PGE 476 - Experiments Manual

7/28/2019 PGE 476 - Experiments Manual

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PGE 476

Oil and Gas \V ells Drilling

Engineering Laboratory

Experintents Mannaland

(;onrse File

(;om.piled by:

Professor Mnsaed N. J. Al.Awad


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PGE 476: Petroleum and Natural Gas Wells Drilling Engineering LaboratoryProfessorMusaed N. J. AI-Awad

Objectives and Outcomes of the Course:The main objectives of this course are to teach the B. Sc. students in thedepartment of petroleum and natural gas engineering the main engineeringaspects of design and testing of drilling fluids, cement slurry and hard set cement

used in drilling and completing petroleum and natural gas wells for a specificlithology.

By the end of this course, the student should be able to design the proper drillingfluids required to drill petroleum and natural gas wells for a given lithology and beable to examine the main properties of the designed drilling fluids. Furthermore, bythe end of this course the student should know how to design and test cementslurry and hard set cement required to complete the drilled petroleum and naturalgas wells.

Report Format

1. Cover page.2. Objectives.3. Theory (Introduction).4. Apparatus.5. Procedure.

6. Observations and Experimentaldata.7. Results and Discussion.8. Conclusions and Recommendations.9. References.

Course Syllabus:The following experiments will be performed during this course for drilling fluidsand cement slurry and hard set cement:

Experiments u.Drillin

Week

Cement slurrv:

123456789

Thickenina time 10Hard set cement:

Unconfined compressive strengthDirect and indirect tensile strength

I Revisioninal Exam

1112

1314

Markin2 Criteria:Reports,attendanceandparticipationnweeklyexperiments:Finalexamination(Oral+Written):

6040


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King Saud UniversityCollege of EngineeringPetroleum and Natural Gas Engineering DepartmentPGE 476:Petroleum & Natural Gas Wells Drilling Engineering Laboratory

Experiment No. :..........

.. ... ............................

.. ........

Student Name: ... .....Student ID Number: ...............................................

SubmissionDate: ........................


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. The main safety precautions in laboratory work?1. Wear safety shows.2. Wear safety glasses.3. Wear laboratorycoat or overall.

4. Carefulhandling and dumping of acids,mercury, etc.5. Clean oil spill from laboratoryf loor.6. Careful handling ofHP-HP equipments.7. Carefullyreading equipmentmanuals.8. Distinguishing between 110V.and 220 V. appliances.9. Don't working alone.10. Checking first aid box and emergencycontacts.11. Checking fire fighting systems location and operation procedures.

. The main responsibilities of drilling engineers?1. Design the required drilling fluids.2. Maintain the designedmud properties throughout the drilling fluids.3. Adjust mud properties according to formation type and subsurface environment.

Drilling Fluids EngineeringGenerally speaking, drilling fluid may be defined as a suspensionof solids in a liquid phase. Drillingfluid (mud) is a vital element of the drilling process. In fact, the success or failure of the mudprogram will largely determine whether a well can ultimately be drilled to the operator'sspecifications in a safe and economical manner. The drilling fluid engineer's task in designing a

drilling fluid program is to derive from the variety of available mud-making materials the precisecombination of physical and chemical properties needed to meet the demands of the well. Thisaspect of drilling cannot be underestimated, the slightest miscalculation can result in huge,unnecessary costs in time and money.

Functions of Drilling FluidsDrilling fluid was introduced simply as a way to circulate rock cuttings out of the wellbore. Buttoday, as deeper and more hazardous wells are being attempted to meet the demand of oil, drillingfluid is an increasingly important and complex part of the rotary drilling process. The basicfunctions of drilling fluid are to :-

(1) Cool and Lubricate the Drill Bit and the Drill StringThe drilling action requires a considerable amount of mechanical energy in the form of weight-on-bit, rotation and hydraulic energy. a largeproportion of this energyis dissipated as heat, which mustbe removed to allow the drill bit to function properly. Also, the drilling fluid helps in cooling andlubricating the drill string.

(2) Remove Drilled CuttingsAs the bit penetrates the formation, the rock cuttingsmust be removed, otherwise the drillingefficiencywill decrease. In removingthe cuttings there are two separate operations:- Lifting anddropping on surface the cuttingswhile circulating.- Suspension of cuttings while not circulating.


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(3) Control Formation PressureFor safe drilling, high formation pressures must be contained within the well to prevent blow-outs.The drilling fluid achieves this by providing a hydrostatic pressure just greater than the formationpressure. In practice, an overbalance of 100-200psi is normally used to provide and adequate safe

guard against blow-out (well-kick). Drilling fluid density is the controlling factor in this function:

p - 0.052 X Pm x TVD

If drilling fluid weight is increased too much, lost circulationwill occur. Barite (BaS04) is added asa weighting material due its high specificgravity (Sp. Gr. = 4.2).

(4) Maintain Borehole Stability

The drilling fluid should deposit a mud cake on the wall of the borehole to consolidate the formationand to prevent formation damage. A goodmud cakemust be thin, hard and impermeable to provideenough stability and less formation damage.

(5) Transmit Hydraulic Horsepower to the BitDrillingfluidis themediumfor transmittingavailablehydraulicpowerfromthe pumpson surfaceto thebit at thebottomof thewell. Optimumhydraulicpowerenablestheholeto be cleaned.

(6) AidinQFormation EvaluationDrilling fluidpropertiessuch as resistivityand conductivityare crucialin evaluationformations.

Thedrillingfluidmustbe formulatedto aidin theproductionof goodlogs.


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ExperilDentsSheets

4Dandonts)


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.------

KING S~OD UNIVERSITYPETR. ENG. DEPT.

PE 476DRILLING LAB. (1)

EXPERIMENT No. (1)

.L QB.JECT IYJili.

Determina tion of the density,gradient of drilling muds,

specific gravity, and hydrostatic

2-.-lNTRODOCTION

Subsurface formation contains fluid under specific values ofpressure. This pressure are controlled by the hydrostatic pressureexerted by mud column. Drilling through high pressure zones requiresrelatively high pressure mud to avoid blowout; while low pressureformation need lo~ density mud to avoid formation fracture. Therefore,it is extremely important to know and specify the mud den'sity, throughout drilling operations to avoid the previous problems.

,.,30L DESCRIeIION ill: THE APPARATUS

For the density determination of a drilling mud, MUD BALANCE is,used. The mud balance consists of a graduated arm ~ith a RIDER and,built in SPIRIT LEVEL. The arIDhas constant weig~t on the opposite end.This arm is mounted on a FULCRUM ~ith a KNIFE EDGE and a BASE to allowgood stabilization. The BALANCE ARM is aleo provided with LEVEL GLASSto assure stabilizing point.

II01

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i. Remo~~ the lid and fill the cup ifih freshly ifell agit.atedsample, . "","..:

2. Place the lid on the cup and rotate until it firmly seated. .3. Wj~e the mud squeezed out of the vent hole from the exterior of

the cup. , . ~>",'. .,~";.q:~(i .!

4. Place the balance. ifith the knife edge. on . the' ful':1. " \, ' . '. ,. .' ,., . ' .. ',.'

6. Take the reading on the edge of the rider to~ards the fulcrum.

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1. Make sure that there is no ai.r,bubl?le.',,:trappedin, the' sa'mple~' If.it is so tap the cup briskly until the bubble breaks out. ;

2. If the instrument bas error.., it,... must ":be'"calibratedby using',distilled water.'. The -true mud" density:.. (corrected ,.:for balance:, ,. ,"'" . .. .,. ..'" .error) is theI.1'~a~c\llated from the .f9rmula'." . .: ..:' r ,:.: ;


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--- _nU

" - . ,>1\.>11 . - ~ '""JPETR. ENG. DEPT. mULLING LAB. (1)

EXPERIMENT No. 2.

L.-l~CTInS

Determination of hydrogen ion concentration of mud by pH meter.

2 :ntJ' ROn UGIl.Qll

The degree of acidity or alkalinity of drilling mud is d~terminedby hydrogen ion conc~ntration. The hydrogen icon concentrations~xpressed in ter~s of pH and defined as th~ "log of reciprocal of molesof hydrogen ion concentration per liter of solution".

pH = - log ( H+ ).

Sinc~ pure water has ( H+) = (OH-) = 10-7 , the pH of pure watereauals to 7. Thus a neutral solution has a pH value of 7.0. Theaikaline solution has pH value above 7.0 for slightly alkaline and 11.0for the strong~st alkalin~. HOn'ever. acid solutions have pH from justbelow 7.0 for slight acid to less than 1.0 for. strangest acidity. TheDH ~easurement is used as an acid in determining the need for chemical~reatment of the mud as Rell as indicating the presence of conta~inant5in mud during drilling.

~Q~~~~TION OF ~~~ ~PPARATOS

The determination is made by pH meter which in.olves thegeneration of electric potential b;r solution und-er test and isamplified by a vacuum tube system. The pH reached is indicated directlyon l..he m0.Ler.

~-JR.~ IillJUillJi

1. Che~k the battery by turning SELECTOR to BAT. CK.2. Turn SELECTOR to STAND BY position.3. Hemove plastic cap of the electrode and immerse it in

distilled for few minutes and then wipe it with soft tissue.4. Add sufficient buffer solution to a test tube and insert

electrode.5. Set TEMPERATURE KNOB to the solution to record the temperature.6. Turn the SELECTOR to read position.7. Set meter to pH of buffer with STANDARDIZED KNOB.B. Turn SELECTOR to STANDBY position,.9. Remove electrode and rinse with distilled water.

10. Insert electrode into the mud to be contained.in a 100 mlbp.aker.

11. Turn SELECTOR to Read position and stir the solution carefully.12. Remove hand from electrode and take reading.13. Turn SELECTOR to OFF position. Rinse electrode in distilled

water and wipe it with soft tissue. Het it with few drops of pH7.0 buffer solution and replace plastic cap.

14. If you have many samples, repeat steps from 9 to 13.

:i EESOLTS

i- pH value of the tested drilling Iluid using pH meter

ii- pH value of the tested drilling Iluid using pH paper indicator =

!L.J-RE.G.A!IT.lilllii

1. Keep SELECTOR in- SAND BY position while rinsing. removing arinserting electrode to avoid damage to electrode cOQPonents.

2. Pour solution or sample in test tube to be sufficient tocover the elec~rode when it inserted.

3. Do net support electrode by hand while taking the reading.


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KING SAUD UNIVERSITYPETR. ENG. DEPT.


EXPERIMENTNo. .3

1. 0 BJECTIVES

To determine

- Resistivity of the given mud (Rm).- NaCl concentration equivalent to (RnJ

2. INTRODUCTION

Control of the resistivity of a mud and mud filtrate while drilling may bedesirable to permit better evaluation of,formation characteristics from electric logs. Thedetermination of resistivity is essentially the measurement of resistance to electricalcurrent flow through a known sample configuration. Measured resistance is convertedto resistivity by use of a cell constant. The cell constant is fixed by tbe configuration ofthe sample in the cell and is determined by calibration with standard solutions of knownresistivity. The resistivity is expressed in ohm-meters.

3. DESCRIPTION OF THE APPARATUS

The measurement of electrical resistivity of the mud andmud filtrate requires:

(a) A calibrated resistivity cell.

(b) An instrument or apparatus for measuring -the resistance of thesample in the cell.

(c) A thermometerfor measuring the sanlple temperature.

Any type of cell and instrumentation which is sufficiently accurate to permitdetermination of resistivity within 5 percent of the con'ect value may be used. If theinstrument indicates the sample resistance in ohms, the cell constant must be known.The resistivity in ohm-meters is obtained by multiplying the resistance in ohms by thecell constant in square meters per meter. If tbe instrument is a type of direct-readingresistivity meter, tbe cell constant has been adjusted to a particular value or accounted

for in the electrical circuit of the meter. Such an .instrument measures the sanlpleresistance and converts it to resistivity so that the reading is taken directly as ohm-meters. For all instruments, the manufacturers' instructions for current source,calibration, measurement, and calculation should be followed.

4. PROCEDURES

1. Fill the clean, dry resistivity cell with freshly stiITed mud or with filtrate.Be sure that no air or gas is entrained in the sample.

2. Connect the cell to the measuring instrument.

r


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3. Measure the resistance in ohms and, using the cell constant or calibrationchart, convert to resistivity; or measure the resistivity directly with adirect-indicating resistivity meter. Measure the temperature of the sampleto the nearest degrees F. Report the mud resistivity Rmor filtrate resistivityRmr in ohm-meters to the nearest 0.01 ohm-meter. Report the sampletemperature in degrees F.

4. Clean the resistivity cell. Scrub with a brush and detergent solution if. necessary. Rinse the cell thoroughly with distilled water and allow it to

dry.

5 . RESULTS

Temperature = OF

Resistivity of mud sample = 'O-m

Equivalent NaCl=

Pf111

. t'


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JKING SAUD UNIVERSITYPETR. ENG. DEPT.

1. OBJECT lYEs.


EXPERIMENT No. 1+

Determination of sand content of drilling mud.

2. INTROD')CTION

Sand content is desirable in drilling mud bea~use of its abrasivenature and i1.5 tendency r.oblJild (\ thick iDud cake on the wall of thebor~ hole. Also, when drilling is interrupted, it settles at the bottomaround the bit caus ing trouble in reaming operation. It is , therfore,

necessary to check the iDud at a regular interval and if itis higher,han a trouble limint. the mud should be treated to remove the sandcontent.

3. DESCRIPTION OF THE APPAR~~UJi

Sand content in mud is determined by BAROID SAND CONTENT SET whichconsisted of a 200 mesh sieve, a funnel and a glass tube calibrated inpercentage by volume.

Baroid SandContent Set.

Sieve and Funnel for SOlid Content Set.


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"


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~--:< on c.:':'~leg of the instrument.

3. Rotate the rotor at speed of 600 rpm (knob all the way DOWN

POSITION and s~itch to the RIGHT POSITION) for about 15 secc~cand Dote the dial reading when it becomes steady.

4. Keep the knob in DOWN POSITION and shift the switch to LOHPOSITION (300 rp6). Note th~ dial reading--when it becc~essteady-

5. Raise the knob to OP POSITION and shift the switch to HIG~POSITION (200 rpm). Note the dial reading ~hen it becc~essteady. 6. Keep the .knob in OP POSITION and shift the switch

to LOW POSITION (10u rpm). Note the dial readir~ when it beco~e5steady.

7. Lower the knob to.INTERMEDIATE POSITION and shift the s~itc~to HIGH POSITION (6 rpm). Note the dial reading whe!litbeco~essteady. 5. Keeping the knob to INTERMEDIATE POSITIO~ and 6~i=~

the s~itch to LOW POSITION (3 rpm)". Note the dial reading when it.. becomes steady. . -


18/32

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19/32

4. Calcula tions and Resul ts

PE 476 Drilling fluids laboratory

I~xper'ilnen( No.5

Investigation of Drilling Fluids Rheological properties using

Farm VG viscometer model 35

, Plastic viscosity (~Ip) = (I)(joo - (hoo cp

App'arent viscosity (Pa) = ~600/2 cp

IhllOO n2ield point (Yp) = (hoo Pp

I~ see gel strength Ih/lOO ft2

10min ge l strength Ih/I00 n2

5. Conclusions

"

.'

Rotation Dial Shear rate, Shcar stress, Ef'ICctiveviscosity, E1Tectiveviscosity,speed, reading, y = 1.7034 * rpm t = 1.067 * 4) m Pe = m* r pl 11 * 3 00rpm Ib/ lOO f t2 Ib/100 ft2

Ie =cp rpm

cp600 0.5

300 ]

200 1.5

100 3

6 50

3 100


20/32

PETR. ENG. DEPT.

L-QBJECTIVES..

DRILLING LAB. (1)

EXPERIMENT No. ~)

Determination of filter loss of mud.

~ODOCT_IQtl.

The filter 1065 of the mud is a measure of the ability of mud toplaster the ~all of the bore hole Hith a thin impermeable filter cake.The lower the permeability of plaster, the thinner is the cake and thelo~er the filtrate voluille.This property is dependent on the amount andphysical state of colloidal material in the mud. A mud having'ufficient colloidal content minimizes the drilling difficulties.

3. DESCRIPTION OF THE APPARA.TI25.

The test is conducted by a STANDARD FILTER PRESS AND ~1JD CELLASSEMBLY at a specified pressure of 100 psi and time of 30 minutes. Itconsists of a mud cell having caps at its top and bottom. The base cupis fitted ..ith rubber gasket, screen, filter paper and rubber gasketagain. This base cup has a filtrate tube at the bottom. The top cup hasa pressure inlet and is fitted with rubber gasket. This unit is mountedin a frame fixed with T-scr-ew on the top of the frame" Co!Upressedni"trogencylinder is used ,0?-5 a pressure source which is connected "tvpressure inlet of "the top cup in cell assembly.

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21/32

Fig.

"T" SCREW

PRESSURENLET

MUD CUP

TOP CAP

RUBBER GASKET

CELL

~ RUBBER GASKET

FRAME

SUPPORT ROD

~

C ~.~

GRADUATED CYLINDER

~,' :/'::;':'.~.. FILTER PAPER

~~. SCREEN

~--- RUBBER GASKETBASECAP WITHFILTRATETUBE@

lj..

~

THUMB SCREW

SUPPORT

FILTRATE TUBE

. Standard Filter Press and Mud Cell Assembly.


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..

..

4. PROCEDURES

1. Assembly the parts in this ordera. Base cup, b. Rubber gasket c. Screend. Sheet of filter paper e. Rubber gasket f. Cell

2. Fill the ~ell with test sample to within 1/4" of the topand mount this unit in the frame. .

3. Place the rubber gasket in place in the top cup and set iton the cell with T-screw.

4. Place a dry graduated cylinder under the filter tube.5. With the regulator T-screw in its maximum OUTWARD POSITION

. (closed position)'open the valve of nitrogen. Apply 100 pspressure to the filter cell by rapidly screwing the regulatoT-screw INWARD. Time of test begins at that moment.

6. At the end of 1, 4, 7 1/2, 9, 16, 25, 30, and 36 minutesmeasure the volume of filtrate and record it.

7. After that close the valve of nitrogen cylinder and open thesafety bleeder valve. This will release the pressure of tbentire system. Bring regulator T-screw in its maximum OOTWAR

position.8. Disassemble the cell and remove the filter paper from thecup. The mud cake is deposited on filter paper. Wash excess 0the mud from the cake gently with ~ater and measure itthickness.

5. OBSERVATIONS

Plot filtrate volume versus .( Time and determine corrected ~minute filter 106s (API filter loss) and initial spurt (volun

just at applying the pressure) if any.

6. RESULTS

API filter lossThickness of mud cakeInitial spurt

=

=

cc.in.cc.

=

Time, min.I

Filtrate volume cc. .(Time

1I 4I 7 1/2

9 I I16 I253036


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KING SAUD UNIVERSITYPETU. ENG. DEPT.


EXPlmHItmT No. (~)

.l..tW.JE~J...l.Y.m.t

Determination of

prel3Gure.

filter 10GB of mud at high temperature and high

2..J:.lill.G.EDJlllli

Before the te(> I;i6 Gtartcd, connect the well to 1tO vol t liCandleave it for about one hour to 6el; the temperature adjusted byt.hermoGtat.

J_.- GJ~J::lJ.JU,LII I E_CJ~LL__!JJnJ'-

1. 1006e the 6CreWG in the cell and remove the cap. -2. Tighten t.he outlet valve ntem at the bottom of the cell and

fill it with mud t.o'within 3/1 in. of the top.3. Carefully place in c:i.rcleof filter paper on "0" ring.1. ~;e1;l;he c


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,~:' .~,

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Fig. Baroid High-Pressure High-Temperature Filter Press.


25/32

f>-


26/32

Japeriment No.9

Bentonite Quality Determination.

1. Obiectives/

To investigate the quality of commercial Bentonite by comparing it with the APIstandard requirements

2. Description of Apparatus

API standard apparatus for testing drillingfluidsare requiredinadditionto an ovenand a set of sievesand a shaker.

3. Procedure

Prepare 5..42%properties:

of Bentonite in one liter of fresh water and measure the following

Commercial Name of Available &ntonite

Company

Address

Bentonite Property API Requirement easured Property

600 rpm reading30

Yield Point, [b1100 f? 3 IlPAPI Filter Loss, cc

,,;(: 3c 15 ccAJoisture Content, wt%

Q YeS'\. 10wt%Residue on US no. 200Sieve, wt% 4 wt%


27/32

Experimcnt No. \ 0

1. Objcctivcs

This experiment is intended to measurc dircctly the uniaxial compressive strcngth of hard set

ccmcnt and indirectly mcasurc the lIniaxialtcnsilc strcngth of thc salllc matcrial.

2. Introduction

In this tcst, cylindrical spccimcns made from cemcnt slurry were used. These specimens are of

the following dimcnsions:

a. Uniaxial Compressivc Strcng!!): I" x I" x I" cubical specimens or Cylindrical spccimens withLcngth to Diamctcr ratio (LID) of 3.5.

b. Uniaxial Tcnsile Strcngth: Cylindrical specimcns with Length to Diameter ratio (LID) of 1.0.

In thc compressive test thc test sample is place in the test machine as shown in Fig.l.a while

Fig.J.b shows the test sct up in thc case of indirect tensile test. Fig. J.c shows the test set up

whcn measuring the tensile strength directly using dumbbell shape specimen. As a prediction

mcthod the tcnsilc strcngth is takcn as D.I.of thc uniaxial comprcssive strcngth for most rocks.

2.J Ccmcnt Uniaxial Comprcssivc Strcngth

In this test, cylindrical ccmcnt samples with a length three timcs its diameter is loaded steadily

by a comprcssion testing machine as shown in Fig. La. When the specimcn fails the appliedload dividcd by the specimcn cross- sectional area is equal to the uniaxial compressive strength

of the cement is given by the following equation:-

LO'c =:lA ...(1)

2.2 Ccmcnt Indircct (Braziliall') Tensile StrcJ.llill! '

Thc Brazilian test is intended to indirectly measurc the uniaxial tcnsile strcngth of a ccment

specimcn. When a ccmcnt disk is loaded diamctrically in comprcssion as shown in Fig. I.b,

con1bincd tension and compression is gcncrated in the central part of the spccimen. A crack

starting in this rcgion propagates parallel to thc axis of loading. The tcnsile strcngth of a ccment

specimen with a thickness approximately equal to the specimen radius is calculated from thefollowing formula:

2L,crtl = 1tD t ...(2)


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2.3 Cement Direct Tensile Strcn1!th

Direct tensile tests were conducted on dumtbell-shaped cement specimens as shown in Fig. Lc.

These tests were uscd to check the validily of data obtaincd from indircL:tlensilc tests. The direct

tension test was conducted on the dumbbell-shaped cement specimens in a tension-compression

testing machine. The middle third of the specimen was subjected to tension by attaching metal

hooks to the top and bollolll thirds of the specimen (with enlarged sections) and pulling the

sections outward. In all cases, failure occurred at the middle of the middle third of the specimen.

Thc load on lhe specimcn at failure is recorded and the direct tensile strength is calculated from

the following formula:

L20"t2 =A ...(3)

3. Description of ApparatusJ. I Soil Tcst VCI'sa-Tcslcr

The AP-I 000 series versa-Tester was uscd in this study to measure the strength characteristics of

hard set cemcnl. It is hydraulically operated machine with load ranges of 30,000 and 60,000

pounds. The machine is supplied with two 8 1/2" gauges, one indicating to full capacity and the

second to 1/5 full load. Loads are sensed and indicated through a closed system hydraulic load

ce1J and gauge arrangemcnt which is completely independent of the main hydraulic control

system as shown in Fig. 2.a. The machine is calibrated to obtain an accuracy of 1/2 to 1% of full

scale in accoillancc wilh the American Gauge design commillce's gauge calibration standard.

3.2 Tensilc Testcr

lIard set cement was tcsted ror tensile strength using a tensile Tester apparatus as shown inFig. 2.b. Ccmcnt13riquellc (dumbbell) shaped specimens were used in this test. Direct reading

of tensile load was obtained from this machine after specimen failure. Then the read tensile

failure load is converted to tensile strength.


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.'

. .

4. IJroccdurcs4.1 Uniaxial CoJt1uressiveStrent!th

1- The SpCCilllCII is placed bctween the two loading platens of compression testing machine.

2- The cOlllpressionluad is applied until the specimen is seen in full contact with the loading

platens.

3- The load of the specified loading rate is increased, This loading rate depends on the type

of the material to be tested. (use slow loading rate).

4-When the specimen is failed the loau at failure is recorded and is used with the specimen'scross-sectional area to calculate the uniaxial compressive strength asshown in Eq.!.

4.2 Indirect Tensile Test (Brazilian Test)

1- The spccimcn is placcu bctween thc two platcns of the compressional testing machine.

2- The comprcssion load is applied until the specimcn being in full contact with both loading

platcns.

3- The load is increascu until failurc is occurred and record the load at failure (use slow

loading rate).

4- The failure load and spccimen's dimensions are used to calculate the indirect tensile

strength of the spccimen using Eq. 2.

4.3 Direct Tensile Strenl!th (Briquette Test)

1- The specimen is placed in the tensile machine and properly connect its ends into the two

Briquettes.

2- The lCllsioll load is applicd until the specimcn is seen in full contact with the twoI3riqucttes.


30/32

-.. . - .h'".,---" """'.'-.'."'-..' '

. .

Test Action Theory

L1(a)

IIcre =A

Uniaxial

Compressive

Strength

(b)

Brazilianor

IndircctTensileStrength

2*L1crt! =1t*D*t

(e)

Direct TcnsileStrength

L2q2= A

A

F; J . i : Tests Conducted to Estimate Cement Mechanical Strength.


31/32

. ..

. .-.--..

3- The tensional load is increased until failure is occurred. Record tile load at failure (use

slow loading rate).

4- Thc recorded load at railure alilithe spccimcns cross-sectional area are used to calculate thedirect tensile strength (Eg.3).

5. Observations and Calculations5.1 Uniaxial Compressive Strcnt!.th

AverageUniaxialCompressiveStrength = pSI

5.2 Uniaxial Indirect Tcnsile Strength

Average Uniaxial Tensile Strength= pSI

Sample 1 Sample 2 Sample 3

Length L, inch

Diameter D, inch

Load at L1, LbFailure

Uniaxial

Compressive ac, psi

Strength

Sample I Sample 2 Sample 3

Thickness t, inch

Diameter D, inch

Load atl/, Lb

Failure

Uniaxial

Tensile at, psi

Strength


32/32

01:1......l::0cdS

bf)\.I)

CJ q)..... C.....en .-0..... cJ

1:1d

0 :2.....c:nCJ

r

':Ii'

:(:"VI

-./

-+'

q]

0 'fCJ Q)..... U.l::0cdS

..

bO'01

.S.

.....OJ

en G:0.....

1:10.....VIVI0MPo

Sd

'd'---

PGE 476 - Experiments Manual

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Transcript of PGE 476 - Experiments Manual