Pengetahuan Lingkungan Waste An evaluation of consumption pattern

REFERENCES

R2. Cunningham, William & Mary Ann. 2011, Principles of

Environmental Science: Inquiry and Applications, 6th ed., McGraw-Hill, New York , Chapter.13

http://www.microphilox.com/reference_01.htm

Other references

Look At What We Are Doing To Our Earth…

15 Most Toxic Places to Live

1. Citarum River, Indonesia

2. Rondônia, Brazil

3. Chernobyl, Ukraine

4. Yamuna River, India

5. Linfen, China

6. La Oroya, Peru

7. The North Pacific Gyre

8. Lake Karachay, Russia

9. Haiti

10. Dzerzhinsk, Russia

11. Kabwe, Zambia

12. Riachuelo Basin,

Argentina

13. Appalachia, West Virginia

14. Vapi, India

15. Earth’s orbit

http://www.mnn.com/earth-matters/wilderness-resources/

photos/the-15-most-toxic-places-to-live/apocalypse-now#image

Citarum River, Indonesia

The Citarum has been called the world's most polluted river. Around

five million people live in the river's basin, and most of them rely on its

flow for their water supply.

Yamuna River, India

The Yamuna is the largest tributary of the Ganges River. Where it flows

through Delhi, it's estimated that 58 percent of the city's waste gets

dumped straight into the river. Millions of Indians still rely on these murky,

sewage-filled waters for washing, waste disposal and drinking water.

The North Pacific Gyre

An island of trash twice the size of Texas floats in the middle of the Pacific

Ocean, circulated by the currents of the North Pacific Gyre. The trash,

which is mostly made up of plastic debris, floats as deep as 30 feet below

the surface.

Earth's orbit

Believe it or not, even space contains copious amounts of pollution. An

estimated 4 million pounds of space debris — nuts, bolts, metal and

carbon, even whole spacecraft — currently orbit the Earth, threatening

satellites, communication and even the lives of our astronauts.

waste around us………

http://news.detik.com/read/2015/02/13/110752/2832124/1513

/indonesia-nomor-2-terbanyak-membuang-sampah-plastik-di-

lautan 10

Indonesia Nomor 2 Terbanyak Membuang Sampah Plastik di Lautan

Urutan teratas : China (3,5 juta ton/tahun)

Setiap tahun lautan di seluruh dunia dipenuhi sampah plastik hingga

12,7 juta ton.

Tumpukan sampah plastik yang berada dipesisir pantai teluk palu, Sulawesi

Tengah (Antara)

http://news.liputan6.com/read/2175513/indonesia-negara-kedua-paling-

banyak-buang-sampah-ke-laut

11

Kali Sunter- Jakarta Pusat November 2012

Longsor sampah Cianjur – Januari 2013

TPA Leuwigajah

one of the biggest threatened waste - plastic bag

watch: The Plastic Vortex

Plastic Trash Island Disaster

In Australia:

• Plastic bag make up 2% of all litter.

• Only 5% of plastic bags in Australia

are recycled.

• The amount of petroleum used in a

plastic bag could drive a car about 11

metres.

(Source: G Magazines)

Data Dinas Kebersihan DKI Jakarta (2007)

Produksi sampah di DKI = 26.945m3 atau

6000ton/hari

Terdiri dari 55% sampah organik dan 45%

sampah anorganik

45% sampah organik terdiri dari:

20.57% sampah kertas

13.25% sampah plastik (1000 ton)

Sumber : Perilaku Nimby (Catatan di Hari Peduli Sampah) oleh Al.Andang L.Binawan

Disampaikan dalam Green Training for Future Leaders Angkatan III, Bandung 4-5 Agustus

2012

Municipal Solid Waste (MSW)

The garbage we produce in our houses, offices, and

cities, accounts for a small percentage of total waste by

weight, but it is one of our most important challenges in

waste management. (R2/13)

The US data:

– EPA - each American produces

4 pounds of trash per day

– BioCycle magazine estimates

6.6 pounds per day.

(Source: Swoboda, S. 1995, Note on the Trash Crisis, National

Pollution Prevention Center for Higher Education)

Waste management

Currently, in the US:

•54 percent of waste is landfilled

•13 percent is incinerated,

•33 percent is recycled

Every day your waste is managed as discreetly as possible.

Different managing alternatives can be applied to it, depending

mainly on its characteristics. Between the most important waste

treatments, we can find sorting and recycling, composting,

energetic valorisation or landfilling.

Source: http://www.microphilox.com/reference_01.htm

WASTE MANAGEMENT:

1. Landfill

2. Incineration

3. Sorting and 3R

4. Composted

Landfills

Waste that can neither be reused nor receive

special processing is stored in landfills.

Beforehand, some waste may need to be stabilized

to prevent pollution leakage.

landfill

landfill

Source:http://widnesskips.files.wordpress.com/2007/12/landfill3.jpg

Modern Sanitary Landfill

•Designed to contain waste.

•Compact the refuse

•Cover it every day with a layer of dirt to decrease smell

and litter and to discourage insect and rats.

•Helps control pollution

Landfills has some drawbacks:

1. litter and ash can be scattered by the wind: trash

must be covered

2. organic wastes partially decompose under certain

conditions to produce carbon dioxide, methane,

ammonia, water, and other chemicals, which may

be released into the atmosphere.

3. during decomposition, liquids may percolate

through the landfill and carry chemicals into

the soil and groundwater.

4. landfills contain many common items such as

glass, plastics, and metals that will never

biodegrade

A landfill requires high technical standards and must

conform to strong safety norms in order to protect the

environment and local communities. It is very important

taking into account:

1. The location for the landfill and the

surrounding land

2. The design of modular compartments

3. The protection of groundwater

4. The collection, treatment and elimination of

leachates

5. The capture, treatment and recovery of biogas

6. The construction of a cover, in order to

minimize rainwater penetration

modern landfill (Source: http://your.kingcounty.gov/dnr/kidsweb/landfill.htm)

modern landfill (Source: http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/energyexplained/index.cfm?page=biomass_biogas)

Over time, waste, which decomposes

produces landfill gas or biogas, a mixture

of carbon dioxide and methane.

Biogas is collected and then used in co-

generation processes, which produce

energy and heat, at the same time that it

is avoided the emission to the

atmosphere of methane, which is a

harmful green house gas.

Source: http://www.microphilox.com/reference_01.htm

Apart from biogas, the decomposition of landfilled waste, along

with rainwater infiltration, produces a liquid known as "leachate".

Leachates contain heavy metals, salts, nitrogenous compounds

and various types of organic matter. Due to its high polluting

potential it is needed that this leachate is collected and treated to

avoid environment contamination. Source: http://www.microphilox.com/reference_01.htm

http://tangerangkota.go.id/kota-tangerang-sudah-mulai-memanfaatkan-

controlled-landfill-sanitary-landfill 38

Data Kementrian Pekerjaan Umum :

• 99 % TPA di Indonesia masih menggunakan open dumping.

• 70 % yang menerapkan controlled landfill/sanitary landfill dari 492 TPA

di seluruh Kota/Kabupaten di Indonesia

Salah satu kota yang mulai menerapkan : Kota Tangerang

Incineration

Incineration produces ash that includes minerals,

metals, unburned organic carbon, and dirt:

1. fly ash consists of light particles that contains

volatile metals such as mercury, lead, and

cadmium as well as dioxins and PCBs.

2. bottom ash consists of the uncombusted materials

remaining on the grate after burning.

Bottom ash usually contains:

less volatile metals such as aluminum, iron, and

tin as well as hydrocarbons

In some cases, this ash could be highly toxic,

because the heat of the incinerator may increase

the toxic properties of the materials burned.

Energy from waste

Nowadays, energy recovery goes hand-by-hand

with waste elimination. There are different ways of

getting energy from waste: incineration,

gasification, anaerobic digestion,….

Traditionally, the most used one has been

incineration, although the other treatments are

emerging technologies that are being quickly

extended.

Energy from waste

Refuse-derived fuel: refuse is sorted as it comes

in to remove unburnable or recyclable materials

before combustion.

Mass Burn: dump everything as much as possible.

Avoids expensive and unpleasant job of sorting but

produces more unburned ash and more air

pollution.

Three different kind of waste are accepted in an

incineration facility:

1. Household waste

2. Non-hazardous industrial waste

3. Rejects from sorting centres

Remove batteries containing heavy metals and plastics

containing chlorine before waste are burned.

European cities banning plastics from incinerator waste.

Sorting and 3R

Sorting and recycling allows the recovery of raw materials,

which can be later used to manufacture new products.

Recycling: the reprocessing of discarded materials into

new products. (old aluminum cans and glass bottle –

new cans and bottles)

Recycling saves money, energy, and space.

First step to recycling is sorting or separation

(plastic bag, organic waste for compost,

glass, metals, paper)

Sorting and recycling

Two types of waste are accepted at the sorting centre:

1. Household waste: packaging (glass, plastic, aluminium,

cardboard and steel) as well as newpapers and

magazines

2. Commercial and industrial waste: card, paper, wood,

metal, plastic, building site waste

Source: http://www.microphilox.com/reference_01.htm

Once the waste arrives at the centre, it takes place

an initial pre-sorting and a first phase of mechanical

sorting.

After that, a manual process is applied and material

is separated in two different groups:

1. Reusable material

2. Non-recyclable material, which is normally sent

to incinerating facilities where it is recovered to

energy.

Reusable material is packed and sent either to recycling facilities

or they are supplied to industry for reuse (for example, card for

the paper industry, plastic for manufacturing piping, etc)

Source: http://www.microphilox.com/reference_01.htm

economic barriers of recycling:

1. manual separation is an expensive process,

but contamination makes an entire batch

worthless

2. large differences in the weight-to-volume ratio

may reduce incentives to recycle

3. there does not yet exist a consistent supply of

inputs or a consistent demand for recycled

products to stabilize prices.

Sumber: majalah greeners

Reuse

• Better than recycling

• Cleaning and reusing materials in their present

form

• Saving the cost and energy of remaking them

into something else

• Ex: glass and plastic

bottles are routinely

returned to beverage

producers for washing

and refilling.

Reducing

• Often the cheapest option

• The most important strategy in 3R

• Excessive packaging of food and consumer products is one of our greatest source of unnecessary waste.

• Photodegradable plastics break down when exposed to ultraviolet radiation.

• Biodegradable plastics incorporate such materials as cornstarch that microorganisms can decompose.

sumber: G magazine

Hal Penting: Pemilahan Sampah

“TARUH SAMPAH, JADIKAN BERKAH”

59

• ADa beberapa hal yang bisa banget nih kita lakukan..

Misalnya :

• Yuk Kita mengganti KULTUR PERANG AIR saat wisudaan, yang ternyata

satu himpunan saja bisa sampai 8000 plastik, dan membuang air bersih

begitu saja.

• Mari Kita TIDAK lagi MENGGUNAKAN STYROFOAM di setiap acara

yang kita bikin.

• Sudah saatnya kita membawa BOTOL MINUM dan TEMPAT MAKAN

SENDIRI untuk mengurangi pembelian botol plastik air kemasan, dan juga

bungkus plastik untuk makanan

• Dan tentu sudah saatnya pula kita mengurangi konsumsi Kantong KRESEK

dengan cara memakai kembali kantong kresek yang sudah kita simpan, atau

dengan membawa tas yang praktis dan dapat menjadi wadah pengganti

kantong kresek.

• Yuk kita Memilah sampah,cuma dua jenis ko, ga suliitt,,

• Ayo kita mengurangi publikasi dengan media kertas, karena kertas dari

pohon, dan deforestasi semakin meningkat di Indonesia. Ganti yuk dengan

media maya.sekarang lebih trend loh.. (bisa contoh tuh publikasi nya M-

FEST HMM, dan juga BIOFRONT nya NyMPHAEA..PAPER LESS banget loh

booooo..hehe

http://ecocampus.itb.ac.id/wawasan-lingkungan-itb/pengelolaan-sampah/

Proses Pengolahan Sampah di Super Depo Sutorejo. Foto: Petrus Riski

http://www.mongabay.co.id/2014/02/27/surabaya-kota-percontohan-pengolahan-

sampah-terbaik-indonesia/

Rumah Kompos Keputran, salah satu pusat pengolahan sampah di Surabaya.

Foto: Petrus Riski 61

http://www.mongabay.co.id/2014/02/27/surabaya-kota-

percontohan-pengolahan-sampah-terbaik-indonesia/

Taman Ekspresi di Jalan Genteng Kali, Surabaya. Foto: Petrus Riski 62

http://www.mongabay.co.id/2014/02/27/surabaya-kota-percontohan-pengolahan-

sampah-terbaik-indonesia/

Warga memungut sampah dikawasan pantai Kenjeran, Surabaya, Jumat (6/5).

Pemerintah Kota Surabaya beserta warga kawasan pantai melakukan bersih-

bersih pantai Kenjeran yang dipenuhi sampah untuk membuat pengunjung

merasa nyaman dan menciptakan kawasan wisata yang bersih dan sehat.

TEMPO/Fully Syafi 63

www.tempo.co/read/ne

ws/2014/02/25/206557

485/Surabaya-Jadi-

Percontohan-Soal-

Pengolahan-Sampah

64

TPA Benowo Jadi Contoh Pengolahan Sampah Nasional

Sistem pengolahan sampah TPA Benowo menjadi listrik dan bahan baku bangunan

kedepannya mempunyai manfaat cukup besar.

"Kalau tidak salah nantinya air limbah yang selalu menjadi persoalan itu bisa diolah

menjadi air bersih," kata Tri Rismaharini, Jumat (13/6/2014).

Tidak ada sampah yang tersisa di TPA Benowo. Hasil olahan sampah kedepan bisa

mendatangkan manfaat bagi warga Surabaya.

Pengolahan sampah TPA Benowo penuh teknologi yang digunakan pertama kali di

Indonesia.

Pemilahan sampah yang bisa didaur ulang dan yang tidak bisa didaur ulang akan

dilakukan oleh tenaga manusia.

Di samping itu, ungkap Machmud, dengan teknologi yang digunakan dengan hasil nol

sampah tersebut menjadi jaminan tersendiri tidak akan dibutuhkannya lahan baru.

Pengolahan sampah sistem sanitasi lenfil, sampah hanya ditumpuk dan dipisahkan air

limbahnya yang lambat laun akan menghabiskan lahan TPA.

http://www.tribunnews.com/regional/2014/06/13/tpa-benowo-jadi-contoh-pengolahan-sampah-

nasional

watch: Waste management recycle America

Love story in milk

Make a recycled plastic bag football

Composting

Composting: biological degradation or breakdown

of organic matter under aerobic (oxygen rich)

conditions.

Composting is a process that has always existed in

its natural state. Today, with modern technologies,

this process can be accelerated and monitored

efficiently.

It is an excellent way of regenerating soils

impoverished by intensive farming.

Composting is a process based on the

decomposition of organic matter by

microorganisms in the presence of oxygen.

The result is a stable organic product, which is

both hygienic and rich in humus. This process,

which normally takes several months, can be

speeded up and controlled using various

techniques.

Once the composting process is finished a

product called compost is obtained, which is

mainly used for agriculture manure.

Four types of waste are accepted in the

composting facilities:

1. Waste from the wood industry (bark, shavings),

the paper industry and the food industry.

2. Farming waste: manure, mineral fertilizers, etc.

3. Household waste (food, garden).

4. Sludge from the sewage plants.

Composting faces similar challenges to those of

recycling.

Source: http://www.microphilox.com/reference_01.htm

kotak takakura – cara pengomposan

watch: Backyard Pet Waste Digester

How To Reduce Your Garbage Output

Isi kuesioner diary konsumsi (rekap konsumsi dalam 1 minggu). Mahasiswa merekap pola konsumsi secara keseluruhan

selama satu minggu (makanan, air, energi, dan transportasi) dan menentukan pola konsumsi mana yang paling besar dampak terhadap lingkungan.

Setiap mahasiswa akan menginput rekapitulasi pola konsumsi dalam web survey yang akan dibuka mulai tanggal

23 April 2015, pukul 00.00 dan ditutup pada tanggal 24 April 2015, pukul 22.00.

Teliti dalam merekap dan menginput data ke dalam survey.

Link kuesioner dapat dilihat di padlet.

74

TUGAS

Buat kliping mengenai sampah. Isinya: 1. Identifikasi jenis sampah dan dampaknya. 2. Cara pengelolaan sampah, serta kelebihan dan kekurangan

dari metode pengelolaan yang ada terkait waste yang dihasilkan.

3. Dibuat dalam bentuk laporan menggunakan kertas A4, diberi cover dengan format seperti biasa (nama, NIM, kelas).

4. Buat sekreatif mungkin. 5. Tugas dikumpulkan pertemuan ke-14.

THANK YOU