JYOTHISH.O.S

201224

S4 MCA

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PERFORMANCE STUDIES ON THE VARIOUS ROUTING PROTOCOLS IN

AD-HOC NETWORKS

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INTRODUCTION

In the last couple of years ,the use of Wireless networks has become more and more popular.

There exists 3 types mobile wireless networks:

Infrastructure n/w

Ad-hoc n/w

Hybrid n/w

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Infrastructure n/w consists of wireless mobile nodes and one or more bridges,which connect wireless n/w to wired n/w.These bridges are called base staions.

Ad-hoc n/w consist no base stations,no fixed routers and no centralized administration.Allnode move randomly and are connecting dynamically each other.

Hybrid n/w combines both aspect described before.It makes use of any available base stations while also support infrastructure less communication.

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Evolution of MANET

A MobileAdHoc Network is a collection of wireless mobile nodes forming temporary n/w without any fixed infrastructure where all nodes are free to move and configure themselves.InMANET ,each node acts both as a router and a host even the topology of n/w may also change rapidly.

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ROUTING PROTOCOLS

Routing is a process of finding a path from a source to destination on the n/w.

The Routing protocols fall into 2 general categories:

Proactive Routing protocols

Reactive routing Protocols

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Proactive Routing Protocols

Table driven Routing Protocols

The protocols are table driven and will actively determine the layout of the n/w.

The protocols include WRP, FSR,ZRP

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Reactive Routing Protocol

On Demand routing protocol

Popular routing category

It is new routing philosophy and relatively large network topologies.

The design follows the idea only sending routing packets when communication is requested.

Protocols include DSR,AODV,TORA

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DSR(DYNAMIC SOURCE ROUTING)

On- Demand routing protocol

Every mobile node in the n/w needs to main a route cache where it catches source routes that it has learned.

When Host want sent a packet ,it first checks for a source route to destination. If it found sender use this route.Otherwise the source initiates route discovery process.

Route Discovery and route maintains are the major parts of routing protocol.

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AODV(Ad hoc on Demand distance vector)

It creates the routers on a demand basis,asopposed to maintain a complete list of routes for each destination.

AODV consist of

The sending node will initiate a path discovery process.A route request message (RREQ) is broadcasted to all neighbours.Theforwording process is continued until destination is found or intermediate node knows destination.And also ensure maintanceRoutes.

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Advantages of AODV

Unicast and Multicast packet transmission

It also respond very quickly to the topological changes.

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TORA(Temporally orderd routing protocols)

Multipath routing

The protocol can simultaneously support both on demand routing and proactive routing per destination basis.

It is an adaptive routing protocol for multi hop networks.

WRP(Wireless routing protocol)

Distance vector routing protocol designed for ad-hoc n/w.

WRP modifies and enhances distance vector routing .

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PERFORMANCE METRICS

• Routing overhead

how many packets for route discovery and route maintained need to sent .

• Throughput

the total number of bits forwarded to higher layers per second.

• Media access delay

the time takes to access media for starting the packet transmission.

• Packet delivery ratio

Ratio b/w incoming and received data packets.

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In this research paper, an effort has been made to concentrate on the working of various Pro-active and Reactive protocols

• The performance was almost always evaluated as a function of mobility rate and speed without considering the network size

• DSR performs very poor in larger networks, as it shows extreme high delays and delivers less than 30% of all packets in a network of 200 nodes

• The performance of AODV was very good in all

network sizes, even though the routing overhead is

higher than in DSR..Control packets are generated only as needed.

• WRP and FSR, especially, were the main beneficiaries of the group movement model.

• we cannot take a conclusion for ZRP due to the missing IERP packets

Conclusion

o Every protocol has its advantages and disadvantages in different scenarios. The choice of a routing protocol should be made carefully after considering every aspect we provided in this section (and possibly more). In future work we must add certain routing protocols with multistrategy and multi-efficient (i.e. highly real time traffic control, less delay in acquiring route, etc.).

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References

[1] Ashwani Kush ; Phalguni Gupta ; Ram Kumar ; :Performance Comparison of Wireless Routing Protocols, Journal of the CSI, Vol.35 No.2, April-June 2005

[2] AnneAaron; JieWeng; :Performance Comparison of Ad-hoc Routing Protocols for Networks with Node Energy Constraints , availableathttp://ivms.stanford.edu

[3] Charles Perkins; Elizabeth Royer; Samir Das; Mahesh Marina;: Performance of two on-demand Routing Protocols for Ad-hocNetworks, IEEE Personal Communications, February 2001, pp. 16-28.

[4] Perkins, C.; Royer, E.B.; Das, .S; :Ad hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV) Routing - Internet Draft”, RFC 3561, IETFNetwork Working Group, July 2003.

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