Perception

Created by Soumi Rai.Copyright material

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Perception

Created by Soumi Rai.Copyright

material

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What Is Perception, and Why Is It

Important?

Peoples behavior is based

on their perception of what

reality is, not on reality

itself.

The world as it is perceived

is the world that is

behaviorally important.

Perception

A process by which individuals organize and interpret their sensory impressions in order to give meaning to their environment.


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The Importance of Perception

Perception helps define reality.

Objective realitywhat truly exists in the physical world to the best abilities of science to

measure it.

Perceived realitywhat individuals experience through one or more of the human senses, and

the meaning they ascribe to those experiences.

Behavioral problems arise when an

individuals perceived reality does not match objective reality.


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The Perceptual Process

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1.Sensation

An individuals ability to detect stimuli in the

immediate

environment.

2.Selection

The process a person uses to eliminate some

of the stimuli that have

been sensed and to

retain others for further

processing.

3.Organization

The process of placing selected perceptual

stimuli into a

framework for

storage.

4.Translation

The stage of the perceptual process at

which stimuli are

interpreted and given

meaning.


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Organization

The process of placing selected perceptual stimuli into a framework for storage.

Stimuli become associated when they:

Are similar in physical resemblance.

Occur in close physical (space) proximity.

Occur in close time proximity.

Are used for figure-ground differentiation.

Are used together to achieve closurea perception of the whole or to piece together a

message.


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Factors That

Influence Perception


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Figure-Ground Illustration

Field-ground differentiation

The tendency to distinguish

and focus on a

stimulus that

is classified as

figure as

opposed to

background.


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Closure

Closure

The tendency to organize perceptual stimuli so that,

together, they form a

complete message.

Source: Reprinted with permission from Introduction to psychology:

Explorations and applications by Dennis Coon. Copyright 1977

by West Publishing Company. All rights reserved.


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Person Perception: Making

Judgments About Others

Distinctiveness: shows different behaviors in different situations.

Consensus: response is the same as others to same situation.

Consistency: responds in the same way over time.

Attribution Theory

When individuals observe behavior, they attempt to determine whether it is internally or externally caused.


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10Attribution Theory


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Errors and Biases

in Attributions

Fundamental Attribution Error

The tendency to underestimate the influence of external factors and overestimate the influence of internal factors when making judgments about the behavior of others.


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Errors and Biases in Attributions

Self-Serving Bias

The tendency for individuals to attribute their own successes to internal factors while putting the blame for failures on external factors.


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Frequently Used Shortcuts in

Judging Others

Selective Perception

People selectively interpret what they see on the basis of their interests, background, experience, and attitudes.


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Judging Others

Halo Effect

Drawing a general impression about an individual on the basis of a single characteristic

Contrast Effects

Evaluation of a persons characteristics that are affected by comparisons with other people recently encountered who rank higher or lower on the same characteristics.


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Judging Others

Projection

Attributing ones own characteristics to other people.

Stereotyping

Judging someone on the basis of ones perception of the group to which that person belongs.


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Specific Applications in Organizations

Employment Interview

Perceptual biases of raters affect the accuracy of interviewers judgments of applicants.

Performance Expectations

Self-fulfilling prophecy (pygmalion effect): The lower or higher performance of

employees reflects preconceived leader

expectations about employee capabilities.

Ethnic Profiling

A form of stereotyping in which a group of individuals is singled outtypically on the basis of race or ethnicityfor intensive inquiry, scrutinizing, or investigation.


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Specific Applications in Organizations

Performance Evaluations

Appraisals are often the subjective (judgmental) perceptions of

appraisers of another employees job performance.

Employee Effort

Assessment of individual effort is a subjective judgment subject to

perceptual distortion and bias.

Perception

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