Pennsylvania Nonpoint Source BMP Effectiveness, Cost-Effectiveness and Potential for Reducing Loads...

Pennsylvania Nonpoint Source BMP Effectiveness, Cost-Effectiveness and

Potential for Reducing Loads

Jeff SweeneyUniversity of Maryland

PA Chesapeake Bay Advisory Committee MeetingHarrisburg, PAJune 3, 2004

Pennsylvania Nonpoint Source BMP Effectiveness, Cost-Effectiveness, and Potential for Reducing Loads

• Objective of extensive model analysis was to determine relative nonpoint source BMP effectiveness, cost-effectiveness, and potential load reductions that could be achieved – for TN, TP, and sediment.

• Study considered 30 nonpoint source BMPs on 9 specific source categories - for the agricultural, urban, and septic sectors.

• Results for effectiveness, cost-effectiveness, and loading reduction potentials should be viewed RELATIVELY among BMPs – rather than focusing on the absolute numbers.

• The total annual costs are those reported in EPA UAA documents and documentation of “Estimated Stormwater BMP Costs” (in 2001 dollars) and reflect amortized capital costs plus annual O&M payments.

Pennsylvania Nonpoint Source BMP Effectiveness, Cost-Effectiveness, and Potential for Reducing Loads

• Potential load reduction numbers are reported since BMPs can be very effective and/or cost-effective, but there may not be potential for extensive implementation (or additional implementation beyond what is already on the ground). This measure is the maximum “window of opportunity”.

o The loading reduction potentials are estimates of reductions beyond existing (2002) controls.

• All nonpoint source BMPs are ranked according to their cost-effectiveness and potential for reducing nutrient and sediment loads beyond existing (2002) controls - with EQUAL WEIGHT given to cost-effectiveness and potentials.

• Users of the information cannot simply add the potential load reductions for a group of BMPs to estimate the total reductions for a combination of practices.

Pennsylvania Nonpoint Source BMP Cost-Effectiveness and Potential for Reducing Loads

Nitrogen

Pennsylvania Nitrogen Loads and Cap Load Allocations

102.95

6.26

73.35

4.00

77.35

67.87

4.02

71.90

109.21

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

PA Susquehanna PA Potomac PA TOTAL

(million lbs/

year)

2002 2010 PA Strategy 2 2010 Cap Load Allocation

Pennsylvania Nonpoint Source BMP Cost-Effectiveness and Potential for Reducing Nitrogen Loads

1.72

9.48

7.12

2.47

3.10

3.64

14.31

6.06

9.13

14.71

$0.33

$2.99

$2.31

$0.61

$0.68

$0.95

$1.98

$0.47

$0.47

$0.50

20% Poultry Litter Transport (Crop Applications)

Late-Planting Cover Crops (Conventional-Till)

Early-Planting Cover Crops (Conservation-Till)

Grass Buffers (Conventional-Till)

Nutrient Management Plans (Conservation-Till)

Carbon Sequestration (Conventional-Till)

Early-Planting Cover Crops (Conventional-Till)

Conservation-Tillage (Conventional-Till)

Enhanced Nutrient Management (Conservation-Till)

Enhanced Nutrient Management (Conventional-Till)

Cost-Effectiveness ($ Per Lb TN Load Reduced)

Potential Edge-of-Stream Load Reduction Beyond 2002 (Million Lbs TN Reduced Per Year)


2.14

1.43

4.56

2.71

4.74

2.57

1.51

4.37

$2.57

$10.95

$0.90

$7.53

$3.84

$2.16

$3.46

$1.80

$0.44

$2.16

N/ A

N/ A

Forest Buffers (Conservation-Till)

Tree Planting (Conservation-Till)

Nutrient Management Plans (Conventional-Till)

Tree Planting (Conventional-Till)

Animal Waste Management (Manure Acre = 145 AnimalUnits)

Wetland Restoration (Conventional-Till)

Late-Planting Cover Crops (Conservation-Till)

Land Retirement (Conventional-Till)

Mixed Open Nutrient Management (Mixed Open)

Forest Buffers (Conventional-Till)




1.59

1.12

1.25

1.41

1.15

$4.03

$2.57

$1.01

$1.07

$1.38

$0.78

N/ A

N/ A

N/ A

1.73

N/ A$16.45

$20.44

$24.72

$50.73

Enhanced Nutrient Management (Hay)

Tree Planting (Pasture)

Wetland Restoration (Conservation-Till)

Tree Planting (Mixed Open)

Urban Nutrient Management (Pervious Urban)

10% Livestock Manure Transport (Crop Applications)

Tree Planting (Hay)

Carbon Sequestration (Conservation-Till)

Urban Tree Planting (Pervious Urban)

Grass Buffers (Conservation-Till)



Pennsylvania Nonpoint Source BMP Cost-Effectiveness and Potential for Reducing Loads

Phosphorus

Pennsylvania Phosphorus Loads and Confirmation Goals

3.13

0.45

2.30

0.32

2.62

2.13

0.33

2.46

3.58

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

4.0

PA Susquehanna PA Potomac PA TOTAL

(million lbs/

year)

2002 2010 PA Strategy 2 2010 Confirmation Goal

Pennsylvania Nonpoint Source BMP Cost-Effectiveness and Potential for Reducing Phosphorus

Loads

18.88

39.30

13.24

13.61

21.86

17.94

26.65

56.72

112.05

$89.70

$40.08

$72.32

$4.96

$11.06

$43.22

$25.96

$13.07

$30.62

$2.57

N/ ATree Planting (Conventional-Till)

Enhanced Nutrient Management (Conventional-Till)

Early-Planting Cover Crops (Conventional-Till)

Mixed Open Nutrient Management (Mixed Open)

Grass Buffers (Conventional-Till)

Forest Buffers (Conventional-Till)

Land Retirement (Conventional-Till)

Carbon Sequestration (Conventional-Till)

Animal Waste Management (Manure Acre = 145 AnimalUnits)

Conservation-Tillage (Conventional-Till)

Cost-Effectiveness ($ Per Lb TP Load Reduced)

Potential Edge-of-Stream Load Reduction Beyond 2002 (Lbs TP Reduced Per Year / 10,000)


Loads

6.18

3.58

14.78

13.33

7.63

13.71

8.90

$202.13

$30.03

$193.20

$188.95

$95.24

$52.18

$5.99

$43.22

$12.69

N/ A

N/ A

N/ A

N/ A

Tree Planting (Hay)

10% Livestock Manure Transport (Crop Applications)

Tree Planting (Mixed Open)

Tree Planting (Conservation-Till)

30% Poultry Phytase (Crop Applications)

Off-Stream Watering w/ Fencing & Rotational Grazing(Pasture)

Enhanced Nutrient Management (Hay)

20% Poultry Litter Transport (Crop Applications)

Wetland Restoration (Conventional-Till)

Urban Nutrient Management (Pervious Urban)




Loads

28.28

2.76

7.79

9.64

6.41

6.87

20.24

8.43

16.06

$2,198.77

$31.87

$119.91

$127.74

$85.66

$56.90

$257.02

$140.35

$81.19

$121.12

N/ A

Urban Infiltration Practices (Pervious Urban)

Grass Buffers (Conservation-Till)

Forest Buffers (Hay)

Forest Buffers (Mixed Open)

Forest Buffers (Conservation-Till)

Conservation Plans (Conventional-Till)

Urban Tree Planting (Pervious Urban)

Late-Planting Cover Crops (Conventional-Till)

Nutrient Management Plans (Hay)

Off-Stream Watering w/ Fencing (Pasture)



Pennsylvania Nonpoint Source Strategy BMPsExcluded from the Cost Effectiveness-Potential Study

• No-Till• Managed Precision Agriculture • Dairy Precision Feeding• Swine Phytase• Precision Rotational Grazing• Mortality Composters• Urban Street Sweeping• Erosion & Sediment Control• Horse Pasture Management• Abandoned Mine Reclamation• Non-Urban Stream Restoration• Dirt & Gravel Road Erosion & Sediment Control

Pennsylvania Nonpoint Source BMP Effectiveness, Cost-Effectiveness and

Potential for Reducing Loads

Jeff SweeneyUniversity of Maryland

PA Chesapeake Bay Advisory Committee MeetingHarrisburg, PAJune 3, 2004

Pennsylvania Nonpoint Source BMP Effectiveness, Cost-Effectiveness, and Potential for Reducing Nitrogen Loads

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

Yield Reserve NutrientManagement

Plans

Conservation-Tillage

Cover Crops(Early-Planting)

CarbonSequestration

Grass Buffers(Ag)

20% PoultryLitter Transport

Forest Buffers(Ag)

(million a

cre

s)

NITROGEN NITROGEN NITROGEN Pennsylvania Pennsylvania PennsylvaniaEffectiveness Cost-Effectiveness Potential Edge-of-Stream

Load Reduction Beyond 2002

Nonpoint Source Practice Loading Source Total Annual Cost1 (lbs load reduced/acre)2($/lb load reduced) (million lbs reduced/yr)

Yield Reserve (Conventional-Till) $7/Acre 13.98 $0.50 14.71Yield Reserve (Conservation-Till) $7/Acre 15.02 $0.47 9.13

Conservation-Tillage (Conventional-Till) $2.72/Acre 5.78 $0.47 6.06Cover Crops (Early-Planting) (Conventional-Till) $27/Acre 13.65 $1.98 14.31Cover Crops (Early-Planting) (Conservation-Till) $27/Acre 11.71 $2.31 7.12Cover Crops (Late-Planting) (Conventional-Till) $27/Acre 9.04 $2.99 9.48

Carbon Sequestration (Conventional-Till) $13/Acre 13.74 $0.95 3.64Nutrient Management Plans (Conservation-Till) $7/Acre 10.28 $0.68 3.10

Grass Buffers (Conventional-Till) $17/Acre 27.99 $0.61 2.4720% Poultry Litter Transport (Crop Applications) $3.11/Ton 9.32 $0.33 1.72

Forest Buffers (Conventional-Till) $108/Acre 49.92 $2.16 4.37

Pennsylvania Nonpoint Source BMP Effectiveness, Cost-Effectiveness, and Potential for Reducing Phosphorus

Loads

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5


Animal WasteManagement

CarbonSequestration

LandRetirement

Forest Buffers(Ag)

Grass Buffers(Ag)


Yield Reserve

(mill

ion a

cres)

PHOSPHORUS PHOSPHORUS PHOSPHORUS Pennsylvania Pennsylvania PennsylvaniaEffectiveness Cost-Effectiveness Potential Edge-of-Stream

Load Reduction Beyond 2002Nonpoint Source Practice Loading Source Total Annual Cost (lbs load reduced/acre) ($/lb load reduced) (million lbs reduced/yr)

Conservation-Tillage (Conventional-Till) $2.72/Acre 1.06 $2.57 1.12Animal Waste Management (Manure Acre = 145 Animal Units) $8,186/Acre 267.35 $30.62 0.57

Carbon Sequestration (Conventional-Till) $13/Acre 0.99 $13.07 0.27Land Retirement (Conventional-Till) $17/Acre 0.65 $25.96 0.18

Forest Buffers (Conventional-Till) $108/Acre 2.50 $43.22 0.22Grass Buffers (Conventional-Till) $17/Acre 1.54 $11.06 0.14

Cover Crops (Early-Planting) (Conventional-Till) $27/Acre 0.37 $72.32 0.39Yield Reserve (Conventional-Till) $7/Acre 0.17 $40.08 0.19

Pennsylvania Nonpoint Source BMP Effectiveness, Cost-Effectiveness, and Potential for Reducing Sediment

Loads

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0


LandRetirement

CarbonSequestration

Grass Buffers(Ag)

Forest Buffers(Ag)


WetlandRestoration

ConservationPlans

(mill

ion a

cres)

SEDIMENT SEDIMENT SEDIMENT Pennsylvania Pennsylvania PennsylvaniaEffectiveness Cost-Effectiveness Potential Edge-of-Stream

Load Reduction Beyond 2002Nonpoint Source Practice Loading Source Total Annual Cost (tons load reduced/acre) ($/ton load reduced) (million tons reduced/yr)

Conservation-Tillage (Conventional-Till) $2.72/Acre 0.89 $3.07 0.944Land Retirement (Conventional-Till) $17/Acre 1.04 $16.42 0.285

Carbon Sequestration (Conventional-Till) $13/Acre 0.93 $13.97 0.248Grass Buffers (Conventional-Till) $17/Acre 1.48 $11.47 0.132Forest Buffers (Conventional-Till) $108/Acre 1.81 $59.55 0.158

Cover Crops (Early-Planting) (Conventional-Till) $27/Acre 0.24 $114.02 0.252Wetland Restoration (Conventional-Till) $108/Acre 1.81 $59.55 0.098Conservation Plans (Conventional-Till) $17/Acre 0.30 $57.43 0.084

PA Nonpoint Source BMP Effectiveness, Cost-Effectiveness, and Potential for Reducing Phosphorus Loads Beyond TS1

TP Gap = 0.192 million lbs.

PHOSPHORUS PHOSPHORUS PHOSPHORUS Pennsylvania Pennsylvania PennsylvaniaEffectiveness Cost-Effectiveness Potential EOS

Load Red Beyond TS1

Nonpoint Source Practice Loading Source Total Annual Cost1 (lbs load reduced/acre)2($/lb load reduced) (million lbs reduced/yr)

Conservation-Tillage (Conventional-Till) $2.72/Acre 1.060 $2.57 0.11420% Poultry Litter Transport (Crop Applications) $3.11/Ton 0.519 $5.99 0.076

30% Poultry Phytase (Crop Applications) Unknown 0.019 Unknown 0.036Wetland Restoration (Conventional-Till) $108/Acre 2.499 $43.22 0.137Wetland Restoration (Conservation-Till) $108/Acre 1.261 $85.66 0.047Wetland Restoration (Hay) $108/Acre 0.901 $119.91 0.052Wetland Restoration (Mixed Open) $108/Acre 0.845 $127.74 0.060

10% Livestock Manure Transport (Crop Applications) $3.11/Ton 0.104 $30.03 0.062Dry Det Ponds & Hydro Structures (Pervious Urban) Unknown 0.072 Unknown 0.021Dry Det Ponds & Hydro Structures (Impervious Urban) Unknown 0.045 Unknown 0.006

Tree Planting (Conventional-Till) $108/Acre 1.204 $89.70 N/ATree Planting (Conservation-Till) $108/Acre 0.572 $188.95 N/ATree Planting (Mixed Open) $108/Acre 0.559 $193.20 N/ATree Planting (Hay) $108/Acre 0.534 $202.13 N/A

Nutrient Management Plans (Hay) $7/Acre 0.086 $81.19 0.086Yield Reserve (Hay) $7/Acre 0.134 $52.18 0.059Yield Reserve (Conventional-Till) $7/Acre 0.175 $40.08 0.019Grass Buffers (Conservation-Till) $17/Acre 0.533 $31.87 0.041Grass Buffers (Conventional-Till) $17/Acre 1.536 $11.06 0.010Forest Buffers (Conventional-Till) $108/Acre 2.499 $43.22 0.023Forest Buffers (Conservation-Till) $108/Acre 1.261 $85.66 0.031

Carbon Sequestration (Conventional-Till) $13/Acre 0.994 $13.07 0.017Animal Waste Management (Manure Acre) $8,186/Acre 267.354 $30.62 0.020

Land Retirement (Conventional-Till) $17/Acre 0.655 $25.96 0.010Urban Nutrient Management (Pervious Urban) $2.06/Acre 0.162 $12.69 0.006

PA Point Source Potential for Reducing Phosphorus Loads Beyond TS1

TP Gap = 0.192 million lbs.

PHOSPHORUS PennsylvaniaPotential EOS

Load Reduction Beyond TS1Point Source Reduction Measure (million lbs reduced/yr)

TP Effluent Concentration = 1.0 mg/l or Permit Limit 0.000



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