 3D numerical modelling. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 259, 469-485.

21. Mair, K., Marone, C., Young, R.P. 2007. Rate dependence of acous-tic emissions generated during shear of simulated fault gouge. Bul-letin of The Seismological Society of America (BSSA) 2007,97(6) Suppl :1841-1849.

22. Marques, F.O., Schmid, D.W., Andersen, T. B. 2007. Applications of inclusion behaviour models to a major shear zone system: The Nordfjord-Sogn Detachment Zone in western Norway. Journal of Structural Geology, 29, 1622-1631.

23. Marschall H., Altherr R., Rüpke L. 2007. Squeezing out the slab – modelling the release of Li, Be and B during progressive high-pressure metamorphism. Chemical Geology, 239, 323-335.

24. Mazzini, A., Svensen, H., Akhmanov, G.G., Aloisi, G., Planke, S., Malthe-Sørenssen, A., Istadi, B. 2007. Triggering and dynamic evo-lution of the LUSI mud volcano, Indonesia. Earth and Planetray Science Letters, 261, 375-388.

25. Molenaar, D., Clercx, H. J. H., van Heijst, G. J. F. and Yin, Z. 2007. Attractor crisis and bursting in a fluid flow with two no-slip direc-tions. Physical Review E, 75, 036309.

26. Montes-Hernandez, G., Renard, F., Geoffroy, N., Charlet, L., and Pironon, J. 2007. Rhombohedral calcite precipitation from CO2-H2O-Ca(OH)2 slurry under supercritical and gas CO2 media. Journal of Crystal Growth, 308, 278-236.

27. Myasnikov A.V., Osipov K.S., Yarushina V.M., Gurevich B.Y. and Sboichakov A.M. 2007. Rheological monitoring of wave propaga-tion in multiphase multicomponent rocks: review. Physical Meso-mechanics, 10, 73 - 86.

28. Myasnikov, A.V., O, K., Yarushina, V.M., Gurevich, B., Sboicha-kov, A. Rheological Monitoring of Wave Propagation in Multi-phase Multicomponent Rocks: Review. Physical Mesomechanics 2007,10(1):73-87.

29. Rossi, M, Vidal, O, Wunder, B, Renard, F. 2007. Influence of time, temperature, confining pressure and fluid content on the experi-mental compaction of spherical grains. Tectonophysics, 441(1-4), 47-65.

30. Rozhko, A., Podladchikov, Y.Y., Renard, F. 2007. Failure patterns caused by localized rise in pore-fluid overpressure and effective strength of rocks. Geophysical Research Letters, 34.

31. Røhr, T.S., Austrheim, H., Erambert, M. 2007. Stress-induced re-distribution of yttrium and heavy rare-earth elements (HREE) in garnet during high-grade polymetamorphism. American Mineralo-gist, 92(8-9), 1276-1287.

2007 Production list


32. Santucci, S.F.A, Måløy, K.J., Delaplace, A., Mathiesen, J., Hansen, A, Bakke, J.O.H., Schmittbuhl, J., Ray, P. 2007. Statistics of fracture surfaces. Physical Review E 2007, 75.

33. Simon, N.S.C., Carlson, R. W., Pearson, D.G., Davies, G.R. 2007. The origin and evolution of the Kaapvaal cratonic lithospheric mantle. Journal of Petrology, 48, 589-625.

34. Steele A., Fries M.D., Amundsen H.E.F, Mysen B.O., Fogel M.L., Schweizer M. 2007. Comprehensive imaging and Raman spectros-copy of carbonate globules from Martian meteorite ALH 84001 and a terrestrial analogue from SvalbardBoctor NZ (Boctor, N. Z.) Meteorites & Plantetary Science, 42 (9), 1549-1566.

35. Svensen, H., Karlsen, D.A., Sturz, A., Backer-Owe, K., Banks, D.A., and Planke, S. 2007. Processes controlling water and hy-drocarbon composition in seeps from the Salton Sea Geothermal System, California, USA. Geology, 35, 85-88.

36. Svensen, H., Planke, S., Chevallier, L., Malthe-Sørenssen, A., Corfu, F., Jamtveit, B. 2007. Hydrothermal venting of greenhouse gases triggering Early Jurassic global warming. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 256, 554-566.

37. Voisin, C., Renard, F., Grasso, J.-R. 2007. Long term friction: from stick-slip to stable sliding. Geophysical Research Letters, 34, L13301, doi:10.1029/2007GL029715.

38. Yarushina, V.M., Podladchikov, Y.Y. 2007. The effect of nonhy-drostaticity on elastoplastic compaction and decompaction. Iz-vestiya, Russian Academy of Sciences. Physics of the Solid Earth, 43(1), 67-74.

39. Young, D.J., Hacker, B.R., Andersen, T. B., Corfu, F. 2007. Pro-grade amphibolite facies to ultrahigh-pressure transition along Nordfjord, western Norway: Implications for exhumation tecton-ics. Tectonics, 26(TC1007).

40. Zack, T, John, T. 2007. An evaluation of reactive fluid flow and trace element mobility in subducting slabs. Chemical Geology, 239, 199-216.

Publications 200� and in press 1. Angheluta, L., E. Jettestuen, J. Mathiesen, F. Renard, B. Jam-

tveit., 2008. Stress-driven phase transformation and the roughening of solid-solid interfaces. Phys. Rev. Lett, 096105.

2. Austrheim, H., Prestvik, T. 2008. Rodingitization and hydration of the oceanic lithosphere as developed in the Leka ophiolite, north-central Norway. Lithos (in press).

3. Austrheim, H., Putnis, C.V., Engvik, A.K., Putnis, A. 2008. Zircon coronas around Fe-Ti oxides: a physical reference frame for meta-morphic and metasomatic reactions. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, (in press).

4. Bahr, A., Pape, T., Bohrmann, G., Mazzini, A., Haeckel, M., Reitz, A. and Ivanov, M., 2008. Authigenic carbonate precipitates from the NE Black Sea: a mineralogical, geochemical and lipid biomark-er study. International Journal of Earth Sciences, (in press).

5. Burke, K., Steinberger, B., Torsvik, T.H., Smethurst, M.A., 2008. Plume Generation Zones at the margins of Large Low Shear Ve-locity Provinces on the Core-Mantle Boundary. Earth and Plan-etary Sciences, 265, 49-60.

6. Dabrowski, M., Krotkiewski, M., Schmid, D.W. 2008. MILAMIN: MATLAB-based FEM solver for large problems. Geochemistry, Geophysics, and Geosystems (in press).

7. Galland, O., Cobbold, P. R., Hallot, E., de Bremond d’Ars, J., 2008. Magma-controlled tectonics in compressional settings: insights from geological exam. Bollettino Della Società Geologica Italiana, (in press).

8. Gisler, G. R., 2008. Tsunami Simulations. Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics, 40, 71-90.

9. Glodny, J., Köhn, A., Austrheim, H. 2008. Geochronology of fluid-induced eclogite and amphibolite facies metamorphic reactions in a subduction-collision system, Bergen Arcs, Norway. Contribu-tions to Mineralogy and Petrology, (in press).

10. Glodny, J., Köhn, A., Austrheim, H. 2008. Diffusion versus re-crystallization processes in Rb-Sr geochronology: Isotopic relicts in eclogite facies rocks, Western Gneiss Region, Norway. Geochi-mica et Cosmochimica Acta, 72, 506-525.

11. Hammer, Ø. 2008. New statistical methods for detecting point alignments. Computers & Geosciences. (in press).

12. Hartz, E.H., Podladchikov, Y.Y. 2008., Toasting the jelly sand-wich: The effect of shear heating on lithospheric geotherms and strength. Geology, 36, 331–334,doi: 10.1130/G24424A.1.

13. Iyer, K., Jamtveit, B., Mathiesen, J., Malthe-Sørenssen, A., Feder, J. 2008. Reaction-assisted hierarchical fracturing during serpenti-nization. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 267, 620-627.

14. Iyer, K., Austrheim, H., John, T. Jamtveit, B. 2008. Serpentini-zation of the oceanic lithosphere and some geochemical conse-quences: Constraints from the Leka Ophiolite Complex, Norway. Chemical Geology, 249, 66-90.

15. Jamtveit, B., Malthe-Sørenssen, A. Kostenko, O. 2008. Reaction enhanced permeability during retrogressive metamorphism. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 267, 620-627.

16. John, T., Klemd, R., Gao, J., Garbe-Schönberg, C.-D. 2008. Trace-element mobilization in slabs due to non steady-state fluid-rock in-teraction: constraints from an eclogite-facies transport vein in blue-schist (Tianshan, China). Lithos, doi:10.1016/j.lithos.2007.09.005. (in press).

16. Mathiesen, J., Procaccia, I. and Regev, I. 2008. Elasticity with arbi-trarily shaped in-homogeneity. Physical Review E. 026606-1 to 8.

17. Mazzini, A., Ivanov, M.K., Nermoen, A., Bahr, A., Borhmann, G., Svensen, H. and Planke, S. 2008. Complex plumbing systems in the near subsurface: geometries of authigenic carbonates from Dolgovskoy Mound (Black Sea) constrained by analogue experi-ments. Marine & Petroleum Geology (in press).

18. Pollok, K., Lloyd, G.E., Austrheim, H., Putnis, H. 2008. Com-plex replacement patterns in garnets from Bergen arc eclogites: A combined EBSD and analytical TEM study. Chemie der Erde Geochemistry (in press).

19. Polteau, S., Mazzini, A., Galland, O., Planke, S., Malthe-Sørens-sen, A. 2008. Saucer-shaped intrusions: Occurrences, emplace-ment and implications. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 266, 195-204.


Appendices

20. Rüpke, L., Schmalholz S.M., Schmid, D.W., Podladchikov, Y.Y. 2008. Automated reconstruction of sedimentary basins using two-dimensional thermo-tectono-stratigraphic forward models – test-ed on the Northern Viking Graben. AAPG Bulletin, 92, 309-326.

21. Schmalholz, S.M., Schmid, D.W., Fletcher, R.C. 2008. Evolution of pinch-and-swell structures in a power-law layer. Journal of Structural Geology (in press).

22. Torsvik, T.H., Cocks, L.R.M. The Lower Palaeozoic palaeogeo-graphical evolution of the Norteastern and Eastern peri-Gond-wana margin from Turkey to New Zealand. J. Geol. Soc. London Special Publication (in press).

23. Steinberger, B., Torsvik, T.H. 2008. Absolute plate motions and true polar wander in the absence of hotspot tracks. Nature (in press).

24. Torsvik, T.H., Müller, R.D., Van der Voo, R., Steinberger, B., Gai-na, C. 2008. Global Plate Motion Frames: Toward a unified model. Reviews of Geophysics (in press).

25. Torsvik, T.H., Smethurst, M.A., Burke, K., Steinberger, B., 2008. Long term stability in Deep Mantle structure: Evidence from the ca. 300 Ma Skagerrak-Centered Large Igneous Province (the SCLIP). Earth Planetary Science Letters, doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2007.12.004 (in press).

In books and proceedings1. Akhmetjanov, A.M., Ivanov, M.K., Kenyon, N., Mazzini, A. (Edi-

tors), 2007. Deep-water cold seeps, sedimentary environments and echosystems of the Black and Tyrrhenian Seas and the Gulf of Cadiz. IOC Technical Series No. 72, UNESCO, (English), 140 pp.

2. Hellmann, R., Daval, D., Tisserand, D., and Renard, F. Albite feld-spar dissolution kinetics as a function of the Gibbs free energy at high pCO2, Water-Rock Interactions.

3. Rosenberg, C. L., Medvedev, S., Handy, M. On the effects of melt-ing on continental deformation and faulting. In: The Dynamics of Fault Zones, edited by M.R. Handy, G. Hirth, N. Hovius, Dahlem Workshop Report 95, The MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass., USA. 2007.

4. Svensen, H., G. Gisler, S. Polteau, A. Mazzini, and S. Planke, 2007. Hydrothermal Vent complexes and the search for extra-ter-restrial water. Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVIII, 2268.pdf.

In books and proceedings 200� and in press1. Gisler, G., Tsunami generation - other sources, chapter 6 in The

Sea: Volume 15, Tsunamis, edited by Alan Robinson and Eddie Bernard 2008 (in press).

2. Torsvik, T.H., Gaina, C., Redfield, T.F. 2008. Antarctica and Global Paleogeography: From Rodinia, through Gondwanaland and Pan-gea, to the birth of the Southern Ocean and the opening of gate-ways. US Academy Sciences book series (in press).

Talks and posters at conferences 200701. Aarnes, I., Podladchikov, Y.Y., Neumann, E.R., Formation of

D- and I-shaped geochemical profiles in mafic sills due to post-emplacement magma flow induced by thermal stresses. AGU Fall meeting 10.12. - 14.12.2007 (Poster).

02. Aarnes, I., Podladchikov, Y.Y., Neumann, E.R., Formation of D- and I-shaped geochemical profiles in mafic sills due to post-emplacement magma flow induced by thermal stresses. Summer School on Geodynamics and Magmatic Processes, Iceland 20-29 August 2007 (Poster).

03. Abart, R, Milke, R, Petrishcheva, E, Schmid, D.W., Wirth, R, Rhede, D. Transport, interface and rheological controls on the kinetics of mineral reactions. Abstract, Goldschmidt conference, August 19-24, Cologne Germany (Poster).

04. Andersen, T.B., Austrheim, H.. Seismic faults and the strength of deep crust and lithospheric mantle, examples from the Caledonides and Alpine Corsica. Norsk geologisk forenings vintermøte, 08.01. - 10.01.2007 (Talk).

05. Angheluta, L. Physical mechanisms in the formation and dynam-ics of stylolitic surfaces. StatPhys conference (9-13 of July 2007, Genoa, Italy) (Talk).

06. Angheluta, L., Jettestuen, E., Mathiesen, J., Renard, F., Jamtveit, B. Solid-solid phase transformation: roughening of stylolites. AGU 10.12. - 14.12.2007 (Poster).

07. Angheluta, L., Mathiesen, J. Energy consideration of elastic in-terfaces: some insights on stylolites. University of Oslo, 09.05. - 11.05.2007 (Poster).

08. Armann, M., Burlini, L., Spiers, C.J., Podladchikov, Y.Y. Burg, J.-P. The effect of temperature on the rheology and microstructure of synthetic rocksalt deformed in torsion, EGU General Assembly April 15–20 2007, Vienna. (Talk).

09. Austrheim, H. Earthquakes and metamorphism in continental root zones. Seminar Univ. I Berlin, Tyskalnd 02.07. 2007 (Talk).

10. Austrheim, H., Putnis, C.V., Engvik, A.K., Putnis, A. Tracing meta-somatic reactions using inert zircon coronas around ilmenite. Goldschmidt conference, August 19-24, Cologne Germany (Talk).

11. Bahr, A., Pape, T., Bohrmann, G., Mazzini, A., Haeckel, M., Reitz, A., Ivanov, M. Methane seep-related carbonates from the Dolgov-skoy Mound, north-eastern Black Sea, Geologische Vereinigung (GV), October 2007, Bremen, Germany.

12. Beuchert, M.J., Podladchikov, Y.Y., Rüpke, L., Simon, N. Numeri-cal modeling of craton stability and formation 20th Kongsberg seminar, 9-11 mai 2007.

13. Beuchert M.J., Podladchikov Y.P., Rüpke, L., Simon, N. Modeling of craton stability using a viscoelastic rheology 10th International Workshop on Modeling of Mantle Convection and Lithospheric Dynamics, Carry-le-Rouet, 2-7 september 2007.

14. Beuchert, M., Podladchikov, Y.Y., Rüpke, L. Simon, N. Influence of rheology on craton stability - implications from numerical mod-eling. EGU General Assembly; April 15–20 2007 Vienna. (Talk).

15. Bjørk, T.E., Ord., A. Shear Zone formation in Granular Materi-als: Porosity and Permeability Development. Deformation in the Desert. The Australian Geological Society’s Specialist Group in Tectonics and Structural Geology (SGTSG) bi-annual conference, 09.07. – 13.07.2007 (Talk).

16. Bjørk, T.E., A. Ord. Shear Zone formation in Granular Materials: Porosity and Permeability Development. CSIRO E & M Internship presentation, the Australian Resources Research Centre (ARRC), Perth, Australia, 25.07.2007. (Talk).

17. Bjørk, T.E., A. Ord. Shear Zone formation in Granular Materi-als: Porosity and Permeability Development. Deformation in the Desert. The Australian Geological Society’s Specialist Group in Tectonics and Structural Geology (SGTSG) bi-annual conference, 09.07. – 13.07.2007 (Talk).


18. Bjørk, T., Schmid, D. Intrusion between rigid plates applied to flow between boudins, EGU General Assembly April 15–20 2007, Vienna (Poster).

19. Bonnetier, E., Misbah, C., Renard, F., Toussaint, R., Gratier, J.-P. Are stylolitic surfaces inherently unstable surfaces? Insights from shape minimization considerations, AGU, 10-14 December 2007, San Francisco, USA. (Talk).

20. Casarin, FO, Austrheim, H., Putnis, A. Compositional gradient of Cpx produced by fluid assisted eclogitization. Goldschmidt confer-ence, August 19-24, Cologne Germany (Talk).

21. Dabrowski, M., Krotkiewski, M. Schmid, D.W. Fold morphologies and effective mechanical properties in 3D, EGU General Assembly April 15–20 2007, Vienna. (Poster)

22. Dabrowski, M., Podladchikov, Y.Y. Schmid, D.W. Overpressure induced by phase transformation strain under far-field hydrostatic loads and why eclogites are often boudins with isotropic texture in their cores? EGU General Assembly April 15–20 2007, Vienna. (Poster).

23. Dabrowski, M., Schmid, D.W. Multi-particle interaction in shear zones. 20th Kongsberg Seminar, 09.05. - 11.05. 2007(Poster).

24. Dysthe, D., Bisschop, J. Jettestuen, E. Pattern formation on sodi-um chlorate crystal surfaces under stress, EGU General Assembly April 15–20 2007, Vienna. (Poster).

25. Dysthe, D., Bisschop, J., Jettestuen, E. Pattern formation on so-dium chlorate crystal surfaces under stress. The 20th kongsberg seminar 2007, Norway (Poster).

26. Ebner, M., Koehn, D., Renard, F., Toussaint, R. Scaling of natural stylolites and their use as stress-depth gauges, AGU, 10-14 Decem-ber 2007, San Francisco, USA.

27. Ebner, M., Koehn, D., Renard, F., Toussaint, R. Scaling of natural stylolites and their use as stress gouges, European Geophysical Un-ion, Apr. 15-20 2007, Vienna, Austria. (Poster).

28. Engvik, AK., Golla-Schindler, U., Austrheim, H., Putnis, A. In-tragranular replacement of chlorapatite by hydroxyapatite during scapolitisation. Goldschmidt conference, August 19-24, Cologne Germany (Poster).

29. Erambert, M., Røhr, T.S., Austrheim, H. Stress-induced redistribu-tion of Y and HREE in garnet during high-grade polymetamor-phism. Goldschmidt conference, August 19-24, Cologne Germany (Poster)

30. Exner, U., Dabrowski, M. 3D fault drag – triclinic structures or triclinic flow? EGU General Assembly April 15–20 2007, Vienna. (Talk).

31. Fletcher, R.C. Rheological parameters from interpretation of de-collement folds, EGU General Assembly April 15–20 2007, Vien-na. (Poster)

32. Fossen, H., Schulz, R., Shipton, Z.K. and Mair, K. Deformation bands: strain localisation structures in highly porous sandstone. AGU Fall Meeting, San Francisco, USA, December 10 - 15, 2007 (Talk).

33. Frehner, M., Schmalholz, S.M., Podladchikov, Y.Y. and Holzner, R. Low frequency spectral modification of geoseismic background noise due to interaction with oscillating fluids entrapped in sub-surface porous rocks, EGU General Assembly April 15–20 2007, Vienna. (Poster)

34. Galerne, C., Neumann, E.-R., Planke, S., and the Golden Val-ley Study Group, 2007. Geochemical Architecture of the Golden Valley Sill Complex, South Africa: Implication for Saucer-Shaped Sill Emplacement in Sedimentary Basins. American Geophysical Union Fall Meeting, San Francisco, December 2007 (Poster).

35. Galerne, C., Neumann, E.R., Planke, S., Aarnes, I., Haaberg, K. Geochemical Architecture of the Golden Valley Sill Complex, South Africa: Implication for Saucer-Shaped Sill Emplacement in Sedimetary Basins, EGU General Assembly April 15–20 2007, Vi-enna. (Poster).

36. Galland, O., Cobbold, P. R., de bremond d’Ars, J., Hallot, E. Mag-ma-controlled tectonics in compressional settings: insights from experimental modelling, EGU General Assembly April 15–20 2007, Vienna. (Talk).

37. Galland, O., Planke, S., Malthe-Sørenssen, A., Experimental Modeling of the Formation of Saucer-Shaped sills, AGU, San Francisco, December 10-15 2007 (Poster).

38. Galland, O., S. Planke, S. Polteau, A. Malthe-Sørenssen. Mecha-nisms of saucer-shaped sill emplacement and associated doming: insights from experimental modelling, Golden Rum, Isle of Skye, May 2-9 2007 (Talk).

39. Galland, O., Polteau, S., Planke, S., Mazzini, A., Malthe-Sørens-sen, A., Svensen, H., Neumann, E.-R., Gundersen, O. Mechanisms of saucer-shaped sill emplacement and associated doming: insights from experimental modelling, EGU General Assembly April 15–20 2007, Vienna. (Poster).

40. Galland, O., Polteau, S., Planke, S., Mazzini, A., Malthe-Sørens-sen, A., Svensen H., Neumann E.-R., Gundersen, O. Mechanisms of saucer-shaped sill emplacement and associated doming: insights from experimental modelling, Kongsberg seminar, May 2007 (Post-er).

41. Gisler, G. Hydrothermal Vent Complexes and the Search for Ex-tra-Terrestrial Water, poster at the 38th Lunar and Planetary Sci-ence Conference, League City, Texas, 12-16 March, 2007 (Talk).

42. Gisler, G. Hydrothermal Vent Complexes and the Search for Ex-tra-Terrestrial Water. The Kongsberg seminar 7-9 May 2007 (Poster).

43. Gisler, G. Multi-fluid Hydrodynamic Calculations of Turbidite Deposits from Submarine-Landslide Tsunamis. The International Supercomputing Conference, Dresden, Germany, 26-29 June 2007 (Poster).

44. Gisler, G. Simulations of the explosive venting of supercritical flu-ids through porous media, American Geophysical Union Meeting, 10-14 December 2007 (Talk).

45. Gisler, G. Three-dimensional simulation of a rock-slide impact into water, American Geophysical Union Meeting, 10-14 Decem-ber 2007. (Poster).

46. Gisler, G., Svensen, H., Mazzini, A., Polteau, S., Planke, S. Simu-lations of the Explosive Venting of Supercritical Fluids through Porous Media. AGU, 10– 14 December, 2007 San Francisco, CA, USA. (Talk).

47. Gratier, J.-P., Renard, F., Bernard, D. Coupling between pressure solution and fracturing processes discussed from indenter experi-ments. AGU, 10-14 December 2007, San Francisco (Poster).

48. Halama, R, John, T., Schenk, V, McDonough, WF, Rudnick, RL. Li isotope fractionation in the subducted slab - A case study from the Raspas complex, Ecuador. Abstract, Goldschmid conference, August 19-24, Cologne Germany (Poster).

49. Hammer, Ø. Natural pattern formation: Molecules or Mechanics - Turing or Thompson? The 20th Kongsbergseminar, 2007 (Talk).

50. Hammer, Ø., Dysthe, D.K. Lelu, B. Calcite precipitation instabil-ity under open-channel flow. EGU General Assembly April 15–20 2007, Vienna. (Talk)


2007 Production listAppendices

51. Hartz, E.H., Medvedev, S., Hovius, N., Biarc, A., Andriessen, P.A.M. Timing, control and effect of Paleolandscapes in the Scores-bysund region, East Greenland International Conference on Artic Margins, 03.09. - 05.09.2007(Talk).

52. Hartz, E.H., Podladchikov, Y.Y., Dabrowski, M. Tectonic and re-action overpressures: Theoretical models and natural examples. EGU general assembly, 13.04. - 18.04.2007 (Talk).

53. Hartz, E.H., Podladchikov, Y.Y., Medvedev, S., Faleide, J.I. Force, energy and mass balanced basin models: New concepts and ex-amples of application to the Barents Sea. Norsk Geologisk Vinter-møte, 09.01. - 12.01.2007 (Poster).

54. Hartz, E.H., Podladchikov, Y.Y., Medvedev, S., Faleide, J.I., Si-mon, N. Arctic “out-of sequence” basins: new data and models for the East Greenland and Barents sea basins. International Confer-ence on Arctic Margins, 03.09. - 07.09.2007 (Talk).

55. Hartz, E.H., Podladchikov, Y.Y., Medvedev, S., Faleide, J.I., Si-mon, N. Force, energy and mass balanced basin models: New con-cepts and Arctic examples. EGU general assembly, April 15–20 2007 (Talk).

56. Hartz, E.H., Podladchikov, Y.Y., Medvedev, S., Faleide, J.I., Si-mon, N. The effects of energy balanced metamorphic reactions and far-field tectonic and gravitational forces on basin formation. Kongsberg seminar, 09.05. - 11.05.2007 (Poster).

57. Hartz, E.H., Podladchikov, Y.Y., Medvedev, S., Faleide, J.I., Si-mon, N. The effects of energy balanced metamorphic reactions and far-field tectonic and gravitational forces on basin formation. Ba-sin modelling Perspectives: Innovative Developments and Novel Applications, 06.05. - 09.05.2007AAPG, The Hauge Netherlands (Talk).

58. Hartz, E.H., Torsvik, T.H. Greenland, a continental plate or a tec-tonic puzzle? New Devonian, Carboniferouis and Triassic paleo-magnetic poles from East Greenland. International conference on Arctic Margins, 03.09. - 07.09.2007(Talk).

59. Iyer, K., Jamtveit, B., Malthe-Sørenssen, A., Mathiesen, J., Feder, J. Reaction-assisted hierarchical fracturing during serpentinization, EGU General Assembly April 15–20 2007, Vienna. (Poster).

60. Iyer, K., Jamtveit, B., Malthe-Sørenssen, A., Mathiesen, J., Feder, J. Reaction-assisted hierarchical fracturing during serpentinization, 20th Kongsberg Seminar 2007 Norway, Norway, 9-11 May (Post-er).

61. Jamtveit, B., Iyer, K.H., Røyne, A., Malthe-Sørenssen, A.M., Ma-thiesen, J., Feder, J. Stress generation and hierarchical fracturing in reactive systems. AGU Fall meeting 2007 (Talk).

62. Jamtveit, B., Malthe-Sørenssen, A., Austrheim, H, Røyne, A., Iyer, K., Mathiesen, J., Feder, J. Stress generation and hierarchi-cal fracturing in reactive systems. 20th Kongsberg Seminar 2007, Norway, Norway, 9-11 May (Talk)

63. Jamtveit, B., Røyne, A., Malthe-Sørenssen, A., Mathiesen, J.. Controls on weathering rates by reaction controlled hierarchical fracturing. 17th Goldschmict meeting 2007(Talk).

64. Jettestuen, E., Mair, K., Hazzard, J.F. Characterisation of contact forces and force chains in sheared granular systems, EGU General Assembly April 15–20 2007, Vienna (Poster).

65. Jettestuen, K. Mair, K., Hazzard, J.F. Characterisation of contact forces and force chains in sheared granular systems. The 20th Kongsberg seminar 2007, Norway. (Poster).

66. John, T. Reactive fluid flow in slabs - a metamorphic view on the origin of the slab component. Goldschmidt conference, August 19-24 2007, Cologne Germany (Talk).

67. John, T., Austrheim, H., Schmid, D.W., Rüpke, L., Podladchikov Y.P. Interplay of deformation, fluid infiltration and eclogitization. Goldschmidt conference August 19-24, Cologne Germany 2007 (Talk)

68. John, T., Austrheim, H., Andersen, T.B., Rüpke, L.H., Pod-ladchikov, YP. Interplay of deformation, fluid infiltration, and eclogitization of a dry rock. The 20th Kongsberg seminar, 09.05. - 11.05.2007 (Poster).

69. John, T., Austrheim, H., Andersen, T.B., Rüpke, L.H., Podlad-chikov, Y.Y. Interplay of deformation, fluid infiltration, and eclogi-tization of a dry rock. 20th Kongsberg Seminar 2007, Norway, 9-11 May (Poster).

70. John, T., Rüpke, L., Medvedev, S., Austrheim, H., Podladchikov, Y.Y., Andersen, T.B., Bræck, S. About deformation, reactions, and fluids: combining petrology and modelling to better understand deeper earthquakes, EGU General Assembly April 15–20 2007, Vienna. (Talk).

71. John, T., Rüpke, L.H., Medvedev, S., Podladchikov, Y.Y., Ander-sen, T.B. Spontaneous thermal run-away as an earthquake mecha-nism at elevated pressure: insights from petrology and numerical analysis. AGU Fall Meeting 2007, San Francisco, USA (Talk).

72. Kellner, A., Kukowski, N., Medvedev, S., Schilling, F. and TIPTEQ Research Group. The effect of fluids on thermal and mechanical processes in the plate interface zone, General Assembly April 15–20 2007, Vienna (Poster).

73. Krotkiewski, M., Dabrowski, M., Podladchikov, Y.Y. High-reso-lution 3D modeling of wave scattering by an oil reservoir, EGU General Assembly April 15–20 2007, Vienna. (Poster).

74. Krotkiewski, M., Podladchikov, Y.Y. High-resolution 3D modeling of acoustic wave propagation using ADI methods. 20th Kongsberg Seminar, 09.05. - 11.05.2007 (Poster).

75. Lambert, M., Schmalholz, S., Podladchikov, Y.Y. Low-Frequency Anomalies in spectral Ratios of Microtremors above and nearby Hydrocarbon Reservoirs: A Case Study in Austria, EGU General Assembly April 15–20 2007, Vienna (Talk).

76. Le Pourhiet, L., Podladchikov, Y.Y. A scaling law for Mohr Cou-lomb rheology, EGU General Assembly April 15–20 2007, Vienna (Talk).

77. Løvholt, F., Gisler, G., Pedersen, G., Cai, X. Modeling of potential slide generated tsunamis at La Palma Island, EGU General Assem-bly April 15–20 2007, Vienna (Talk).

78. Mair, K. Fault zone processes. Workshop on Plastic Deformation, 15.01. - 19.01.2007 (Talk).

79. Mair, K., Abe, S., Bjørk, T. Breaking up: Fault zone evolution dur-ing shear. AGU Fall Meeting, San Francisco, USA, December 10 - 15, 2007. (Poster).

80. Mair, K., Abe, S., Bjørk, T.E. Breaking up: Fault gouge evolution during shear. Geodynamics, Geomagnetism and Paleageography: 50 years celebration; 21. - 22.09.2007 (Poster).

81. Mair, K., Abe, S., Bjørk, T. Comparing fault zones in nature, labo-ratory experiments and numerical simulations using grain size and shape characteristics, EGU General Assembly April 15–20 2007, Vienna (Talk).

82. Mair, K., S. Abe, T.E. Bjørk. Comparing Fault Zones in Nature, Laboratory Experiments and Numerical Simulations Using Grain Size and Shape Characteristics. The 20th Kongsberg seminar: “Me-chanical effects on reactive systems”, 09.05. - 11.05.2007 (Poster).

83. Malthe-Sørenssen, A., Polteau, S., Mazzini, A., Galland, O., Planke, S. Saucer-shaped sills: occurrences, emplacement and im-plications. AGU, 10– 14 December 2007, San Francisco, CA, USA (Talk).

84. Marques, F. O., Schmid, D. Podladchikov, Y.Y. Effects of strain rate on buckling of a thin elastic layer embedded in a viscous ma-trix, EGU General Assembly April 15–20 2007, Vienna (Talk).

85. Mathiesen, J. Competition between Diffusion and Fragmentation: Evolution of polycrystalline materials under stress, March, 2007.APS March Meeting, Denver, USA (Talk).


86. Mathiesen, J, Grain Growth under Stress, The 20th Kongsberg seminar: ’Mechanical effects on reactive systems’ 2007 APS, Kongsberg Norway (Poster).

87. Mazzini, A. Gas hydrates and hydrocarbon-rich fluid seepage in the Vøring - Storegga region (Norwegian Sea): sampling and sea floor observations. Geo Marine Research along European Conti-nental Margins, Bremen, Germany, January 28 – February 3 2007 (Talk).

88. Mazzini. A. Pulsating mud volcanism at LUSI, Indonesia. LUSI International Workshop, Jakarta, Indonesia 2007 (Talk).

89. Mazzini, A., Ivanov, M.K., Nermoen, A., Bahr, A., Borhmann, G., Svensen, H., Planke, S. Complex Plumbing Systems in the Near Subsurface: Geometries of Authigenic Carbonates From Dolgov-skoy Mound (Black Sea) Constrained by Analogue Experiments. AGU, 10– 14 December 2007, San Francisco, CA, USA. (Talk).

90. Mazzini, A., Ivanov, M.K, Svensen, H., Westbrook, G.K., Planke, S. ”Gas hydrates and hydrocarbon-rich fluid seepage in the Vøring-Storegga region (Norwegian Sea): sampling and sea floor observa-tions. Geo-marine research along Europen Continental Margins, UNESCO Conference, Bremen, Germany 2007 (Talk).

91. Mazzini, A. , Svensen, H., Akhmanov, G. G., Aloisi, G., Planke, S., Malthe-Sørenssen, A., Istadi, B. 2007. Triggering and dynamic evolution of the LUSI mud volcano, Indonesia, AGU, 10– 14 De-cember, San Francisco, CA, USA (Talk).

92. Mazzini, A., Svensen, H., Akhmano, G. G., Istadi, B. Planke, S. Pulsating and quasi-hydrothermal mud volcanism at LUSI, Indo-nesia, EGU General Assembly April 15–20 2007, Vienna (Talk).

93. Mazzini, A., Svensen, H., Planke, S., Akhmanov, G.G., Guliyev, I., Johansen, H., Fallick, T. A window in the plumbing system dynam-ics of mud volcanoes (Azerbaijan), 20th Kongsberg Seminar 2007, Norway, 9-11 May (Poster).

94. Mazzini, A., Svensen, H., Planke, S., Akhmanov, G.G., Guliyev, I., Johansen, H., Fallick, T. 2007. Shallow plumbing systems in mud volcanoes (Azerbaijan). AGU, 10– 14 December, San Francisco, CA, USA (Talk).

95. Mazzini A., Svensen H., Planke S., Gisler G., Akhmanov G.G., Guliyev I., Mud volcanism on Earth: analogue for Mars explora-tion?, 2nd International Workshop Exploring Mars and its Earth Analogues, 18-23 June 2007, Trento, Italy (Talk).

96. Medvedev, S., Bræck, S., Fusseis, F. and Podladchikov, Y.Y. De-velopment of shear zones by shear heating instability: analytical and numerical models and comparison to natural example, EGU General Assembly April 15–20 2007, Vienna (Poster).

97. Medvedev, S., Hartz, E.H., Podladchikov, Y.Y. Topography of the Scoresbysund region, East Greenland: understanding the evolution by compiling observations and numerical analyses, EGU General Assembly April 15–20 2007, Vienna (Talk).

98. Montes-Hernandez, G., Renard, F., Charlet, L., Pironon J. (2007). Rhomboedral calcite precipitation from CO2-H2O-Ca(OH)2 slurry under supercritical and gas CO2 media, 17th Goldschmidt Confer-ence, 19-24 August 2007, Cologne, Germany (Poster).

99. Nermoen, A., Feder, J. Particle dynamics in microscopic pores” – The Kongsberg seminar (Poster).

100.Neumann, E.-R., Simon, N. Bonadiman, C., Coltorti, M., Delpech, G. Grégoire, M. Oceanic lithosphere composition revisited: con-straints from major element and modal relationships in mantle xe-noliths from ocean islands, EGU General Assembly April 15–20 2007, Vienna (Talk).

101. Neumann, E.-R., Simon, N., Bonadiman, C., Coltorti, M., Delpech, G., Grégoire, M. 2007. Extremely refractory oceanic litho-spheric mantle and its implications for geochemical mass balance. Geochemica et Cosmochimica Acta, 71, A712, Goldschmidt Con-ference August 19-24, Cologne Germany (Poster).

102.Neumann, E.-R., Simon, N., Bonadiman, C., Coltorti, M., Delpech, G., Grégoire, M. 2007. Extremely refractory mantle xenoliths from ocean islands: do they represent recycled oceanic mantle? Gordon Conference, June 11-15, 2007, Mass, USA (Poster).

103.Neumann, E.-R., Simon, N., Bonadiman, C., Coltorti, M., Delpech, G., Gregoire, M.. Ultra-refractory domains in the oceanic lithosphere: evidence from major element and modal relationships in mantle xenoliths from ocean islands. American Geophysical Union Fall Meeting, 10.12.2007 - 14.12.2007(Poster).

104.Nicolaisen, F. Malthe-Sørenssen, A., Nermoen, A., Podlad-chikov, Y.Y., Planke, S. Hydrothermal Vents - Simulations of Fluid Flow in Granular Media. Kongsberg Seminar 2007, 09.05. - 11.05.2007 (Poster).

105.Nicolaisen, F. Malthe-Sørenssen, A., Nermoen, A., Rozhko, A. Simulations of Hydrothermal Vent Complexes. AGU, 10.12. - 14.12.2007 (Poster).

106.Pierazzo, E., Artemieva, N., Asphaug, E., Cazamias, J., Coker, R., Collins, G. S., Gisler, G., Holsapple, K. A., Housen, K. R., Ivanov, B., Johnson, C., Korycansky, D. G., Melosh, H. J., Taylor, E. A., Turtle, E. P., Wünnemann, K., The Impact Hydro-code Benchmark and Validation Project: Initial Results, in 38th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference, (Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVIII), held March 12-16 2007 in League City, Texas. LPI Contribution No. 1338, p.2015 (Talk).

107.Pierazzo, E., Artemieva, N., Asphaug, E., Cazamias, J., Coker, R., Collins, G. S., Crawford, D. A., Gisler, G., Holsapple, K. A., Housen, K. R., Ivanov, B., Korycansky, D. G., Melosh, H. J., Taylor, E. A., Turtle, E. P., Wuenneman, K., The Impact Hydro-code Benchmark and Validation Project: First Benchmark and Validation Tests, in Bridging the Gap II: Effect of Target Properties on the Impact Cratering Process, Proceedings of the conference held September 22-26, 2007 in Saint-Hubert, Canada. LPI Contri-bution No. 1360, p.97-98 (Talk).

108.Planke, S-, O. Galland and A. Malthe-Sørenssen. Dome Struc-tures Above Sills and Saucer-Shaped Sills: Insights From Experi-mental Modeling, AGU, San Francisco, December 10-15 2007 (Poster).

109.Pollok, K, Heidelbach, F, Langenhorst, F, John, T. Textural and microstructural analysis of rapidly grown omphacite from eclogite facies pseudotachylytes. Goldschmidt conference, August 19-24, Cologne Germany (Poster).

110.Polteau, S. Magnetic fabrics in saucer-shaped sills of the Ka-roo Large Igneous Province. IUGG, Perugia, Italy, 2007, session ASI005 (Talk).

111.Polteau, S., Ferre, E.C., Planke, S., Neumann, E.-R., Chevallier, L. Magnetic fabric of saucer-shaped sills in the Karoo Large Ig-neous Province. American Geophysical Union Fall Meeting, San Francisco, December 2007 (Poster).

112.Polteau, S., Ferre, E.C., Planke, S., Neumann, E.-R., Chevallier, L. Magnetic fabric of saucer-shaped sills in the Karoo Large Igne-ous Province. Kongsberg Seminar 2007 (Poster).

113.Polteau, S., Ferre, E.C., Planke, S., Neumann, E.-R., Chevallier, L. Magnetic fabric of saucer-shaped sills in the Karoo Large Ig-neous Province. Summer School on Geodynamic and Magmatic Processes, USA 10.12-15.12. 2007 (Poster).

114.Polteau, S., Ferre, E.C., Planke, S., Neumann, E.-R. Magnetic fabrics in saucer-shaped sills of the Karoo Large Igneous Province. Perugia, Italy 02.07. - 15.07.2007 (Talk).

115.Putnis, CV, Austrheim, H., Putnis, A. A mechanism of fluid trans-port through minerals. Abstract, Goldschmidt conference, August 19-24, Cologne Germany (Talk).

116.Renard, F., Mair, K. Fragmentation, gouge production and sur-face roughness evolution on experimentally simulated faults. AGU Fall Meeting, San Francisco, USA, December 10-15 2007. (Poster)


Appendices2007 Production list

117.Rosenberg, C., Medvedev, S., Handy, M. Rheological effects of very small melt fractions (0.01 to 0.07) in crustal rocks, EGU Gen-eral Assembly April 15–20 2007, Vienna (Poster).

118.Rüpke, L.H., Simon, N., Podladchikov, Y.Y. Studies of continent stability using joint petrological and geodynamical models. Gold-schmidt conference, August 19-24, Cologne Germany (Talk).

119.Sassier, C., P. H. Leloup, D. Rubatto, O. Galland, Y. Yue, D. Lin. Measuring direct strain rates in ductile shear zones, Deformation mechanisms, Rheology and Tectonics, Milan, September 26-30 2007(Poster).

120.Simon, N., Neumann, E.-R., Medvedev, S., Podladchikov, Y.Y. Isostatic Response of Strongly Extended Continental Lithosphere to Refertilization. AGU Fall Meeting, 09.12. - 14.12.2007 (Talk).

121.Simon, N., Podladchikov, Y.Y., Hartz, E.H. Subsidence in the East Barents Basin: Are mineral phase transitions the clue? Inter-national Conference on Artic Margins. Tromsø, 2007 (Talk).

122.Simon, N., Podladchikov, Y.Y., Rüpke, L.H. Lithospheric geo-dynamics with thermo-chemical density anomalies and mineral phase transitions switched on. Goldschmidt conference, August 19-24, Cologne Germany (Poster).

123.Simon. N, Rüpke, L.H., Podladchikov, Y.Y. Quantifying the effect of mantle phase transitions and application to the Vøring basin, off-shore Norway, Abstracts of the AAPG Hedberg Confer-ence “Basin Modeling Perspectives: Innovative Developments and Novel Applications”. The Hague, The Netherlands 2007 (Talk).

124.Simon, N., Semprich, J. Crustal density as a function of pressure, temperature and composition, International Conference on Artic Margins. Tromsø 2007 (Poster).

125.Schmalholz, S.M., Schmid, D.W. Fletcher, R.C. Finite Amplitude Necking and Evolution of Pinch-and-Swell Structures in Power-Law Fluids, EGU General Assembly April 15–20 2007, Vienna (Poster).

126.Schmid, D.W. Rigid polygons in shear, EGU General Assembly 2007, Vienna (Poster).

127.Svensen, H., Gisler, G., Polteau, S., Mazzini, A., Planke, S., Hy-drothermal Vent Complexes and the Search for Extra-Terrestrial Water, in 38th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference, (Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVIII), held March 12-16, 2007 in League City, Texas. LPI Contribution No. 1338, p.2268 (Talk).

128.Svensen, H., Planke, S., Chevallier, L., Malthe-Sørenssen, A., Jamtveit, B., Corfu, F., Polteau, S. A new model for rapid global climate changes: explosive venting of greenhouse gases from meta-morphic aureoles around sills in volcanic basins, and its relevance for the PETM and the Toarcian global warming, EGU General As-sembly April 15–20 2007, Vienna (Poster).

129.Tantserev, E., Beuchert, M., Podladchikov, Y.Y. Two-dimension-al backward modelling of mantle plumes, EGU General Assembly April 15–20 2007, Vienna (Poster).

130.Timm, J., Rüpke, .H., Medvedev, S., Austrheim, H., Podlad-chikov, Y.Y., Andersen, T.B. About deformation, reactions, and fluids: combining petrology and modelling to better understand deeper earthquakes. European Geoscience Union General Assem-bly, 15.04. - 20.04.2007 (Talk).

131.Van der Straaten, F., Schenk, V., John, T., Gao, J. Blueschist-fa-cies rehydration of eclogites: Constraints on subduction channel fluid-rock interaction from the Tian Shan (China). Goldschmidt Conference August 19-24, Cologne Germany (Talk).

132.Vrijmoed, J.C., Y.Y. Podladchikov, G. R. Davies, R. Hin, M. A. den Hartog, I. Wijbrans. Fracturing and reaction processes in the deep interior of an ancient mountain range. 20th Kongsberg Semi-nar 2007 Norway, 9-11 May (Poster).

133.Weaver, R., Pritchett, L., Masse, B., Gisler, G., Gittings, M. The Generation of a Tsunami from the Impact of a Massive Comet Im-pact in the Indian Ocean, in Proceedings of the Advanced Maui Optical and Space Surveillance Technologies Conference, held in Wailea, Maui, Hawaii, September 12-15, 2007, Ed.: S. Ryan, The Maui Economic Development Board, p.E90. (Talk).

134.Yarushina V.M., Podladchikov Y.Y. Low Frequency Seismic Strain Attenuation in Non-Hydrostatically Stressed Elastoplastic Porous Media. 3rd International Workshop on Frequency-Depen-dent Geophysical Properties, “Rainbow in the Earth”. 29th July-1st August 2007, The Royal Society of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom (Talk).

135.Yarushina, V.M., Podladchikov, Y.Y. Micromechanical modeling of non-hydrostatic compaction and decompaction, EGU General Assembly April 15–20 2007, Vienna. (Poster).

136.Yarushina V.M., Podladchikov Y.Y. Micromechanical modeling of on-hydrostatic compaction and decompaction, 20th Konsberg seminar. (Poster).

Invited talks 2007 & keynote lectures1. Austrheim, H. CO2 sequestration and extreme Mg leaching in ser-

pentinized peridotite clasts of sedimentary basins. Uni-Muenster, Germany. Institute seminar.

2. Austrheim, H. Earthquakes and metamorphism in continental root zones. FU-Berlin, Germany. 22.11.07 (Guest talk).

3. Austrheim, H. Rodingitization and hydration of the ocenaic litho-sphere as developed in the Leka ophiolite, north central Norway. Annual meeting 2007.Universitetet I Bremen, Tyskland 21.11.07 (Guest talk).

4. Austrheim, H. Rodingitization and hydration of the ocenaic litho-sphere as developed in the Leka ophiolite, north central Norway. University of Freiburg, Germany 25.2.07 (Guest talk).

5. Austrheim, H. Rodingitization and hydration of the ocenaic litho-sphere as developed in the Leka ophiolite, north central Norway. Annual meeting, German Mineralogical Society, Kiel, Germany 9.6.07 (Guest talk).

6. Austrheim, H. Scapolitization of the continental crust. GFZ Pots-dam, Tyskland 23.11.07 (Guest lecture).

7. Bjørk, T.E. A. Ord. Shear Zone formation in Granular Materials: Porosity and Permeability Development. CSIRO E & M Internship presentation, the Australian Resources Research Centre (ARRC), Perth, Australia, 25.07.2007.

8. Galland, O. Cobbold, P.R., Hallot, E., de Bremond d’Ars, J. 2007. Magma-controlled tectonics in compressional settings: insights from experimental modelling and application to the Central An-des, Keynote lecture, Deformation mechanisms, Rheology and Tec-tonics, Milan, 26-30 September.

9. Gisler, G. Tsunamis from Asteroid Impacts in Deep Water. Plane-tary Defense Conference, Washington, DC, USA, 5-8 March 2007.

10. Gisler, G. Calculating Extinction—What killed the dinosaurs? In-vited talk, Honeywell Space Systems, Glendale, Arizona, USA, 9 March 2007.

11. Gisler, G. Invited Panelist at “Hot Seat” Session for the Inter-national Supercomputing Conference, Dresden, Germany, 26-29 June 2007.

12. Gisler, G. Studying violent processes in geophysics with SAGE, invited public talk, Arctic Supercomputing Research Center, Uni-versity of Alaska, Fairbanks, Alaska, USA, 7 August 2007.


13. Gisler, G. Modeling of Rock Slide Impact into Water. Åknes/Taf-jord Workshop, Geiranger, Norway, 27-30 August 2007.

14. Gisler, G., Simulating violent processes in geophysics. Keele Uni-versity, Stoke-on-Trent, England, 26 September 2007.

15. Gisler, G., Rock slide impacts into water: the Åknes danger., Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University, New York USA, 4 October 2007.

16. Gisler, G., Rock slide impacts into water: the Åknes danger. Cor-nell University, Ithaca, New York USA, 9 October 2007.

17. Gisler, G., Simulating violent processes in geophysics. Aberdeen University, Aberdeen, Scotland, 1 November 2007.

18. Halama, R., John, T., Schenk, V., McDonough, W.F., Rudnick, R.L. Li isotope fractionation in the subducted slab – a case study from the Raspas complex, Ecuador. Goldschmidt conference August 19-24, Cologne Germany (Talk).

19. Jamtveit, B. Geological pattern formation. EPSRC summer school on Dynamics of Complex Systems: Emergent phenomena via sepa-ration of scales in time and space. EPSRC summer school, 09.07. - 17.07.2007.

20. Jamtveit, B. Growth of complex mineral surfaces. Norwegian Geo-logical Winter meeting 2007.

21. Jamtveit, B. Mechanisms of infiltration driven metamorphism. Symposium celebrating Prof. Alan B. Thompson’s 60th anniver-sary seminar 2007.

22. John, T. Reactive fluid flow in slabs – a metamorphic view on the origin of the slab component. Goldschmidt conference August 19-24, Cologne Germany (Keynote).

23. John, T. Reactive fluid flow in slabs – a metamorphic view on the origin of the slab component. MARGINS and SFB-574 Workshop to Integrate Subduction Factory and Seismogenic Zone Studies in Central America. Online abstract volume 2007.

24. John, T., Austrheim, H., Schmid, D.W., Rüpke, L., Podladchikov Y.P. Interplay of deformation, fluid infiltration and eclogitization. Goldschmidt conference August 19-24, Cologne Germany (Talk).

25. Mair, K. Breaking up: fault gouge evolution during shear. Invited seminar - RWTH Aachen University 11.11. - 15.11. 2007 (Talk).

26. Mair, K. and Abe, S. Strain localization and fault zone processes. Norwegian Geological Wintermeeting, Stavanger, 9 January 2007.

27. Mair, K., Abe, S. Fragmentation, and localisation processes in 3D simulations of sheared granular layers. American Geophysical Union, Fall Meeting, 10.12. - 14.12.2007.

28. Mathiesen, J. “Multiscaling Unloaded: Graphs and Surfaces”, workshop, Computational philosophy: lessons from simple mod-els, University of Copenhagen, Oct 13th 2007.

29. Mazzini, A., M. Ivanov, H. Svensen, G.K. Westbrook, S. Planke. Gas hydrates and authigenic carbonates in the Nyegga region (Norwegian Sea): sampling and seafloor observations. Geoitalia 2007, 6th Italian Forum on Earth Sciences. 13-14 September, Ri-mini, Italy.

30. Mazzini A., Svensen H., Planke S., G. Akhmanov. Dormant versus active: comparison between Azerbaijan and LUSI mud volcanoes, Geological, chemical and biological interactions at cold seeps and carbonate mounds - a synthesis. ESF-SEECAM workshop, 9-12 September 2007, Rimini, Italy.

31. Neumann, E.-R. Metasomatism in the lithospheric mantle beneath the Canary Islands: Does this have bearing on Cenozoic metaso-matism in the continental mantle beneath western and central Eu-rope? Work Shop on Mantle Processes, August 28-31, 2007, Fer-rara, Italy.

32. Simon, N., Beuchert, M., Podladchikov, Y.Y. What determines the thickness of the lithosphere? EOS Transactions of the American Geophysical Union (AGU Fall meeting) 2007.

33. Svensen, H. Large igneous provinces, volcanic basins, and rapid environmental changes. 22 May 2007, University of Cambridge, UK.

In the media 2007

TV1. Mazzini. A. “Concrete balls and mud eruptions” 22 February 2007,

Al Jazeera TV Interview

Radio

1. Bræck, S. ’Ny teori for hvordan materialer brekker’, Verdt å vite, NRK Radio P2, March 16, 2007.

2. Jamtveit, B. ‘Bakken hever seg i Yellowstone.’ Verdt å vite. NRK Radio P2. November 14, 2007.

3. Jamtveit, B. ’Mister jorden gravitasjonskraften’. Svar på lytter-spørsmål. Verdt å vite. NRK Radio P2. October 23, 2007.

4. Jamtveit, B. ‘Jordens indre krefter’. Kåseri i P2-Akademiet, NRK Radio P2. Sept 6, 2007.

5. Jamtveit, B. ‘Oksygen i atmosfæren,’ Verdt å vite. NRK Radio P2. Sept 4, 2007.

6. Jamtveit, B. ‘Telfonintervju fra rommet’. NRK P3, May 8th 2007.

7. Jamtveit, B. ’IODP drilling in Japan’, Verdt å vite. NRK Radio P2, April 20, 2007.

8. Jamtveit, B. Commenting on the April 1st Solomon Island Earth-quake and tsunami. Dagnsnytt 18, NRK P1, April 3, 2007.

9. Jamtveit, B. ‘Jordskjelv på Sumatra,’ Verdt å vite. NRK Radio P2. March 7, 2007.

10. Jamtveit, B. ‘Et hull i havbunnsskorpen,’ Verdt å vite. NRK Radio P2. March 8, 2007.

11. Jamtveit, B. Hull i jordskorpen. ”Verdt å vite” - NRK P2 [Radio] 02.04.2007.

12. Jamtveit, B. Jordskjelv og tsunami på Salamonøyene. Dagsnytt 18, NRK P1 [Radio] 03.04.2007.

13. Jamtveit, B. Svar på lytterspørsmål: ”Hvorfor det er flere konti-nenter på den nordlige halvkule enn den sydlige”. ”Verdt å vite” - NRK P2 [Radio] 08.03.2007.

14. Jamtveit, B., Amundsen, H. E. F., ’En reise til jordas indre’, Verdt å vite spesial, NRK P2, March 19, 2007.

15. Mazzini. A. ”Lo strano caso del vulcano di fango sull’isola di Gia-va”. RAI TV-Radio3, 13 February 2007.

16. Mazzini. A. “Pulsating mud volcanism at LUSI, Indonesia”, World Vision Radio, 21 February 2007.

17. Mazzini, A. Indonesia disaster shows risks of mud volcanoes, Zeenews, December 19, 2007.

18. Planke, S. ”Bregneteppe i arktis”, Innslag i Verdt å Vite, 1.11.07.

19. Svensen, H. Om naturkatastrofer og klimaendringer. NRK P3 Os-enbanden, 22.01.2007.

20. Svensen, H. CO2 og paleoklima. NRK P2, Verdt å vite, 16.02.2007.

21. Svensen, H. Vulkanen Taboras utbrudd i 1815. NRK P2, Verdt å Vite, 17.04.2007.



Magazines1. Buchanan, M., Molenaar, D, de Villier, S., Evans, R.M.L. ’Waves

of honey’. Nature, 446, 587. Commenting on the article ’Pattern for-mation in draining thin film suspensions’ on their Research High-lights.

2. Buchanan, M., Molenaar, D, de Villier, S., Evans, R.M.L. Fysikk med smak av honning. Forskning.no, April, 2007.

3. Mazzini. A. Eight months on and Lusi still spews mud. New Scien-tist February 2007 Magazine issue 2589 (interview).

4. Mazzini. A. Indonesian Mud Volcano Unleashes a Torrent of Con-troversy. Science February 2007 Vol 315 (interview).

5. Mazzini. A. Caused by Drill Rig? Mud Volcano Oozes Destruction. AAPG Explorer, February 2007, (interview).

6. Mazzini. A. Muddy waters. Nature, February 2007 (interview).

7. Mazzini, A. Report blaming quake stokes Indonesia volcano row. Scientific American, July, 31, 2007 (interview).

8. Mazzini. A. Volcanology: Boiling mud, “The birth of the LUSI mud volcano in Java“, September 2007, Nature Geoscience.

9. Mazzini. A. Expert Challenges Earthquake Theory Behind Indone-sian Mud Volcano, Spacedaily, August, 1, 2007.

10. Mazzini, A., Whatever happened to..., Nature, 21 December, 2007 (interview).

11. Mazzini, A., Mud still erupting in Indonesia, Geotimes, December, 2007 (interview).

12. Mazzini, A., Indonesia mudflow caused by earthquake? Geotimes, October, 2007. (interview).

13. Mæhlum, E.K. Der kunst og vitenskap møtes (Where art meets science). Morgundbladid (Reykjavik, Iceland), 18 May 2007 (inter-view connected to the ‘Geoprints’ exhibit).

14. Svensen, H.,. Alle jordens kriser. A-magasinet (Newspaper maga-zine): uketillegg til Aftenposten 2007:40-46.

15. Svensen, H.,. Mass extinctions: The Armageddon factor. New Sci-entist [Newspaper] 08.12.2007.

16. Svensen, H. Klima som katastrofe: Sosialt vær. argument (Maga-zine) 2007(1):51-51.

17. Svensen, H. Om naturkatastrofer og klimaendringer. NRK P3 Os-enbanden 16:30.

18. Svensen, H. (Interview). Vil vite mer om gamle klimaendringer. GEO (Magazine) 01.12.2007.

19. Svensen, H.,, Planke, S. Global oppvarming i Jura. Geo (Maga-zine) 2007,10(3):51.

20. Svensen, H.,, Planke, S. Slamvulkan LUSI skaper stridigheter. Geo (Magazine) 2007(8):44-45.

Newspapers

1. Mazzini. A. Isen som varmer. Dagbladet 12th January 2007 (inter-view).

2. Mazzini, A. Tuer le volcan, Liberation, March, 17, 2007.

3. Mæhlum, E.K. Der kunst og vitenskap møtes (Where art meets science). Morgundbladid (Reykjavik, Iceland), 18 May 2007 (inter-view connected to the ‘Geoprints’ exhibit).

4. Planke, S. Mass extinctions: The Armageddon factor. New Scien-tist (Newspaper) 08.12.2007.

5. Svensen, H. Når klima blir katastrofe. Klassekampen (Newspaper) 2007:16-17.

Online newspapers and magazines1. Mazzini, A. «Norsk» vulkankrange, ABCNyheter, August 2, 2007

(Interview).

2. Mazzini, A. Report blaming quake stokes Indonesia volcano row. SignOnSanDiego, July, 31, 2007 (interview).

3. Mazzini, A. Un tremblement de terre à l’origine de l’éruption du volcan de boue à Java ? ActualitesNewsEnvironment, August, 1, 2007.

4. Mazzini, A. Report blaming quake stokes Indonesia volcano row. SignOnSanDiego, July, 31, 2007 (interview).

5. Mazzini, A., Lusi: not man-made after all?. Highly Alloctonous, August, 2, 2007.

6. Mazzini, A., Report blaming quake stokes Indonesia volcano row. Planet Ark, August, 31, 2007 (interview).

Other talks1. Aarnes, I. ”Iceland - a hot spot”. Fredrikstad og omegns geologiske

forening, 1 October 2007.

2. Andersen, T.B. An outrageous THT statement and how it con-tributed to the understanding of the Caledonides Geodynamics, Geomagnetism and Paleogeography: a 50 Year Celebration, 21.06. - 23.09.2007.

3. Gisler, G. Violent Processes in Geophysics. Meta 2007(1):10-13. 4.8.07, (Popular talk).

4. Jamtveit, B.. Organizing a Center of Excellence. Seminar arranged by Dpt. Of Biology, February 27 2007.

5. Jamtveit, B.. Organizing a Center of Excellence. Seminar arranged by Dpt. Of Philosophy February 28 2007.

6. Jamtveit, B. Personalstrategiske utfordinger ved et senter for frem-ragende forskning. Seminar 2007. NUAS (Nordiske universitetsad-ministratorsamarbeidet) konferanse, Lysebu, Oslo, Oct 7th 2007.

7. Jamtveit, B. Personalstrategiske utfordringer ved et senter for fremragende forskning. Konferanse 2007. NUAS (Nordiske univer-sitetsadministratorsamarbeidet) konferanse, Lysebu, Oslo, Oct 7th 2007.

8. Jamtveit, B. Supervulkaner. Nittedal Rotary Club Feb 1st 2007.

9. Mair, K. Localisation Processes. PGP Board Meeting, 19.06.2007 - 19.06.2007 (Talk).

10. Medvedev, S., Hartz, E.H., Podladchikov, Y.Y., Torsvik, T.H. Stressing, bending, and stretching of Trond’s (g)plates. Geodynam-ics, Geomagnetism and Paleogeography: a 50 Year Celebration, 21.09. - 23.09.2007 (Talk).

11. Polteau, S., Eric Ferre, Planke, S., Neumann, E.-R. 2007. Volca-nism, Climate & Water: An International Collaborative Geosci-ences and Fine-Art. Outreach Project Talk at the South African Embassy.

12. Polteau, S. 2007. Volcanism, Climate & Water: An International Collaborative Geosciences and Fine-Art Outreach Project. Talk at the International Year of Planet Earth meeting at the Natural His-tory Museums at Tøyen.

13. Svensen, H. Naturkatastrofene med betydning for vår tid. Bjørne-gildet, Universitetet i Oslo, 14.02.2007.

14. Svensen, H. Naturkatastrofene med betydning for vår tid. 14 Fe-bruary 2007, Bjørnegildet, Realistforeningen, UiO.

15. Svensen, H. Global warming and mass extinctions: What do we know from the geological record? 26 October 2007, Department of Astrophysics, University of Oslo.


16. Svensen, H. Naturkatastrofer og samfunn. Beredskapsforum for samfunnssikkerhet og digital samhandling. 20 November 2007, Hotel Continental, Oslo. Arrangert av Geodata.

17. Svensen, H. Årsakene til global oppvarming og masseutryddelser i jor-dens historie. Oslo Geofysikeres Forening julemøte, 4 December 2007, Vitenskapsakademiet, Oslo.

18. Svensen, H. Hvor galt kan det gå? Nasjonalt utdanningssenter for samfunnssikkerhet og beredskap, Heggedal, 12 December 2007.

2007 PGP invited talks December 13, 12:15, PGP Seminar room

Kilian Pollok, University of Jena, Germany: Fast mineral growth at eclogite facies conditions: Insights from the microstructural record

December 6, 12:15, PGP Seminar room Stephen Parman, University of Durham, UK: The Punctuated Evolution of the Earth

November 29, 12:15, PGP Seminar room Regis Mourgues: Some tectonic and rheological consequences of fluid overpressures: from the sand-grain scale to the sedimentary basin

November 22, 12:15, PGP Seminar room Kai de Lange Kristiansen, IFE: Experimental investigation of the Dissolution of Quartz by a Muscovite Mica Surface: Implications for Pressure Solution

November 15, 12:15, PGP Seminar room Hiizu Nakanishih, Kyushu University, Japan: Topics in Granular Materials

November 1, 12:15, PGP Seminar room Matthieu Angeli: Multiscale study of stone decay by crystalliza-tion of salts in porous networks October 25, 12:15, PGP Seminar room Elisabeth Bouchaud, CEA-SACLAY, France: Fracture of disor-dered media and scaling properties of cracks

October 11, 12:15, PGP Seminar room Juan Carlos Afonso, Institute of Earth Sciences “J. Almera”, Barcelona: Integrated geophysical-petrological modelling of the lithosphere and sublithospheric upper mantle: methodology and applications

September 27, 12:15, PGP Seminar room Daniel Rypl, Czech Technical University in Prague: Approaches to the automatic generation of unstructured simplicial meshes

September 25, 12:15, PGP Seminar room Laleh Haghverdi, Zanjan University, Iran: Markov Analysis Method of Seismic Time Series

September 20, 12:15, PGP Seminar room Paul Meakin: Mulitphase fluid flow and reactive transport

September 12, 11:15, PGP Seminar room (Note the unusual time) Huajun Fan: The application of P-wave seismic exploration method in predicting the volcanic fractured reservoir of Xinjiang oil field

June 28, 12:15, PGP Seminar room Christophe Raufaste, Labo-ratoire de Spectrométrie Physique Grenoble: Flow of liquid foams: from the bubbles to the macroscopic behaviour

June 18, 12:15, PGP Seminar room

Kjetil Haugen, Yale University: Multicomponent Diffusion and Convection in Optical Diffusion Cells and Thermogravitational Columns

June 14, 12:15, PGP Seminar room Luc Chevallier, Council for Geoscience, South Africa: Earth Observation in South African Schools with special emphasis on disadvantaged rural areas

June 12, 12:15, PGP Seminar room Sebastien Boutareaud, Universite of Franche-Comté, France: Particle dynamics in clay-rich gouge at seismic slip-rates

May 31, 12:15, PGP Seminar room Anders Svensson, NBI, Copenhagen: Greenland ice core results

May 24, 12:15, PGP Seminar room Valentine Troll, Trinity College Dublin: The problem of caldera ellipticity

May 22, 12:15, PGP Seminar room Marek Jarosinski, Polish Geological Institute, Warsaw: Recent stress field in Europe: Measurements and models

April 20, 15:15, PGP Seminar room Jeremy Agresti and Amy Rowat, Harvard University: Encapsu-lation by microfuidics for high and low(er) throughput applica-tions

March 29, 12:15, PGP Seminar room Rolf Birger Pedersen, UiB: The 71N vent fields: from mantle to microbes

March 22, 12:15, PGP Seminar room Christian Timm IFM-GEOMAR, Kiel, Germany: The origin of intra-plate volcanism in New Zealand

March 8, 12:15, PGP Seminar room Steve Miller, Bonn: Zen trees and aftershocks

March 1, 12:15, PGP Seminar room Julia Semprich: Evolution of High-Pressure Rocks in the Big Hurrah Area, Seward Peninsula, Alaska Martin Wolf: Environmental signals recorded in the Early Plio-cene “Trubi Formation”

January 25, 12:15, PGP Seminar room Elena Petrishcheva, Free University Berlin Pore drag and drop at migrating grain boundaries



A: Project financed- by University of Oslo:1. Startpackage Yuri Podladchikov

Funding by: University of Oslo Period: 01.07.2004-30.06.2007 Annual grant (in kNOK): 600

2. Startpackage Anders Malthe-Sørenssen Funding by: University of Oslo Period: 01.01.2006-31.12.2008 Annual grant (in kNOK): 400

3. Startpackage Joachim Mathiesen Funding by: University of Oslo Period: 01.07.2006-30.06.2009 Annual grant (in kNOK): 400

In addition, PGP receives an annual grant of 2.000 kNOK + various salary means from the University of Oslo.

B: Project financed by the Norwegian Research Council only:1. Centre of Excellence Physics of Geological Processes

P.I.: Bjørn Jamtveit Funding by: The Norwegian Research Council Period: 01.02.2003-31.01.2013 Annual grant (in kNOK): 12.592 (2003)/14.107/14.214/14.410/14.677/14. (2008), altogether 140 million NOK for the total period of 10 years.

2. YFF-grant Yuri Podladchikov Funding by: Norwegian Research Council Period: 01.01.2005-31.12.2007 Annual grant (in kNOK): 1.520/1.210/1.210/170 (in 2007)

3. YFF-grant Øyvind Hammer Funding by: Norwegian Research Council Period: 01.01.2005-31.12.2008 Annual grant (in kNOK): 250/855/478/640/677(in 2007)/678

4. YFF grant Henrik Svensen Funding by: Norwegian Research Council Period:.01.08.2007-.31.03.2011 Annual grant (in kNOK): 1752 (in 2007) /3468/2640/1562/548

5. Emplacement mechanisms and magma flow in sheet intrusions in sedimentary basins P.I.: Else-Ragnhild Neumann Funding by: Norwegian Research Council Period: 01.01.2004-31.12.2007 Annual grant (in kNOK): 1.115/1.350/906/239+390 (in 2007)

6. Interferometer instrument grant P.I.: Dag Kristian Dysthe Funding by: Norwegian Research Council Period: 2007 Grant (in kNOK): 1.600

7. Torjus and Miro explore the Arctic P.I.: Ebbe Hartz Funding by: Norwegian Research Council Period: 01.03.2007-01.04.2009 Annual grant (in kNOK): 10 (in 2007) /1180/10

C: Petromax and industry-funded projects1. Formation of piercement structures in sedimentary basins

P.I.: Anders Malthe-Sørenssen Funding by: Norwegian Research Council, Petromaks Period: 01.09.2004–31.08.2007 Annual grant (in kNOK): 453/1.584/1.654/1.019 (in 2007)

2. Mineral phase transitions control on basin subsidence P.I.: Yuri Podladchikov Funding by: Norwegian Research Council, Petromaks Period: 01.07.2004–31.12.2007 Annual grant (in kNOK): 80/3.318/1.585/1.130 (in 2007)

3. Hydrocarbon maturation in contact aureoles P.I.: Henrik Svensen Funding by: the Norwegian Research Council, Petromaks Period: 2005-2009 Annual grant (in kNOK): 494/1.194/2.473 (in 2007) /1.652/729

4. Petroleum-related regional studies of the Barents Sea region (Petrobar) Co-P.I.: Yuri Podladchikov (P.I.: J.I.Faleide) Funding by: the Norwegian Research Council, Petromaks Period: 2007-2009 Annual grant (in kNOK): 1.438(in 2007)/1.503/1.570

5. Exhumation history of the Scoresbysund and Kong Oscar Fjord refion, East Greenland P.I.: Ebbe H. Hartz Funding by: Chevron-Texaco Period: 2005-2007 Total grant (in kNOK): 750

6. Test of 1-3D numerical models for paleolandscapes P.I.: Bjørn Jamtveit/Ebbe H. Hartz Funding by: Aker Exploration Period: 2007-2008 Total grant (in kNOK): 250

D: Other sources of funding:1. Microstructural analyses of gouge from the San Andreas fault

observatory at depth (SAFOD) borehole in relation to brittle fault mechanics: a collaborative study Karen Mair (co-PI) Funding by: US National Science Foundation, Earthscope Amount: 489,423 US dollars (award held at University of Louisville) Period: 30.05.2006-31.05.2009

2007 Project portfolio


The number of experimental users and of experimental activities has increased recently at PGP. The following is an overview of the activities, which cover a broad range of processes and geological applications, from the micro-scale to the geological scale. In addi-tion to this, the experimental lab engineer Olav Gundersen knows all the experimental equipment and facilities and is of consider-able help in the development of new experimental projects and setups.

1. Karen Mair Faults, fracturing and friction Activities on faults, fracturing and friction include: Thermal imag-ing and surface roughness on simulated faults; Controls on crack-ing patterns in drying cornstarch; Topography of a real earth-quake fault - analysis of San Andreas Fault Observatory at Depth samples; Investigating fault roughness as a function of slip rate.

2. Munib Sarwar (Master student, supervisor: Karen mair) Energy dissipation in a simulated fault system This project is a part of the fault and fracturing project. It consists of thermal imaging and topographic analysis of a halide crystal (NaCl) submitted to friction. Such an experimental approach provides good constraints on the energy dissipation during fault motion.

3. Stéphane Santucci Friction/Fracture processes This project is a new starting part of the fault and fracturing proj-ect. It will focus on the detailed quantification of the processes involved during faulting. It will consist of the development of si-multaneous optical – combining direct observations and Infrared Imaging - and acoustic tracking of friction and fracture processes.

4. Anja Røyne (PhD student, supervisor: Dag Kristian Dysthe) Reaction fronts in hydrating salt and subcritical cracking in calcite The aim of this project is to understand the mechanical effect of migrating fluids through rocks, with particular applications to weathering processes and fluid-assisted metamorphic reactions. One experimental approach consists of looking at reaction fronts in a hydrating salt. Another approach focuses on subcritical cracking in calcite.

5. Christophe Raufaste Chemical reaction assisted by fracturing The aim of this project is to study the chemical reactions involved in processes such as weathering, which transform an old material in a new one. These processes can also be accelerated by fractur-ing, which exposes fresh surface of the old material to fluids. This project will be done in close collaboration with Anja Røyne’s project.

6. Olivier Galland Mechanisms of shallow magma emplacement The aim of this project is to understand the physical processes governing the emplacement of magma into the upper crust. The experimental setup allows a coupled monitoring of magma pres-sure, deformation of model surface, and the 3D shape of resulting intrusion. Such a dataset allows a precise quantification of simu-lated processes.

7. Kirsten Fristad (Visiting Fulbright exchange student) Experimental modelling of piercement structure formation in sedimentary basins Piercement structures such as pipes or mud volcanoes are often observed in sedimentary basins. They are commonly accepted as a result of high fluid overpressure, but the mechanical details are poorly understood. Injecting air into a Hele-Shaw cell filled with glass beads, the effects of inlet width and depth from the surface are studied to develop a phase diagram for the onset of fluidiza-tion in the piercement structures.

8. Anders Nermoen (PhD student, Supervisor Jens Feder) Particle dynamics of microscopic pores Fluid flow and associated dissolution and re-precipitation in mi-croscopic geometries are important in many fields of science. The aim of this project is to understand the processes of dissolution and precipitation and to quantify their time-scales. The experi-mental technique consists of connected cells between which precipitating, or dissolving particles flow. The electric resistiv-ity between the cells depends of the size of the particles, and its evolution will provide measurements of growth and reduction of grain sizes.

9. Delphine Croizé (PhD student at Geosciences, supervisors: Dag Kristian Dysthe, Francois Renard, Knut Bjørlykke, Jens Jahren) Calcite pressure solution, aggregates and single-contact experi-ments Processes controlling compaction, i.e., porosity reduction, in carbonate sediments are still poorly understood, and chemical compaction, involving pressure solution, need to be studied. Two sets of experiments are realized in which deformation of carbon-ate is measured as a function of time, stress, grain size or fluid in presence. This is done on the one hand at the aggregate scale, on the other hand at the grain scale.

10. Ola Kaas Eriksen (Master student, supervisor: Dag Kristian Dysthe) An experimental study on the growth of stylolites The aim of this project is to simulate experimentally the growing of stylolites. The main part of this work is compacting experi-ments with model materials where pressure solution is the impor-tant process. The studied processes are pressure assisted dissolu-tion-precipitation, and the formation of anti-cracks.

11. Yngve W. Ydersbond (Master student, supervisors: Dag Krys-tian Dysthe and Jens Feder) Crack front dynamics Processes of extrusion of brittle-ductile materials have important implications in Earth sciences (i.e. volcanology, geodynamics). The aim of this project is to understand the influence of a brittle-ductile transition in an extrusion process. It consists of monitor-ing the surface contact of the extruded material and to analyse the evolution of the ductile versus brittle domains.

2007 Experimental laboratory activities


Appendices

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PGP University of Oslo

PO Box 1048 Blindern N-0316 Oslo

Norway

phone: (+47) 22 85 61 11fax: (+47) 22 85 51 01http://www.fys.uio.no/[email protected]

Annual Report Annual Report 2007

PGP

Bledug Kuwu Mud Volcano, Porwudadi locality in central Java.Large bubbles of mud and gas burst intermittently every 10-15 seconds. When

bubbles explode, hot mud is blasted in the air for several tens of metres.Foto: Adriano Mazzini (PGP)

PGP Achievements 2007 in brief · [email protected] Annual Report 2007 PGP Bledug Kuwu Mud...

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