PERSPECTIVE OF THE GLOBAL MARKETS FOR ONIONS

Alex Leonardo Tosta 1 ; Nirlene Junqueira Vilela2; Valter Rodrigues Oliveira2

1 Faculdade da Terra de Brasília, Brasília-DF; 2Embrapa Vegetables, C.Postal 218, 70359-970 Brasília - DF; email: alextosta@cnph.embrapa.br, nirlene@cnph.embrapa.br, valter@cnph.embrapa.br

SUMMARYThe objective of this paper was to describe some indicators on global marketshare for onion dry. The FAO data was used in analysis the performance of production and marketing in major producers, exporters and importers, respectively. The onion originated Central in Asia, where the crop had greater dissemination and also, where is possible to verify the highest rates of production and marketing. The densely populated Asian countries, with growing food demand, have played the key factor in recent years to increase worldwide production of onion. The world production of 49,839 million tones in 2000, developed in lives than 64,475 million tones in year 2007. The world showed the significant increase in apparent consumption (29.3%), production (29.5%), imports (59.2%) and exports (62.4%). In Brazil, the onion is the third most important vegetable of the socioeconomic point of view. The average production of 1 million tones/year is concentrated in the South, Southeast and Northeast regions. The Brazilian production is destined " in natura " consumption (90%) and serve mainly the domestic market. The onion Brazilian yield marked regional differences. There plows significant increases in productivity in it adds areas such São Gotardo-MG, Chapada Diamantina-Bahia and Cristalina-GO, where the onion, in addition to excellent quality, have achieved average productivity of 74 tones per hectare. The Brazilian production occurs in all months of the year, nevertheless the market still volatile, with periods of shortage and excess of supply. Thus, in the months in which domestic production i insufficient goes the supply, imports it plows necessary. However, when excessive, have contributed to overloading the market, causing lower prices, consequential losses and damage, especially to family house hold. Therefore i necessary that the Brazilian onion show quality competitive and that the lives Brazilian producers seek also marketshare in the global market. Keywords: Allium stump, expansion, production, trade, competitiveness

INTRODUCTION The onion (Allium cepa L.) is original of Asia where the crop dispersed in the whole world. In Brazil, beside the potato and of the tomato, the onion stands out economically as the third vegetable more important, mainly for the amount of employment and income generated in whole the segment of your productive chain (Costa et al. 2005). The significance of that vegetable is mainly linked to your social aspect, for involving a big number of families and for being typical of small properties. In the Country, more than 60.500 families are devoted the that activity, with a medium area of 0,65 there is (Boeing, 2002). However, in the last years, the Brazilian onion production is noticed the growth of the managerial segment in the exploration of this crop with dynamic production poles high technologies that results in high productivity indexes and with prominent quality of bulbs. Even so, in Brazil is flotation the onion market is observed in certain periods that presents strong unbalances of Market. This work is tried to elaborate to assist to the interests of the onion agribusiness for information about the onions dry status in Brazil and in the world. The objective of this work was to describe some indicators of the world market of onion and specifically, to analyze some aspects of the profile of the production and of the onion market in Brazil.

MATERIAL AND METHODS The information about the world situation of the area, production, consumption and commercialization of the onion in the period from 2000 to 2007 were obtained of FAO (2009). The indicators of the world marketshare being taken into account the production, the exports, the

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imports and the apparent consumption in the principal producing countries, systematized by the analysis method to tabulate simple, as the first components of a defined group in 75% of the variable criterion (Boyd & Westfall, 1971; King, 1975; Kerby, 1992). In this case, the criteria variable was the world production. The estimate of the apparent consumption (Ca) in the principal producing countries, including Brazil, it was dear being utilization the expression: Ca = (Y+M)-X, where: Y = Production; M= Importation and X= Exportation. As was not possible to locate literature that treats from the onion losses to the world level, it was assumed that FAO registered the production as liquid, with losses already discounted. The projection of the apparent consumption was elaborated for until the year of 2015 using the criterion of the minimal ordinary squares taken of Woiler & Mathias (1988). RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The world production of onion in 2007, in agreement with FAO (2009), it was about 64,47 million tons cultivated in 3,45 million hectares, with productivity of 18,68 t have-1. Among the largest world producers stood out China and India, that together answered for approximately 44,56% of the world total. Brazil was positioned, in 2007, in the 8th place among the producing principal, participating with 2% of the world production (Table 1). The China, the largest world producer, has your high production sustained more by the great area planted than for the productivity that was only 10,14% above the world medium yield. In terms of medium productivity, the Korea stands out, with 57,0 tons per hectare, followed by the United States with 55,9 t x hectaria -1 and Spain with 52,8 , t x hectaria-1 respectively. The Brazilian yield overcomes the world medium yield in 11,53%. The growth of the production observed from 2000 to 2007 is due so much to the area expansion as of productivity increase. The world market of onion was shown dynamic, because comparing the years of 2000 and 2006 increment of the production is verified (29,5%), of the imports (59,17%) and of the exports (62,45%). The apparent consumption of onion of the world increased 29,30%, what means that the world population started to consume larger amount of onion (Table 2). The nine larger onion exporters in 2006 were: India, Holland, China, USA, Argentina, Spain, Egypt, Poland and Iran that answered for 75% of all the world export. In agreement with Ottone (2009), China has Japan as your principal buyer with almost 50% of the Chinese exports. India provisions more than 25 countries in a regular way, being the principal customers, Bangladesh, Malaysia, Sirilanka and Arab Emirates that gather 90% of the Indian exports approximately. Holland almost totally exports your production and he/she has as main commercial partners United Kingdom, Germany, France, Russia and some African countries like Senegal and Guinea. The United States have your dispersed producing areas in the whole country and they have as main export markets Canada (46,3%), Mexico (21,6%), Japan (14,4%) and other Asian countries (7%). the sazonalidade of the American onion happens the months of October and November. The exports of the Egypt is destining to Saudi Arabia and Kuwait, mainly. Mexico has an internal consumption of 10,35 kg percapita year and it still exports 90% of internal production to the United States. Spain is the second European exporter and the production happens at every country. In the ambit of the imports, this countries presented larger demand expresses by the Russia, Bangladesh, Malaysia and Japan. In Brazil, the apparent consumption of fresh onion, in 2008, was counted in 1,047 million tons, that mean 87.250 tons a month (Table 3). However, in agreement with the estimates of ANACE (2009), the monthly consumption of onion in Brazil locates among 85 to 90 thousand tons a month. Considering the two limits of the forecast consumption , the average was calculated in 87.250 tons a month, therefore, it is quite necessary the estimate of the agronegócio that slightly exceeds the apparent consumption in only 0,25%. However, the national production, that should be of the order of 88 thousand tons a month to assist to the consumption, it inserts periods of production shortage in the months of March, April, May, October and November and of production excess the months of January, February, June, July, August and September. Those oscillations complicate the market causing instability of prices. Analyzing the offer of market of the states in relation to the apparent consumption, is observed that overcame the average of the calculated apparent consumption the production of Rio Grande do Sul that enters in the market in the month of November and it

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concludes in June, the one of Santa Catarina of October to May, Paraná of October to May, the one of São Paulo during the whole year, and the one of Pernambuco and Bahia also during the whole year. In agreement with the Table 3, in the year of 2008 Brazil had your offer assigned in 1,061 million tons, that it overcame the demand (apparent consumption) in 1,36%. it is Observed that away without the consistent planning, in other words, periods inserted by excess, other for offer shortage, the national crop extends for every month of the year, what indicates the possibility of provisioning of the market for the national production. The crop of Goiás that enters in the off season period could give good contribution for high sufficiency of the provisioning for the national production, once, in matter in the Cristalina-GO, the onion is being, exclusively, explored by managerial groups with high technologies, reaching the medium productivity of more than 70 tons for hectare. In agreement with Boeing (2002) the cost of the freight of the Argentinean onion to Brazil is same the cost of production of the Brazilian onion. Therefore, to the Brazilian producers fits to compete with the Argentinean onion in the parameters of superior quality. In the national market, interposed CEAGESP of São Paulo, that ponders the largest commercialization volumes, in 2008 moved 64,943 thousand tons of onion coming of Argentina (24,48%), Santa Catarina (28,85%), São Paulo (39,0%) and Pernambuco and Bahia (7,66%) CEAGESP (2009). On agreement forecast surplus of ANACE (2009), the consumption stays practically stable in Brazil, oscillating from 85 to 90 monthly tons. The apparent consumption of onion in Brazil was esteemed in 1,247 million tons in 2015 (Table 4). Nevertheless of the transparent instability of the Brazilian market of onion, opportunities exist for the producing of onion in Brazil and in the global market, since the investments on the quality of the product and in appropriate and attractive packings to the international market. Besides, the search of new market niches, as the one of the sweet onion for sandwiches and salads that have the American consumers' preference and Europeans is an option. Onions dry highly spicy they are favorite for the Asian market. The acting of traceability is a permanent exigency of international market. REFERENCES

ANACE. 2009. XXI Seminário Nacional de Cebola e XII Seminário de Cebola do Mercosul,

realizado nos dias 17 e 18 de março de 2009.

BOEING G. 2002. O mercado brasileiro de Cebola. Ituporanga (Palestra apresentada no XVII

seminário Nacional da Cebola).

BOYD HW; WESTFALL RL. 1971. Pesquisa mercadológica: textos e casos. 2 ed. Rio de Janeiro:

Fundação Getúlio Vargas

CEAGESP – Comercialização de cebola em 2008. São Paulo (planilha eletrônica enviada por e-

mail em 25/03/2009).

COSTA ND; RESENDE MG. 2005. Características produtivas e conservação pós-colheita de

cebola em diferentes e espaçamentos de cebola. Horticultura Brasileira 23: 707-711.

FAO. Agricultural production, primary crops. 2009 Disponível em http://faostat.fao.org/production/

crops primary/html. Acesso em 20/02/2009.

KERBY JK. 1992. Essential of marketing management. Chicago: South-Western Publishing

Company, 696 p.

KING WR. 1975. Analise quantitativa em administração mercadológica. Trad. de Milton Gradet e

Carlos Kronauer. Rio de Janeiro, FGV/USP, 700p.

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MDIC/SECEX - Ministério do Desenvolvimento, Indústria e Comércio Exterior e Secretaria de

Comércio Exterior. Exportações e importações brasileiras de cebola. Disponível em

http://aliceweb.desenvolviemnto.gov.br. Acesso em 05/04/2009.

OTTONE M. 2009. Situación de mercado de cebollas frescas, anno, 2008. Disponível em

http://www.sagpy.mecon.gov.ar. Acesso em 12/04/2009.

WOILER S; MATHIAS WF. 1988 – Projetos: planejamento, elaboração, análise. São Paulo, 294P.

Table 1. World production of onion dry – 2007.Country Production

(1000 t)ProductionParticipation (%)

Area (1000 hectare)

Area participation (%)

Yield (t ha-1) The yield variations in relation of the world average

world 64.475,126 100 3.451,941 100 18,64 0,00China 20.552,000 31,88 1.000,900 28,99 20,53 10,14Índia 8.178,300 12,68 619,500 17,94 13,2 -29,18United States 3.602,090 5,59 64,460 1,86 55,88 199,79Paquistão 2.100,000 3,26 150,000 4,34 14 -24,89Turquia 1.779,392 2,76 66,000 1,91 26,96 44,64Rússian 1.770,000 2,75 122,000 3,53 14,5 -22,21Irã 1.700,000 2,64 50,000 1,44 34 82,40Brazil 1.302,326 2,02 62,624 1,81 20,79 11,53Mexico 1.200,000 1,86 40,000 1,15 30 60,94Espanha 1.176,500 1,82 22,300 0,64 52,75 182,99Japão 1.165,000 1,81 24,500 0,70 47,55 155,10Egito 1.050,000 1,63 35,000 1,01 30 60,94Holanda 925,000 1,43 25,000 0,72 37 98,50Coreia 855,000 1,33 15,000 0,43 57 205,79Indonésia 795,000 1,23 89,000 2,57 8,93 -52,09Marrocos 755,000 1,17 30,000 0,86 25,16 34,98Outros 15.569,518 24,15 1.035,657 30,01 15,03 -19,36

Fonte, FAO, 2009

Table 2 Onions dry status of production, importation, exportation and apparent consumption of the world in years 2000 to 2006

Years Production Importation Exportation Apparent Consumption2000 49.838.767 3.394.122 3.374.801 49.858.0882001 51.720.178 3.629.958 3.571.897 51.778.2392002 53.594.534 3.962.797 4.211.533 53.345.7982003 53.806.428 4.806.291 5.016.288 53.596.4312004 59.158.844 4.683.226 5.077.055 58.765.0152005 60.795.092 4.835.748 5.146.641 60.484.1992006 64.547.348 5.402.396 5.482.448 64.467.296Fonte:FAO, 2009

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Table 3. Brazil, marketshare indicators of onions dry in years 2000 to 2008 ( 1000 t)

AnoProdução(Y) Perdas estimadas Importação(M) Exportação (X) Consumo Aparente

  20% (t) (t) (t) (t)2000 1.141,810 228.362 77.618 11.287 979.779

2001 1.050,360 210.072 107.745 3.408 944.625

2002 1.222,124 244.425 113.643 2.469 1.088.873

2003 1.229,848 245.970 174.634 997 1.157.515

2004 1.157,562 231.512 195.280 3.313 1.118.017

2005 1.137,684 227.537 172.054 1.186 1.081.015

2006 1.345,905 269.181 201.706 1.411 1.277.019

2007 1.360,301 272.060 159.683 37.683 1.210.241

2008 1.061,309 212.262 204.276 6319 1.047.004Fonte: ANACE, 2009

Table 4. Apparent consumption forecasts of onions in the Brazil, 2002-2015.   Amount (1000 t)Ano Observed Calculated 2002 1.089 1.0892003 1.158 1.1012004 1.118 1.1142005 1.081 1.1262006 1.277 1.1382007 1.210 1.1502008 1.047 1.1622009 - 1.1742010 - 1.1862011 - 1.1982012 - 1.2102013 - 1.2222014 - 1.2352015 - 1.247

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