Persia and Persia and GreeceGreece

The beginning of The beginning of Western CivilizationWestern Civilization

The Persian EmpireThe Persian Empire

Cyrus the GreatCyrus the Great

580 – 529 B. C. E.

580 – 529 B. C. E.

A tolerant ruler he allowed different cultures within his empire to keep their own institutions.

The Greeks called him a “Law-Giver.”

The Jews called him “the anointed of the Lord.” (In 537, he allowed over 40,000 to return to Palestine).

A tolerant ruler he allowed different cultures within his empire to keep their own institutions.

The Greeks called him a “Law-Giver.”

The Jews called him “the anointed of the Lord.” (In 537, he allowed over 40,000 to return to Palestine).

Darius the Great (526 – 485 B. C. E.)

Darius the Great (526 – 485 B. C. E.) Built Persepolis.

He extended the

Persian Empire to the Indus River in northern India. (2 mil. s.q. mi.)

Built Persepolis.

He extended the

Persian Empire to the Indus River in northern India. (2 mil. s.q. mi.)

Darius the Great (526 – 485 B. C. E.)

Darius the Great (526 – 485 B. C. E.) Established a tax-

collecting system.

Divided the empire into districts called SATRAPIES.

Built the great Royal Road system.

Established a complex postal system.

Created a network of spies called “the King’s eyes and ears.”

Established a tax-collecting system.

Divided the empire into districts called SATRAPIES.

Built the great Royal Road system.

Established a complex postal system.

Created a network of spies called “the King’s eyes and ears.”

Ancient PersepolisAncient Persepolis

Persian “Royal Road”Persian “Royal Road”

Persian Archers & Soldiers

Persian Archers & Soldiers

Zarathustra [Zoroaster], 6c BCE:

Good Thoughts, Good Deed, Good Words

Zarathustra [Zoroaster], 6c BCE:

Good Thoughts, Good Deed, Good Words

“Tree of Life”“Tree of Life”

Extent of Zoroastrianism

Extent of Zoroastrianism

Zend-Avesta(The “Book of Law”)Zend-Avesta(The “Book of Law”)

The “Sacred Fire” the force to fight evil.

The “Sacred Fire” the force to fight evil.

GreeceGreece

The Geography of Greece

The Geography of Greece

Bronze Age GreeceBronze Age Greece

Crete: Minoan Civilization

(Palace at Knossos)

Crete: Minoan Civilization

(Palace at Knossos)

Knossos: Minoan Civilization

Knossos: Minoan Civilization

The Mask of AgamemnonThe Mask of Agamemnon

The Greek City-StateThe Greek City-State

The PolisThe Polis

CharacteristicsCharacteristics

• Acropolis – Literally “fortified hill”Acropolis – Literally “fortified hill”• Agora – meeting/marketplace of the Agora – meeting/marketplace of the

polispolis• Fields, orchards, pastures, etc Fields, orchards, pastures, etc

surrounded the polis.surrounded the polis.• Each polis had its own ruler Each polis had its own ruler • Greek language and religious beliefsGreek language and religious beliefs

ATHENS: Yesterday & Today

ATHENS: Yesterday & Today

SPARTA and ATHENSSPARTA and ATHENS

SPARTASPARTA

Helots Messenians enslaved by the Spartans.

Sparta and Athens Sparta and Athens (Origins)(Origins)

SpartaSparta

Descended from Descended from Dorians. Conquered Dorians. Conquered Laconia and made Laconia and made Sparta capital.Sparta capital.

““A city is well A city is well fortified which has a fortified which has a wall of men instead wall of men instead of brick.”of brick.”

AthensAthens

Descended from Descended from Mycenaeans. Built Mycenaeans. Built inland and became inland and became sea traders because sea traders because of the area is rocky, of the area is rocky, salty, and generally salty, and generally unproductive for unproductive for agricultureagriculture

Sparta and Athens (Social Sparta and Athens (Social Classes)Classes)

SpartaSpartaCitizensCitizens-Controlled the -Controlled the city of Spartacity of Sparta

HelotsHelots-City owned -City owned slavesslaves

PerioeciPerioeci-Free -Free individuals who worked individuals who worked for the Spartans as for the Spartans as merchants and artisansmerchants and artisans

AthensAthensCitizensCitizens-Initially males -Initially males whose father and whose father and maternal grandfather maternal grandfather had been citizens. had been citizens. (Non-landowning (Non-landowning citizens could not vote).citizens could not vote).

By 507 BCE, all free By 507 BCE, all free Athenian males are Athenian males are citizenscitizens

MeticsMetics-Free non-slave -Free non-slave foreignersforeigners

Sparta and Athens Sparta and Athens (Government)(Government)

SpartaSparta

Set up in 800’s BCESet up in 800’s BCE

2 Kings2 Kings - joint rule - joint rule

Council of EldersCouncil of Elders 28 men over age 28 men over age 60>that proposed 60>that proposed lawslaws

Assembly Assembly Males Males over 30over 30

AthensAthens

After the age of After the age of kings-aristocrats kings-aristocrats who voted 9 who voted 9 archons (rulers) to archons (rulers) to serve for 1 yearserve for 1 year

JudgesJudges – Nobles – Nobles who interpret & who interpret & apply laws (Favored apply laws (Favored nobles)nobles)

Sparta and Athens (Laws and Sparta and Athens (Laws and Regulation)Regulation)

SpartaSparta

Prohibited gold and Prohibited gold and silver-believed silver-believed people would want people would want luxury goodsluxury goods

Currency was heavy Currency was heavy iron barsiron bars

Strict discipline Strict discipline stressed throughoutstressed throughout

AthensAthens

Only citizens with Only citizens with certain amount of certain amount of land could voteland could vote

Draco – Draco – Harsh Harsh written law codewritten law code

CleisthenesCleisthenes – – Direct democracy . Direct democracy . Ostracons-6000 = Ostracons-6000 = ostracism.ostracism.

Sparta and Athens Sparta and Athens (Philosophy, Education, & (Philosophy, Education, &

Morals & ValuesMorals & Values

SpartaSparta

Assets only-weak or Assets only-weak or impaired infants left impaired infants left on hillsideon hillside

Males enter military Males enter military at age 7at age 7

Females marry at 19 Females marry at 19 and must be healthyand must be healthy

AthensAthens

Birthplace of Birthplace of democracy – 4 democracy – 4 ReformersReformers

Males educated Males educated from 7-18. Studied from 7-18. Studied rhetoric.rhetoric.

Females-no formal Females-no formal education. Married education. Married by 13 or 14 (2X their by 13 or 14 (2X their age)age)

Sparta and Athens (Culture, Sparta and Athens (Culture, Arts, etc)Arts, etc)

SpartaSparta

No attention paid to No attention paid to arts, education, arts, education, literature, etc due to literature, etc due to military nature of military nature of Sparta. People Sparta. People expected to follow expected to follow the state and forgo the state and forgo personal rights and personal rights and freedomsfreedoms

AthensAthens

Sound mind and Sound mind and bodybody

Built public Built public buildings on a grand buildings on a grand scale. Live modesty scale. Live modesty but support but support communitycommunity

Valued simple grace Valued simple grace & beauty. & beauty. Perfection. Perfection. Education valuedEducation valued

Persian Wars: 499 BCE – 480 BCE

Persian Wars: 499 BCE – 480 BCE

Greek HoplitesGreek Hoplites

Greek PhalanxGreek Phalanx

Persian Wars: Famous Battles

Persian Wars: Famous Battles

$ Marathon (490 BCE) 26 miles from Athens

$ Thermopylae (480 BCE) 300 Spartans at the

Mountain pass

$ Salamis (480 BCE) Athenian navy

victorious

Marathon 490 BCEMarathon 490 BCE

Thermoplyae 480 BCEThermoplyae 480 BCE

Thermistocles’ Thermistocles’ Wooden WallWooden Wall

Golden “Age of Pericles”:

460 BCE – 429 BCE

Golden “Age of Pericles”:

460 BCE – 429 BCE

Great Athenian Philosophers

Great Athenian Philosophers$ Socrates

Know thyself!

question everything

only the pursuit of goodnessbrings happiness.

$ Plato The Academy

The world of the FORMS

The Republic philosopher-king

Great Athenian Philosophers

Great Athenian Philosophers

$ Aristotle The Lyceum

“Golden Mean” [everything inmoderation].

Logic.

Scientific method.

Athens: The Arts & Sciences

Athens: The Arts & Sciences

$ DRAMA (tragedians): Aeschylus

Sophocles

Euripides

$ THE SCIENCES: Pythagoras

Democritus all matter made up of small atoms.

Hippocrates “Father of Medicine”

Phidias’ AcropolisPhidias’ Acropolis

The Acropolis TodayThe Acropolis Today

The ParthenonThe Parthenon

The AgoraThe Agora

The Classical Greek “Ideal”

The Classical Greek “Ideal”

OlympiaOlympia

The Ancient Olympics:

Athletes & Trainers

The Ancient Olympics:

Athletes & Trainers

Olympia: Temple to Hera

Olympia: Temple to Hera

Peloponnesian WarsPeloponnesian Wars

Macedonia Under Philip II

Macedonia Under Philip II

Alexander the Great

Alexander the Great

Alexander the Great’s Empire

Alexander the Great’s Empire

Alexander the Great in Persia

Alexander the Great in Persia

The Hellenization of Asia

The Hellenization of Asia

Hellenistic PhilosophersHellenistic

Philosophers$ Cynics Diogenes ignore social conventions

& avoid luxuries.

citizens of the world.

live a humble, simple life.

$ Epicurians Epicurus avoid pain & seek

pleasure.

all excess leads to pain!

politics should be avoided.

Hellenistic PhilosophersHellenistic

Philosophers$ Stoics Zeno nature is the expansion of

divine will.

concept of natural law.

get involved in politics, not for personal gain, but toperform virtuous acts for the good of all.

true happiness is found ingreat achievements.

Hellenism: The Arts & Sciences

Hellenism: The Arts & Sciences$ Scientists /

Mathematicians: Aristarchus heliocentric

theory.

Euclid geometry

Archimedes pulley

$ Hellenistic Art: More realistic; less ideal than

Hellenic art.

Showed individual emotions, wrinkles, and age!

The Breakup of Alexander’s Empire

The Breakup of Alexander’s Empire