Pesticide risk management through farmer field schools in the Senegal and Niger River basins
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Reducing pesticide risks to farming communities: adaptive management through farmer field schools in the Senegal and Niger River basins in West Africa William Settle * FAO /AGP Rome Mohamed Soumaré FAOR Mali Makhfousse Sarr FAOR Senegal Mohamed Hama Garba FAOR Burundi Anne-Sophie Poisot FAO/AGP Rome ACHIEVING FOOD AND ENVIRONMENTAL SECURITY-NEW APPROACHES TO CLOSE THE GAP THE ROYAL SOCIETY, DECEMBER 3-4, 2012 alle delle Terme di Caracalla, Rome, 00153, Italy [email protected]
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http://www.fao.org/news/story/en/item/214049/icode/ Field schools that train farmers in alternative methods of pest control have succeeded in nearly eliminating the use of toxic pesticides by a community of cotton growers in Mali, according to a new FAO study published today by the London-based Royal Society. This presentation shows how new tools and farmer training implemented by FAO and its partners could revolutionize pesticide management in West Africa.
Transcript of Pesticide risk management through farmer field schools in the Senegal and Niger River basins
Reducing pesticide risks to farming communities: adaptive management through farmer field schools in the Senegal and Niger River basins in West Africa
Reducing pesticide risks to farming communities: adaptive management through farmer field schools in the Senegal and Niger River basins in West Africa
William Settle* FAO /AGP RomeMohamed Soumaré FAOR MaliMakhfousse Sarr FAOR SenegalMohamed Hama Garba FAOR BurundiAnne-Sophie Poisot FAO/AGP Rome
ACHIEVING FOOD AND ENVIRONMENTAL SECURITY-NEW APPROACHES TO CLOSE THE GAPTHE ROYAL SOCIETY, DECEMBER 3-4, 2012
*UNFAO, Vialle delle Terme di Caracalla, Rome, 00153, Italy [email protected]
Objectives of this talk
i) Provide some background on issues related to pesticide-use in programme countries
ii) A brief description of Farmer Field Schools
iii)A context for two other papers presented here today (Jepson and Sarr and Anderson and Seck)
FAO Integrated Production and Pest Management Programme in West Africa
(IPPM)2001 – 2012
Funding:
Governments of :The NetherlandsEUNorwaySpainCanadaGlobal Environment Facility (GEF/UNEP)
7 Countries, 2 Major River Basins
Senegal River Basin3.5 m people
Niger River Basin20 m people(outside Nigeria)
Benin, Burkina Faso, Guinea, Mali, MauritaniaNiger, Senegal
Data from Human Development Report 2011, UNEP
Expenditure on public health (% of GDP)
Hu
man D
evelo
pm
en
t In
dex (
HD
I)
Seven least developed countries
...but targeted by industry to reach 20% in next 10 years
Africa is only 2% of global market for pesticides
Pesticides in West Africa put at Risk Highly Fragile Aquatic Ecosystems
Ecosystem services
Drainage sump
40% of European migratory birds visitInland deltas of West Africa
...and the populations whose survival hinges on limited water resources
Water resources are directly consumed
1980 Senegal RiverBHC against Senegalese
grasshopper Odaleus senegalensis
Past history of pesticide use : still with us today?
PRESSURES:
STATES:
IMPACTS:
DRIVERS:
Reinforcing Feedback Loops Loss of Overall
Biodiversity
Increased Outbreaks of Plant Pests and Diseases;
Reduced Pollination
Loss of ConsumableAquatic Fauna
Damaged Aquatic Micro-
Fauna and Flora
Damaged Terrestrial
Biodiversity
Contaminated WATER Irrigation, Drainage,
Wells, and Rivers
Applicators in direct contact with toxic
chemicals
Contaminated Produce (fruits,
vegetables, cereals)
Reduced Human
Health
Reduced International
ExportsReduced Environmental
Social and Economic Well-Being
Reduced Agricultural
Productivity & Profits
Growing use of toxic Pesticides
Population Growth and Perceived threats to Global
Food Security
Commercial Influence of global
Agro-Chemical Industry
Lack of Awareness of Negative Externalities & Positive Alternatives
Lack of National Pesticide Monitoring and Enforcement
of Existing Regulations
RESPONSES
Building capacity in Regional Ecotoxicology labs
Monitoring Pesticide Use
Modeling impacts on biodiversity and human health
Monitoring impacts on yields and farm-level profits
Building capacity in local communities (Field Schools)
Monitoring Pesticide Concentrations in surface waters
Field Schools : building critical thinking skills throughsocial learning
> 90 countries
Farmer Field Schools
Field Schools and Adaptive Management
Building capacity for Adaptive Management
Three tenets (inspired by Norton 2005):
1. Promoting farmer experimentation
2. Building locally crafted strategies
3. Working with many partners at multiple scales"to help provide language, and habit
of mind and an adaptive experimental approach for action“ Norton 2005
Season-Long Training of Facilitators (ToF)
Comparing conventional and new practices
UnderstandingMechanisms
Farmer Field Schools
Awareness– exploration/experimentation—adaptation
Farmer Field Schools – Addressing Heterogeneity
… adoption
1. Begins with community participatory appraisal to establish farmer priorities
2. 20-25 Farmers meeting once per week for the full season
3. Curriculum based on crop calendar4. Explores issues and ideas through observation
experimentation, presentation, and discussion5. Promotes understanding mechanisms (economic,
ecological, social)6. Foundation for building groups 7. Continues in subsequent seasons to explore new topics
Farmer Field Schools (FFS)
Burkina Faso
Crop diversity: Incomes Nutrition
Building ecological and economic resilience
© FAO/William Settle
Building Groups (Social Capital)
Farmer Field Schools
Netting protects seedbeds from birds and insects
Farmer Field Schools
Post FFS : “Champs d’application”
Not just one season
Crop % Women
Vegetables 54,512 48%
Rice 42,293 18%
Cotton 44,624 5%
Mango 988 3%
Cow peas 1,821 57%
Sesame 1,534 27%
Millet / Sorghum 930 5%
Jatropha 300 0%
Karité 1,200 95%
Phase II Total 148,202 mean = 26%
Growing diversity of crops(2002-2012)
A “demand-driven” philosophy full system approach
Rice
Vegetables
Cotton Minor Crops
Cotton-Cereals-Livestock
Semi-Arid SavannasMillet-Sorghum-Livestock
Agro-forestry Systems
•Sesame•Cowpea•Jatropha•Karite•Mango
•Forage•Legumes•Cover Crops
2001 2006 2009
Cro
ppin
g S
yst
em
s
2010
IPMSoil Fertility
Management
OrchardManagement
IntegratedSoil Fertility
ManagementMarketing Agro-
Forestry
Water-ConservingMethods
Climate Change Adaptation
Metho
ds
Seed Multiplication
Environmental Monitoring for Pesticides & Human Health Risk AssessmentNursery and
Transplanting
2011 2012
Nu
mb
er
of
Farm
ers
Tra
ined
IPPM West Africa`
Number of Farmers Trained by CountryJune 2012
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
0
20,000
40,000
60,000
80,000
100,000
120,000
140,000
160,000
NigerMauritanieGuinéeSenegalMaliBurkinaBenin
Phase I
148,202
Phase II
Phase III
Cotton production is responsible for the highest consumption of pesticides in West Africa
3.7m cotton farmers in Mali
Field Schools for cotton
Cotton – an “open door” for highly toxic pesticides brought into other systems
© FAO/William Settle
© FAO/William Settle
4,346 cotton households56 villages
Mali Cotton :
2002 2004 2006 2008 2010
Year
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
Pe
rce
nt
of
pe
sti
cid
es p
urc
ha
sed
BengueneBlaNialaSamabogoSomassoTiemen
4,324 households : 1,461 farmers trained (34%)
Percent households trained
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
Pe
rce
nt
pes
tici
de
s p
urc
ha
se
d
0 2010 30 40 50 60
Mali IPM training: diffusion?
0
100,000
200,000
300,000
400,000
Gro
ss in
com
e pe
r com
mun
e US
D
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Percent households trained
Mali IPM training: economic benefits?
Mali Cotton :
47,000 litres synthetic insecticides not sprayed = $470,000 savings
Cost to train farmers : $146,000
… what about the non-economic benefits?
• Clear benefits: economic and health-related
• Effective IPM technologies (neem-based with option to use synthetic insecticides if needed)
• Effective training methods (FFS)—pragmatic “discovery learning”
• Enhanced communication among farmers and between farmers and technicians (social capital)—facilitator/pest scouts
• High proportion trained (34% overall across the sector).
Mali Cotton : why diffusion might take place
• 400 Ha rice polder 793 farmer plots: • Yields from 2.1 T/ha to 5.0 T/ha in two seasons • 66% reduction in fertilizer use• 80% reduction in seed use• Economic benefit approx. $400k• Annual cost of entire programme Benin: approx. $340k
Benin Farmer 2008-9
Each country has potential for “big wins”
From Settle and Garba 2010
pre post pre post
Groups by period
0
10
20
30
40
Inse
ctic
ide e
xp
en
dit
ure
s p
er
farm
er
US
D
FFS Control
N = 136
Senegal Vegetable Production
pesticide use reduced
93%
Senegal Vegetable Production PracticesPre and Post FFS
0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0A. Commercial Pesticide L/ha
Pre-FFS Post-FFS
0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0D. Neem Extract L/ha
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2 C. Bio-Pesticide L/han = 68
0
500
1,000
1,500
2,000
2,500
3,000
3,500
4,000B. Crop Net Value USD/ha **
Pre-FFS Post-FFS
Pre-FFS Post-FFS Pre-FFS Post-FFS
No differenceWith controlgroup
CONCLUSIONS
1. The time is long past due to get the most toxic pesticides out of the hands and homes of farmers and to get use down to a level that is appropriate:
education—legislation—monitoring
2. Heterogeneity of ecological, social and economic systems obliges investment in educating small farmers to be proactive participants in adaptive research
3. Partnerships within and across multiple scales: Embed promising social processes within, and empower the “mosaic” of social and administrative structures at decentralized (subdistrict-levels). Exchange lessons learned and people across neighbouring countries.
