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Unit 3 & 4Classical EmpiresPersia, Greece & Romehttp://quizlet.com/_fpe5vQuizlet:Concept QuestionsHow can geography influence political organization?

What were the major accomplishments of the Persian, Greek and Roman empires?

What are the historical origins and central beliefs of Zoroastrianism and Christianity?

How can new ideas lead to social and political change?

What factors contributed to the rise and fall of the Roman Empire?Persian Religion ZoroastrianismFirst to establish monotheismGod of Truth and Light God of Evil and Darkness Fight for possession of soulsPeople will be judged on their choices in lifeFiery pit or ParadiseInfluenced Christianity, Judaism and Islam

PERSIAN EMPIREGreecePersia (Iran)Military geniusConquered people allowed to keep their local customs & religionsGoverned with kindness and tolerancereason for successCyrus cylinderhistory of his conquests

Son of Cyrus Expanded territory to include EgyptScorned Egyptian religionDied after 8 yrs. left Persia fragile and full of revolts

Settled revoltsExpanded into IndiaCould not conquer GreeceUnified provinces, expanded the road system, standardized moneySatraps assigned governor to each province, tax collector & army leader

CyrusCambysesDarius

Trade: farming and minerals

Royal Road connected the empire for communication and trade- Standard system of weights, measures, and coins- postal system

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GREECEHerodotus:- Father of History

Thucydides:non-biased historical writingWhy is this important?Sophocles: First writer of dramaFirst tragediesComedies (satires)

Homer: - Iliad and Odyssey EpicsWas Troy real?Early Greek culture based on mythologyIn response to Dark Ages and lack of knowledge

Greek Literature

7Applied human reason to explain the world. History of western philosophySocrates:Condemned to death for corrupting the youth of Athens by encouraging them to think for themselvesPlato:Wrote The Republic set out the ideals for a perfectly governed society Warning to Athenians to respect law, leadership and education.Greek PhilosophersClick Mouse Reveal Next PhaseAristotle:Argued that knowledge comes from experience

8Warring City-States

City States (Mycenae, first)Polis with acropolis

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Tyrants: powerful leaders who took controlRivals: Sparta vs. Athens

New Kind of ArmyArmy recruits from merchants, artisans, small farmers used cheap iron weaponsFoot soldiers formed a: phalanx

MonarchyState ruled by a king with unlimited rightsSimilar to totalitarianismHereditary, rulers claim divine rightPracticed in Mycenae

Aristocracy State ruled by nobilityHereditary & land ownershipSocial status and wealth support rulers authorityPracticed in Athens (594 BC)

Greek political structures

Oligarchy Rule by a small group of citizensBased on wealthRuling group controls militaryPracticed in Sparta

Direct DemocracyRuled by its citizensBased on citizenshipLimited to menMajority rule Practiced in Athens (461BC)Political Structures

OligarchyPeloponnesian PeninsulaConquered people: Helots (serfs)Education: military training for boys, women managed homes and trained in sportsPowerful army, little individual expressionSpartaBUILDS A MILITARY STATEPersian Wars

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Strengthen Athenian Democracy- paid public officials, increased their number Hold & Strengthen the empire- built the largest navyGlorify Athens - beautified the city, ParthenonBelieved all people in society have a role to play civic responsibility, equal treatment under the lawRepublic people represented in the governmentNot all were citizens what does that mean?

Democracy & Greeces Golden Age123

Olympics

Created to foster connection between city-statesTrack/Field, Wrestling Revival: 1896, Athens

Spartans vs. Athens @ Peloponnesian war

Athens lost because:Plague 430 BC: killed 2/3 of population, even PericlesAthenian navy defeated (413 BC) & totally destroyed

331 BCDefeated the Persians and Darius III in 3 battles at Anatolia 338 BCKing Phillip of Macedonia conquered GreeceBrought of city states under his control to build an empire 336 BCAlexander takes over at the age of 20Begins 12 year campaign of conquest340 BC335 BC325 BC 320 BC323 BCAlexander dies at 32 years oldAfter his death, empire divided into 3 parts Alexander the Great: The Empire

GreekOrientalMiddle EasternEgyptian Hellenistic Culture hereTrade CentersEgyptCultural Diversity City of Alexandria

The Hellenistic Period:

Astronomy: Ptolemy incorrectly said earth was center of solar systemErathosthenes calculated size of the earth (off -1%)

Mathematics & Physics:Euclid: geometryArchimedes: value of pi & lever; pulley

RealismStatues to honor gods, heroes, everyday lifeLargest: Colossus of Rhodes bronze 100 tall- 1 of 7 wonders of ancient worldMore realistic & emotional than classical sculpture

Architecture continues to influence Rome and even today