PEI Greenhouse Pesticide Applicator Training Course · PEI Greenhouse Pesticide Applicator Training...

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PEI Greenhouse Pesticide Applicator Training Course

Training Module 1General Information

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DisclaimerThis training module is intended to be used by qualified trainers only for the purpose of instructing individuals who wish to improve their general knowledge base on the safe handling and management of pesticides or to assist agricultural pesticide applicators seeking first-time certification or re-certification.

Neither Atlantic Information Services nor its employees have made or hereby purport to make any representation, warranties, or covenants with respect to the information contained or the results generated by their use, nor will they be liable for any damage, loss or claims, including those of an incidental or consequential nature arising out of the use of this training module or the information presented by the qualified trainer.

This training module is not in any way intended to nullify or detract from any requirements contained in municipal, provincial or federal laws or by-laws, regulations, or legislation.

General Information

Greenhouse pest control refers to the control of pests (typically, insects and diseases) inside, or immediately surrounding, a greenhouse during the storage, display, or production of a crop.

Crops can include vegetables, ornamental trees, mushrooms, and forest tree seedlings.

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General Information

The most responsible approach to greenhouse pest control is to use an Integrated Pest Management (IPM) program.

IPM uses a number of pest control measures, depending upon the pest to be controlled.

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A responsible IPM program will sometimes require the use of chemicals (or pesticides).If not used responsibly, pesticides can be hazardous to humans and the environment. Safe pesticide use will help you to better protect yourself, your family, bystanders, animals, and the environment from potential harm.

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Learning Objectives

Completing this training module will help you to:Understand and use proper pesticide terms. Understand the way different pesticides work.Understand the way different adjuvants work.Understand pesticide compatibility.

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General Comments

This training module combines the information from the Applicator Core Manual and the Greenhouse Pest Control Manual, and is the basis for writing the certification exam required for a Class G Pesticide Applicator Certificate.

A Class G certificate authorizes the holder to apply a pesticide in a greenhouse.

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General Comments

It is important to understand pesticide-related terms when selecting, purchasing, and applying a pesticide.

You should also be familiar with the active ingredient, formulation, common name, and trade name of those chemicals and chemical families that you use.

PestA pest is any harmful, noxious, or troublesome organism. Pests can include weeds, insects, fungi, bacteria, viruses, rodents, or other plants or animals occurring where they are not wanted.

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PesticideA pesticide is any device, organism, or mixture intended to prevent, destroy, repel, kill, or mitigate a problem caused by any insect, rodent, weed, nematode, fungus, or other pest; and any other substance or mixture intended for use as a plant growth regulator, defoliant, or desiccant.

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Pesticide Terminology

Active Ingredient (a.i.)Is that part of a pesticide mixture that actually controls the pest.A pesticide can contain more than one active ingredient.The same active ingredient can be present in a number of different pesticides.

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Inert (or Inactive) IngredientIs a liquid or solid added to the active ingredient to make it better suited for storage, handling, or application.

FormulationIs a mixture of one or more active and inert ingredients that together create a saleable product.

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Formulation Types

Pesticides can be liquids, solids, or gases.

LiquidsEmulsifiable concentratesFlowablesMicrocapsulated suspensionsSolutions

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Formulation Types

SolidsDusts GranularsPelletsBaitsDry flowable powdersWettable powders

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Special Formulations

FumigantsAre available as gases, liquids, and solids.Liquid fumigants become gases when released (applied).Solid fumigants are available as dusts, pellets, or tablets.

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Special Formulations

Soluble PackagesAre pre-weighed amounts of a pesticide packaged in a water soluble, plastic bag.

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CarrierIs mixed with the active ingredient to make the pesticide safer to apply, easier to handle, or better suited for storage (e.g., water, oil, solvents, or clay).

Ready-to-use (RTU) pesticide formulations do not need a carrier.

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AdjuvantsCan be added to the pesticide by the manufacturer or the applicator.Adjuvants make the product safer, more effective, easier to handle, or easier to apply.

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Types of AdjuvantsType Activity

Penetrants Allow the pesticides to get through the outer layer of a treated surface.

Spreaders Allow the pesticides to form a uniform coating over the treated surface.

Stickers Allow the pesticide to remain on the treated surface.

Surfactants Improve the spreading, dispensing, or wetting properties of a pesticide.

Antifoaming Agents Reduce foaming of spray mixtures that require vigorous agitation.

Buffering Agents Increase the solubility of pesticides in water or slow the chemical breakdown of some pesticides by lowering the pH of alkaline water.

Drift Retardants Increase the droplet size of the spray material, reducing particle drift.

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Naming Pesticides

Common Name Is the name(s) of the active ingredient(s) found in the product.Appears in lower case letters, often next to the word “guarantee” on the principal panel of the label.

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Naming Pesticides

Trade or Product Name Is the registered trademark chosen by the manufacturer.

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Examples of Trade and Common Names

Trade /Product Name Common Name

Confirm 240F tebufenozide

Floramite SC bifenazateEndeavor 50WG pymetrozine

Trade and Common Names as They Appear on a Label


Understanding how pesticides work, the pests they control, and the chemical family they belong to can help you choose the best product for an application.

It can also help you better protect human health and safeguard the environment when using a pesticide.

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Pesticides are grouped according to: Target Pests (what pests they control)Mode of Action (how they control these pests)Chemical Family

Pesticide Groupings

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Pesticide Groupings

1. Target Pests Target Pest Type of Pesticide

fungi fungicidesplants (weeds) herbicidesinsects insecticidesnematodes nematicidesbirds avicidesrodents rodenticidesfish piscicides

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Pesticide Groupings

2. Mode of Action or Route of EntryIndicates the way that a pesticide works to stop the normal functioning of a pest, and eventually control or kill it.

Many pesticides can have more than one mode of action.

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Modes of Action (for larval and adult insect control)

1. Contact 5. Attractants2. Stomach Ingestion 6. Repellents 3. Systemic 7. Growth Regulators 4. Fumigants

(See Module 7: Pest Control for additional detail.)

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Modes of Action

Contact insecticides control pests by direct contact.Stomach ingestion insecticides control insect pests after the larvae eat the insecticide.Systemic insecticides are applied to, or injected into, the animal. They are absorbed and then move (by the blood ) throughout the animal.

Example of a systemic insecticide

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Merit 60 WP Label Information

“MERIT 60 WP is a systemic product and will be translocated upward within the plant. This product is to be applied as a soil or soilless media/hydroponic treatment only. To assure optimum effectiveness, the product must be placed where the roots of the plant can absorb the active ingredient. Irrigate moderately but thoroughly after application. Do not apply as a foliar application.”


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Fumigants work as a gas and control pests that breathe in the gas or thermal fog.Attractants have a smell or scent that attracts insects to a trap.Repellents produce an odour to repel insects from treated plants.Growth regulators act like a pest’s own hormones. They cause abnormal development, usually resulting in early moulting to the adult stage.

Confirm 240F

Example of a growth regulator“Mimics the activity of the insect molting hormone, ecdysone, in larval Lepidoptera (caterpillars). Larvae stop feeding within hours of ingestion of a toxic dose and soon thereafter begin to undergo an unsuccessful (lethal) molt. Actual mean time to mortality is somewhat dependent on the physiology of the target species and on local environmental conditions, but is generally 3 to 10 days.”


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3. Chemical Family

A chemical family is a group of pesticides with a similar chemical makeup.

Pesticides in the same chemical family often have similar modes of action, poisoning symptoms, and persistence in the environment.

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Knowing a pesticide’s chemical family will help you to:

Select the proper pesticide.Determine the personal protective equipment needed to apply the pesticide.Understand the handling precautions for each pesticide.

Pesticide active ingredients can be grouped as inorganic or organic.

Inorganic PesticidesDo not contain carbon.Have a mineral (copper, iron, sulphur,) or a salt (copper sulphate, sodium chlorate) base.

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Examples of Inorganic Pesticides

Microscopic Wettable Sulphur (elemental sulphur) …for the control of powdery mildew on greenhouse tomatoes, peppers, and cucumbersSluggo (ferric phosphate) …for the control of slugs and snails in greenhouses.

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Chemical Family

Organic PesticidesContain carbon.Most are made from petroleum compounds.Organic pesticides derived or made from plants are referred to as ‘botanicals’.The most important families are: Organophosphates (OP’s), Carbamates, and Organochlorines (OC’s)

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Insecticide Families

Organophosphates (OP’s)Most are insecticides.These are among the most toxic pesticides used in Canada.They act by inhibiting the human cholinesterase enzyme. (See: Chapter 4: Human Health.)They tend to have a short persistence in soil.Examples: malathion and chlorpyrifos

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CarbamatesInclude insecticides, fungicides, and herbicides.Most have a short persistence in the soil.They are moderately toxic.All are cholinesterase inhibitors.Example: propoxur

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Petroleum-based ProductsAct by suffocating pests.Examples: dormant oils and summer oils

BotanicalThese are rapidly degrading contact pesticides.Natural pyrethroids are plant extracts (e.g., pyrethrin).



Synthetic Botanical InsecticidesAre man-made equivalents of natural pyrethrums.Example: permethrin

Microbial InsecticidesHave been developed from commonly occurring microorganisms.Are slow acting and very species-specific.Example: Bti. (Bacillus thuringiensis isrealensis)


Examples of Biological PesticidesBioprotec CAF (Bacillus thuringiensis kurstaki) …for the control of various caterpillars on greenhouse cucumbers, lettuce, peppers, tomatoes, chrysanthemums, and roses.

Thuricide HPC (Bacillus thuringiensis kurstaki) …for the control of various caterpillars on greenhouse tomatoes, chrysanthemums, and roses.

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VectoBac 600L (Bacillus thuringiensisisraelensis) …for the control of fungus gnats on greenhouse vegetables, herbs, and ornamentals.

Mycostop (Streptomyces griseoviridis) …for the suppression of seedling damping off; and root and crown rots on greenhouse tomatoes, cucumbers, peppers, and many ornamentals.


RootShield (Trichoderma harzianum) …for the suppression of root diseases caused by Pythium, Rhizoctonia, and Fusarium on greenhouse tomatoes, cucumbers, and ornamentals.

Sporodex L (Pseudozyma flocculosa) …for the control of powdery mildew on greenhouse cucumbers and roses.


Reduced Risk

Avid (abamectin) …a biologically produced miticide for the control of mites and leafminerson greenhouse tomatoes, peppers, cucumbers, and many ornamentals.

Abamectin is a natural fermentation product of the soil bacterium Streptomyces avermitilis.


Confirm 240F (tebufenozide) …a reduced risk chemical that mimics insect growth hormones. It is registered for the control of various caterpillars on greenhouse tomatoes, peppers, lettuce, and many ornamentals.


Decree 50 WDG (fenhexamid) …a reduced risk fungicide for the control of gray mould on greenhouse tomatoes and many ornamentals.Endeavor 50WG (pymetrozine) …designed to control aphids and reduce whiteflies on greenhouse tomatoes, peppers, and ornamentals.Floramite SC (bifenazate) …a selective miticideregistered to control mites on greenhouse and indoor ornamentals.


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Compatibility with Other Pesticides

Compatible pesticides can be mixed and applied at the same time.Mixing non-compatible pesticides can result in:

A negative chemical reactionPoor pest controlDamaged equipment

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General Safety Guidelines

Each time a pesticide is to be used or handled, the applicator must:

Select the correct pesticide for the job.Handle the pesticide safely.Keep detailed application and storage records.

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Safe Handling of a Pesticide

To handle a pesticide safely:Read and follow label information and directions.Wear clean, appropriate protective equipment.Take first-aid and pesticide safety training courses.Keep work areas clean.Do not wear contact lenses.

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Never eat, drink, smoke, or chew tobacco when working with a pesticide.Always wash your hands before eating, drinking, or using the washroom.Do not shake hands or pick up a child until you have washed your hands and removed clothing that might be contaminated with a pesticide.Wash your body, hair, and fingernails well after working with a pesticide.

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Selecting a Pesticide

Consider the following factors when selecting the best pesticide to control a given pest situation:Pest(s) to be controlled (target pest).Product registration and applicator safety.Necessary application equipment.Necessary personal protective equipment.

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Product compatibility with other pesticides.Your work schedule.Pest resistance.Pesticide residue.

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Target Pest

It is important to identify the target pest(s) and the nuisance or economic risk they pose when choosing a pesticide.

Greenhouse pest identification and control are discussed in greater detail in Module 7: Pest Management.

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Pesticide Registration

The pesticide must be registered by Health Canada to control the specific greenhouse pest.

Pesticide registration is discussed in more detail in Module 2: Legislation.

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Safety and Risk of Exposure

The pesticide should present the least risk to the applicator, other people, non-target animals, and the environment.

Safety is discussed in more detail in: Module 4: Human Health, Module 5: Safe Pesticide Use, and Module 6: Environmental Safety.

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Required Application Equipment

The pesticide must be compatible with available application equipment.

Common types of application equipment are discussed further in: Module 11: Application Methods and Equipment.

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Personal Protective Equipment

You should wear the correct personal protective equipment (PPE) required to apply a chosen pesticide. Make sure all PPE is clean and in good working condition.The pesticide label will sometimes call for specific PPE.PPE is discussed in more detail in: Module 4: Human Health Safety and 5 Pesticide Safety.

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Environmental Factors

When selecting a pesticide, applicators should consider temperature, rainfall, wind, water flow rates, and topography at the treatment site.

Environmental factors are discussed further in Module 6: Environmental Safety and Module 11: Application Methods and Equipment.

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PEI Greenhouse Control Pesticide Applicator Training

Course

Training Module 2 Training Module 2 LegislationLegislation

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Pesticide Regulations

Pesticide regulations are designed to protect vendors, applicators, the public, and the environment.

Federal, provincial, or municipal governments may establish pesticide legislation or by-laws.

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Learning Objectives

Completing this chapter will help you to:

Interpret and apply federal pesticide laws.Interpret and apply provincial pesticide laws.Interpret and apply municipal pesticide by-laws.Access current pesticide laws and by-laws.

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Federal Pesticide Legislation

Pest Control Products Act (PCP Act)

Is the principal federal pesticide legislation.Is administered by the Pest Management Regulatory Agency (PMRA), a division of Health Canada.

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Establishes regulations that address the Establishes regulations that address the registration, registration, labellinglabelling, classification, and , classification, and rere--evaluation of pesticides in Canada. evaluation of pesticides in Canada. Focus is on human health, environmental Focus is on human health, environmental protection, and pesticide effectiveness.protection, and pesticide effectiveness.

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The PCP Act ensures that pesticides:Are manufactured, stored, displayed, distributed, and used safely. Are not packaged, labelled, or advertised in a way that is misleading or likely to create a false impression of the product.

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Only Only those pesticides that are those pesticides that are registered and have a Pest Control registered and have a Pest Control Product (PCP) number can be sold Product (PCP) number can be sold in, or brought into, Canada.in, or brought into, Canada.

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To have a pesticide registered in Canada, a pesticide manufacturer must supply PMRA with:Product chemistry (how the pesticide works or behaves).Human health effects (acute and chronic toxicity, feeding studies). Metabolism (breakdown products in the environment or in plants and animals).

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Residues (in the soil or in a crop after application, half-life). Environmental impact (effect on non-target animals and the environment).Effectiveness under Canadian conditions.

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The information provided by the manufacturer allows the PMRA:

To ensure that the product does not pose an undue risk to human health, plants, animals, or the environment.

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To decide which precautionary statements and hazard symbols must appear on the label. This will help those who handle the pesticide to assess potential hazards.

To make a final decision regarding registration of the pesticide and the assigning of a Pest Control Product (PCP) registration number.

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Pesticide Classification

Pesticides are classified by their use.There are four classes

Domestic Commercial (agricultural or industrial)Restricted Manufacturing

The class appears on the product label.

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Domestic ClassProducts are designed for use in or around the home or garden. Minimal personal protective equipment is needed for safe handling and application of these pesticides.Training is not required to purchase or apply a Domestic pesticide.

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Products are sold in small packages.Pesticides are ready to use, or only minimal mixing is required.Products have a low toxicity and pose a low risk to applicators and the environment when handled according to label directions.

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Commercial ClassThe term ‘Agricultural’ or ‘Industrial’ often appears on the product label.These pesticides are used in agriculture, forestry, industry, and other commercial operations. The active ingredient (a.i.) can be the same as that in a Domestic class product.

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These products can pose a greater risk to human health or the natural environment.They may be too toxic, persistent, or hazardous to be used by the general public. These pesticides are often packaged in large containers, or prepared with higher concentrations of active ingredient.

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Special training is required before purchasing or mixing these pesticides.Personal protective equipment must be used when handling these products.

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Example of a Commercial Class Product Label


Example: Directions For Use

“Mix with sufficient water and apply as a foliar spray to obtain uniform coverage. For spider mites, apply when mites first appear and repeat as necessary to maintain control. For leafminers, apply as necessary to maintain control but not at less than 7-day intervals.”


Restricted Class Pesticides are placed in a Restricted class due to high toxicity, method of application (e.g., application to water), or the level of risk they pose to the environment.These pesticides are used in agriculture, forestry, industry, and other commercial operations, with added restrictions noted on the label.

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Manufacturing ClassThese products are used in manufacturing, formulating, or repackaging. Pesticide applicators do not have access to these products.

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Other Federal Legislation

Food and Drugs Act (Health Canada)Regulates the sale, import, and export of food that might contain harmful or poisonous substances. Protects the health of consumers by setting a Maximum Residue Level (MRL), or the maximum amount of pesticide residue, at the time of harvest, that may be contained in food. Food is tested under this Act to ensure that MRL’s are not exceeded.

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Other Federal Legislation

Pesticide Residues Compensation Act Migratory Birds Convention Act Fertilizers Act Feeds Act Fisheries Act Transportation of Dangerous Goods Act Canadian Environmental Protection Act (CEPA) National Building Code of Canada (NBC)

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Provincial Pesticide Legislation

PEI Pesticides Control Act and RegulationsAdministrated by the Department of Environment, Energy and Forestry.Establishes the license requirements for commercial pesticide applicator and vendor businesses. Establishes the certification requirements for private and commercial pesticide applicators, and for vendor sales staff.

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Establishes pesticide applicator categories (agricultural, forestry, landscape, structural, greenhouse, biting fly control, etc.).Regulates pesticide sale, transport, display, storage, application, special-use permits, disposal, and record keeping AFTER products enter the province.Establishes penalties for violations.


PEI Pesticides Control Act and Regulations

Topics covered:

TransportationDisposal Buffer zonesWind speed

StorageLicenses/certificationNotificationScheduled products


Pesticide Transport

Pesticide cannot be transported with food items, animal feed, household furnishings, bedding, clothing, or similar commodities.

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Pesticide Transport

Pesticide must be transported in the manufacturer’s sealed container.The container must be:

in a separate, enclosed, leak-proof compartment that is securely affixed to the transport vehicle, OR secured to the transport vehicle using appropriate tie-down straps.


Pesticide / Container Disposal

Pesticide must be disposed of only as prescribed by the manufacturer or the provincial Minister of Environment, Energy and Forestry.It is illegal to bury or burn ANY pesticide container.


Water Protection

No pesticide container can be brought within 25 metres of an open body of water.No pesticide application equipment can be filled, discharged, washed, or flushed within 25 metres of an open body of water or a well.

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Maximum Wind Speed

No person can apply a dry pesticide formulation, or a liquid formulation under pressure, when the wind speed exceeds 20 km/h.

Storage Facility Regulations

Pesticide amounts in excess of Pesticide amounts in excess of 100 kilograms or 100 100 kilograms or 100 litreslitres of of formulated product, must be formulated product, must be stored in an approved storage stored in an approved storage facility.facility.

This facility must meet the This facility must meet the following criteria:following criteria:

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Pesticide Application

A person cannot purchase or apply a non-domestic pesticide unless they hold a valid pesticide applicator certificate in the appropriate category. To obtain a certificate the person must:Successfully complete an approved examination appropriate to the class of certificate, with a mark of not less than 75%.Be 18 years of age.

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Class G Pesticide Applicator Certificate

No person can apply a non-domestic pesticide in a greenhouse unless the person holds a Class G Pesticide Applicator Certificate.

Certificates are valid for 5 years from the date of their issue.

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Recording Keeping

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Every Person who holds a Pesticide Applicator Certificate must keep records of each pesticide use or application. Recorded information must include the following:

Pesticide Application Business License

A Class G Pesticide Application Business License authorizes the holder of the license to supervise the application of a pesticide in a greenhouse other than a person who holds a Class F-2 license.

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Schedule 1 Pesticides

A Pesticide Application Permit is required to apply certain (Schedule 1) pesticides.

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PEI Pesticides Control Act and Regulations

Applicators must understand these regulations before purchasing and applying a pesticide.A copy of the Pesticides Control Act and regulations can be obtained by contacting the:


PEI Pesticide Regulatory ProgramPEI Pesticide Regulatory Program

(902) 620(902) 620--31103110

www.gov.pe.ca/go/pesticideswww.gov.pe.ca/go/pesticides

http://www.gov.pe.ca/go/pesticides

Municipal Pesticide Legislation

Municipal authorities:May have legislative power to establish by-laws concerning pesticides.May establish by-laws and building codes that restrict the location, construction, or operation of pesticide storage facilities.

Contact local municipal councils for more specific information.

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Training Module 3, Part 1Labelling

Core

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Core

Learning Objectives

Completing this training module will help you to:

Understand the legal status of pesticide labels. Interpret and apply label information.Interpret and apply information on pesticide toxicity.

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Product Label

A pesticide label is a legal document.Every pesticide sold in Canada must have an approved label. The label provides detailed information about the pesticide and its use.The label is the best information source on a pesticide.

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Product Label

Always READ THE LABEL before purchasing, transporting, storing, applying, or disposing of a pesticide.The label is often fastened to the pesticide container. It can also take the form of a small booklet or pamphlet packaged with, or on, the container.

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Product Label

Contact the vendor should you need to replace a pesticide label.NEVER use information provided by another source in place of the information on the label.The label has a Primary Display Panel and a Secondary Display Panel.

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Primary Display Panel

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Product or Trade Name

AVID 1.9 % EC MITICIDE/INSECTICIDEUsually appears in the largest lettering. Is the registered name under which the manufacturer (registrant) has chosen to sell the pesticide.

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AVID® 1.9% EC MITICIDE/INSECTICIDE

COMMERCIAL

GUARANTEE:Abamectin ................................................... 19 g/L

READ THE LABEL AND BOOKLET BEFORE USING

KEEP OUT OF REACH OF CHILDREN

WARNING POISON

REGISTRATION NO.: 24485PEST CONTROL PRODUCTS ACT

NET CONTENTS: 1 Litre

Syngenta Crop Protection Canada, Inc.140 Research Lane, Research Park

Guelph, Ontario N1G 4Z3


COMMERCIAL




WARNING POISON





Formulation

A formulation is the form in which a pesticide is sold. This can be as a solid, liquid, or gas.It includes everything that is in the container (active ingredient, carriers, dilutants, or other materials).The same active ingredient can be present in more than one formulation.

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Formulations and their Abbreviations

A formulation can be a liquid, gas, or solid. Each formulation has a unique name and abbreviation.

LiquidsEmulsifiable Concentrate (EC)Flowable (F)Solution (S or SN)

GasesFumigant (FU)

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Formulations and their Abbreviations

SolidsDust (DU) Granular (G)

Pellet (P) Seed Treatment (ST)

Soluble Powder (SP) Granule Powder (GP)

Wettable Powder (WP)

Formulation

What is the formulation type of this product?

ECEmulsifiable Concentrate

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COMMERCIAL




WARNING POISON






COMMERCIAL




WARNING POISON





Class DesignationCOMMERCIALPesticides are classified under the federal Pest Control Products (PCP) Act.Only those individuals trained in safe pesticide handling and application can use a Commercial (Agricultural or Industrial) or Restricted class pesticide.

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COMMERCIAL




WARNING POISON






COMMERCIAL




WARNING POISON





Net Contents

Indicates the total volume (litres) or weight (kilograms) of pesticide in the container.In this example, the container holds 1 litre (L).

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COMMERCIAL




WARNING POISON






COMMERCIAL




WARNING POISON





Precautionary Symbols and Words

Precautionary symbols and words indicate the type and level of hazard associated with this pesticide.

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Precautionary Pictograms

Pictograms are used to indicate the type of acute hazard associated with a specific pesticide.

A skull and crossbones on a label indicates that a pesticide is a poison.

A flame indicates that a pesticide is flammable.

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Precautionary Pictograms

A bony hand indicates that a pesticide is corrosive.

An exploding grenade indicates that a pesticide is explosive.

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Precautionary Shapes and Words

An octagon on the label indicates an extreme hazard.

A diamond indicates a moderate hazard.

danger

warning

An upside-down triangle indicates a slight hazard.

caution

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Toxicity

Toxicity is a measure of how harmful or poisonous a substance is (i.e., its ability to cause injury, sickness, or other unwanted effects).Toxic effects can vary with the sex, health, age, and weight of the individual; the route of entry; or the duration of exposure. Toxicity can be classified as chronic or acute.

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Chronic Toxicity

Chronic toxicity results from a number of exposures to a small dose of pesticide.Adverse effects (symptoms) occur and persist over time. Effects are often irreversible.

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Acute Toxicity

Acute toxicity results from one or more exposures to a pesticide.Adverse effects (symptoms) occur within a few hours to a few days.Effects are often reversible.

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Acute Toxicity

Acute toxicity is measured primarily by determining the LC50 or LD50 of the pesticide.

LC50 is the lethal concentration (in parts per million) of pesticide vapour that will kill 50% of the test animals when inhaled over a given time period.

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LD50 is the lethal dose of a substance (measured in mg per kg of body weight) that will kill 50% of the test animals when ingested (swallowed) or applied to the skin.

The lower the number of the LC50 or LD50 themore toxic the pesticide.

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The Lower the Number of the LC50 or LD50 the More Toxic the Pesticide.

The level of acute toxicity is indicated on the pesticide label using precautionary symbols, words, and statements.

Pesticide Oral LD50 (mg/kg) Toxicity

Metam (Vapam) 97 highMCPA 700 – 1,000 mediumMetribuzin (Sencor, Lexone) 1,937 – 2,345 lowGlyphosate (Roundup) 4,320 low

7/3/2009 25

How Precautionary Shapes and Words Are Determined for a Label

Core

7/3/2009 Core 26

Combining Shapes and Pictograms on a Label

Caution explosive

Danger flammable

Warning poison

What are the hazards with this product?Warning FlammableCaution Explosive

Why is there no poison symbol?

7/3/2009 Core 27

7/3/2009 28

There is no poison symbol because the acute oral LD50 is greater than 25,000 mg/kg body weight.

Core

“Read the Label” Statement

Read the label before:PurchasingMixingApplyingStoring any pesticide

7/3/2009 Core 29


COMMERCIAL




WARNING POISON






COMMERCIAL




WARNING POISON





“Keep out of Reach of Children”

Store all pesticides in a secure area, inaccessible to children.Store a pesticide only in the original container to avoid mistaking it for another product.

7/3/2009 Core 30


COMMERCIAL




WARNING POISON






COMMERCIAL




WARNING POISON





“Guarantee” Statement

The guarantee statement provides:The common name and the concentration of all the active ingredients (a.i.) in the pesticide.Some pesticides have more than one active ingredient.

7/3/2009 Core 31


COMMERCIAL




WARNING POISON






COMMERCIAL




WARNING POISON





7/3/2009 Core 32

“Guarantee” Statement

Concentration can be shown as weight per unit volume (19 g/L) or as a percentage by volume or weight (e.g., 19%).This label example indicates that there is one (1) active ingredient (Abamectin).


COMMERCIAL




WARNING POISON






COMMERCIAL




WARNING POISON





Example “Guarantee” Statement

In each litre of this pesticide there are 19 grams of the active ingredient abamectin.This also means that there are 81 grams of inert substance (e.g., water, adjuvants, etc.) in each litreof this product.

7/3/2009 Core 33

Abamectin ........................... 19 g/L

7/3/2009 Core 34

Adjuvants

Adjuvants are substances added by the manufacturer or applicator to improve one or more of the pesticide’s qualities, or to promote better application of the active ingredient. Adjuvants can include the following:

Surfactants Improve the spreading, dispersing, and/or wetting properties of a pesticide mixture.

7/3/2009 Core 35

More Examples of Adjuvants

Stickers Allow pesticides to stay on the treated surface.

Drift Retardants and Thickeners

Increase spray droplet size and reduce drift.

Anti-foaming Agents

Reduce foaming of spray mixtures.

7/3/2009 Core 36

Selecting an Adjuvant

Applicators wishing to add adjuvants must follow pesticide label directions. The label on the adjuvant will list the pesticides and formulations with which it can be safely combined.Use of an unregistered adjuvant is illegal under the Pest Control Products (PCP) Act. It could also change the product’s effectiveness or cause injury to non-target life.

Pest Control Products Act Registration Number (PCP Number)

Shows that the product has been registered by Health Canada. The Pest Control Products Actnumber (24485) is unique to this pesticide formulation.Any change in this pesticide formulation by the manufacturer will require a new PCP number.

7/3/2009 Core 37


COMMERCIAL




WARNING POISON






COMMERCIAL




WARNING POISON





7/3/2009 Core 38

Higher PCP numbers indicate more recent pesticide registrations (newer products). Do not purchase a pesticide unless the registration or PCP number is on the label.Poison control data bases are tied to the PCP number.Give the PCP number to the doctor when seeking medical help.

Pesticide Registrant (manufacturer)

Provides information on the company that registered the pesticide.Provides information for contacting the manufacturer in case of an emergency, or when seeking more detail on the pesticide.

7/3/2009 Core 39


COMMERCIAL




WARNING POISON






COMMERCIAL




WARNING POISON





03/07/2009 1


Training Module 3, Part 2Labelling

03/07/2009 2




Learning Objectives

Completing this training module will help you to:

Interpret and apply label information found on the Secondary Display Panel.Find, interpret, and apply Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) information.

03/07/2009 Ch. 3 Pg. 43 3

Product Label Review

The label is a legal document.Every pesticide sold in Canada must have an approved label.The label provides detailed information about the pesticide and its use.The label is the best information source on a pesticide.

03/07/2009 Ch. 3 Pg. 44 4


Always READ THE LABEL before purchasing, transporting, storing, applying, or disposing of a pesticide.The label is often fastened to the pesticide container. It can also take the form of a small booklet or pamphlet packaged with, or on, the container.

03/07/2009 Ch. 3 Pg. 44 5


Contact the vendor at once to replace a missing or damaged label.Never use information provided by another source in place of the information on the label.The label has a Primary Display Panel and a Secondary Display Panel.

03/07/2009 Ch. 3 Pg. 44 6

03/07/2009 Ch. 3 Pg. 52 7

Secondary Display Panel

9. Directions for use.10. Precautions.11. Disposal instructions.12. First aid instructions.13. Toxicological information.14. Notice to user.15. Notice to buyer.

9. Directions for Use

Information provided includes:Pests that can be controlled (e.g., insects or diseases).Location(s) where the pesticide can be used.Amount of pesticide needed and how it should be mixed.Application procedure and rate(s).

03/07/2009 Ch. 3 Pg. 50 8

Type of application equipment needed.How to ensure a safe application.When the pesticide should not be used.Timing and number of applications per season.

03/07/2009 Ch. 3 Pg. 50 9

7/3/2009 10

Example Statement:

AVID 1.9% MITICIDE/INSECTICIDE

Directions for Use“Mix with sufficient water and apply as a foliar spray to obtain uniform coverage. For spider mites, apply when mites first appear and repeat as necessary to maintain control. For leafminers, apply as necessary to maintain control but not at less than 7-day intervals. Do not apply this product through any type of irrigation system.”

Greenhouse Label

10. Precautions

Information provided includes:Hazards that can result from use of the pesticide.How to use the pesticide safely.How to protect the user and others when mixing, applying, storing, and disposing of the pesticide.

03/07/2009 Ch. 3 Pg. 51 11

Human health concerns.Storage, application, handling, and buffer zone requirements.Re-entry intervals.

03/07/2009 Ch. 3 Pg. 51 12

Safety Hazard

Example Statement:AVID 1.9% MITICIDE/INSECTICIDE

“Prolonged or frequently repeated exposure may cause allergic skin reactions in some individuals. Harmful if inhaled or absorbed through the skin. Do not breathe spray mist. Avoid contact with skin. May be fatal if swallowed.”

03/07/2009 Greenhouse Label 13

03/07/2009 Ch. 3 Pg. 51 14

11. Disposal

Provides directions on how to safely dispose of the pesticide and pesticide containers.

More detail on “cleaning and discarding of containers” is provided in Module 5: Pesticide Safety.

Disposal

Example Statement: AVID 1.9% MITICIDE/INSECTICIDE

“Do not reuse this container for any purpose. This is a recyclable container, and is to be disposed of at a container collection site. Contact your local distributor/dealer or municipality for the location of the nearest collection site. Dispose of the container in accordance with provincial requirements.”


03/07/2009 Ch. 3 Pg. 51 16

12. First Aid Instructions

Provides a primary source of First Aid information.

ALWAYS read this section of the label before handling a pesticide. Also, ensure that family and fellow workers are familiar with this information.Provides direction should someone be poisoned or injured by the pesticide, or if the pesticide is spilled on skin, splashed in the eyes, or swallowed.

First Aid

Example Statement:Endeavor 50WG Insecticide label

“If inhaled, move person to fresh air. If person is not breathing, call 911 or an ambulance, then give artificial respiration, preferably by mouth-to-mouth, if possible. Call a poison control centre or doctor for further treatment advice. ”


First Aid


“If on Skin: IMMEDIATELY remove contaminated clothing and wash skin, hair, and fingernails thoroughly with soap and with plenty of water. Obtain medical attention. Wash contaminated clothing before reuse.”


First Aid


“If in Eyes: IMMEDIATELY rinse eyes with a large amount of running water, holding eyelids apart to rinse the entire surface of the eye and lids. Obtain medical attention. ”


First Aid


“If Swallowed: If victim is fully conscious, give 2–3 glasses of water to dilute and get IMMEDIATE medical attention. Induce vomiting as directed by a physician. Never give anything by mouth or induce vomiting in a person who is unconscious or convulsing.”


13. Toxicological Information

Provides information that may be needed by medical personnel in case of a pesticide poisoning or injury.

May list common signs and symptoms of acute pesticide poisoning for exposure to this product.May give information on an antidote.

03/07/2009 Ch. 3 Pg. 51 21

May describe other substances that can affect treatment.In the event of an accident, give the PCP Actnumber and toxicological information to medical authorities.

03/07/2009 Ch. 3 Pg. 51 22

Pesticide Poisoning

ALWAYS read the Toxicological Information section of the label before using a pesticide. This lists the acute poisoning symptoms. Knowing these symptoms can help you to quickly identify a poisoning situation.If someone is exposed to a pesticide, and any of these symptoms begin to show, seek medical help at once.

03/07/2009 Ch 4 Pg. 86 23


“Early signs of intoxication include mydriasis (dilated pupils), ataxia (unsteadiness), vomiting, and muscle tremors.”


Common Symptoms of Pesticide Poisoning

Mild Symptoms:

Headaches; perspiration; fatigue (feeling tired); diarrhea; loss of appetite; dizziness; thirst; weakness; moodiness; nausea; and irritation of the skin, eyes, nose, or throat.

03/07/2009 Ch. 3 Pg. 88 25


Moderate Symptoms:

Nausea, stomach cramps, trembling, vomiting, loss of muscular co-ordination, diarrhea, excess saliva, mental confusion, blurred vision, sweating, tightened throat or chest, rapid pulse, laboured breathing, cough, and flushed or yellow skin.

03/07/2009 Ch. 3 Pg. 88 26


Severe Symptoms:

Vomiting, pinpoint pupils, loss of reflexes, convulsions, increased breathing rate, unconsciousness, inability to breathe, muscle twitching, and fever.

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Generic Label Example Statement:“Symptoms include nausea and vomiting, pin-point pupils, convulsions, and coma. This product may cause cholinesterase inhibition. ATROPHINE is ANTIDOTAL.”

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14. Notice to User

Statement: “This control product is to be used only in accordance with the directions on this label.”

It is an offence under the PCP Act and P.E. I. Pesticides Control Act to use a pesticide in an unsafe way.

03/07/2009 Ch. 3 Pg. 52 29

15. Notice to Buyer

Example Statement:“Seller’s guarantee shall be limited to the terms set out on the label and, subject thereto, the buyer assumes the risk to persons or property arising from the use or handling of this product and accepts the product on that condition.”

03/07/2009 Ch. 3 Pg. 52 30

Additional Information That Can Appear on the Pesticide Label

Re-entry period Spill cleanup instructions Emergency contact statementsSteps to reduce drift

03/07/2009 Ch. 3 Pg. 53 31

Additional Information That Can Appear on the Pesticide Label

Environmental hazards Personal protective equipmentTotal number of applications per season Storage informationResistance management statements Compatibility

03/07/2009 Ch. 3 Pg. 53 32

Re-entry Period

03/07/2009 Ch. 3 Pg. 54 33

The re-entry period is the minimum time between a pesticide application and the time when it is safe to re-enter a treated area.

Re-entry Statement


“Do not apply this product in such a manner as to directly, or through drift, expose workers or other persons. The area being treated must be vacated by unprotected persons. Do not re-enter treated areas until residues have dried.”


Label statements may also identify personal protective equipment (PPE) needed during application or re-entry to the greenhouse.

03/07/2009 Ch. 3 Pg. 54 35

Personal Protective Equipment


“Do not breathe spray mist. Avoid contact with skin. May be fatal if swallowed. Wear a full body pesticide applicator suit, chemical-resistant gloves, boots, and full-face protection with a respirator during mixing, loading, and spray application.”


Spill Cleanup Instructions

Example Statement:“Wear appropriate protective equipment (gloves, glasses, apron) when attempting to clean up a spill. If the container is leaking, secure the leak and place the container into a drum or heavy gauge plastic bag. Contact the company (see emergency telephone number) for further information.”

03/07/2009 Ch. 3 Pg. 55 37

03/07/2009 Ch. 3 Pg. 55 38

Emergency Contact statements

Example Statements:“In case of a major spill or fire, call 1-800- XXX-XXXX.”

“In case of pesticide poisoning, call the Poison Control Centre at 1-800-XXX- XXXX.”

Environmental Hazards

Potential environmental hazards appear under the Precautions section of the secondary display panel.The statements will be specific to each product.

03/07/2009 Ch. 3 Pg. 55 39

Environmental Statement

Example Statements:AVID 1.9% MITICIDE/INSECTICIDE

“This product is highly toxic to bees exposed to direct treatment or to residues on blooming crops or weeds. Do not apply this product or allow drift to blooming crops or weeds if bees are visiting the treatment area.”


Storage Information

Pesticides can release toxic vapours, be highly flammable, or react with other chemicals. For example, stored herbicides can emit vapours that contaminate other pesticides.

Example Statement:“Store this product at least 10 metres (10 m) from other pesticide products.”

03/07/2009 Ch. 3 Pg. 57 41

Resistance Management Statements

Resistance management statements provide direction on how to avoid pest resistance to a given product.

03/07/2009 Ch. 3 Pg. 58 42

03/07/2009 Ch. 3 Pg. 57 43

Example Statements:

“For resistance management purposes, it is recommended that this product be applied not more than twice in sequence.”

“Use a sound resistance management program that includes the use of other pesticides with different modes of action.”

Compatibility Information

Provides information on whether a product is registered and safe for tank mixing with other pesticides.

Mixing pesticides that are not compatible can reduce their effectiveness, injure the treated crop, plug sprayer nozzles, or damage equipment.

03/07/2009 Ch. 3 Pg. 58 44

Tank Mixing

Tank mixing is the combining of different pesticides in the same spray tank to be applied to the same area at the same time. This can save time and cost. All registered tank mixes will be listed on the label of one, or both, pesticides.

03/07/2009 Ch. 3 Pg. 58 45

Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS)

Material Safety Data SheetsAre not legal documents, nor are they a substitute for the label.Can provide additional information on health hazards, safety precautions, and guidelines to protect the environment.

03/07/2009 Ch. 3 Pg. 65 46

Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS)

Applicators should have a copy of, and review, the MSDS for any pesticide they use.Your pesticide vendor or product manufacturer can supply copies of MSDS.

03/07/2009 Ch. 3 Pg. 65 47

03/07/2009 Ch. 3 Pg. 66 48

Components of MSDS

Product identification Hazardous ingredients Physical data Occupational procedures and preventive measures First aid and emergency procedures

Fire and explosion hazard Toxicity and health effects Reactivity data Preparation data and group

03/07/2009 Ch. 3 Pg. 67 49

Example of a MSDS

Page 1

03/07/2009 Ch. 3 Pg. 67 50

Example of a MSDS

Page 2

03/07/2009 Ch. 3 Pg. 67 51

Example of a MSDS

Page 3

03/07/2009 1


Training Module 4, Part 1Human Health

03/07/2009 2




03/07/2009 3

Human Health

Topics to be CoveredPesticide Poisoning.High Risk Pesticide Families.Cholinesterase Blood Testing.Pesticide Risk.

Learning Objectives

Completing this training module will help you to:Manage pesticide poisoning. Identify the causes of pesticide poisoning.Recognize the symptoms of pesticide poisoning.Calculate and assess risk.

03/07/2009 4

03/07/2009 Core 5

Managing Pesticide Poisoning

Before Working With a Pesticide:

Have a full medical examination.Understand that respiratory or heart disease may stop you from using a respirator.Tell your employer of any medical conditions you may have.

03/07/2009 6


Avoid exposure when handling and using a pesticide.Review poisoning symptoms on the pesticide label before using any pest control product.Seek medical help at once if someone is exposed to a pesticide, and any of the acute pesticide poisoning symptoms noted on the label begin to show.

03/07/2009 Core 7


Pesticide absorption rates vary depending upon the body part exposed.

Common Causes of Pesticide Poisoning

DERMAL EXPOSURENot washing hands after handling a pesticide, containers, or equipment.Splashing /spilling pesticide on skin.Not wearing gloves when removing pesticide-contaminated personal protective equipment.Applying a pesticide overhead.Not wearing gloves when touching treated plants or when handling pesticide application equipment.

03/07/2009 Core 8

03/07/2009 Core 9


ORAL EXPOSURENot washing hands before eating, smoking, or chewing.Splashing pesticide into the mouth.Storing pesticide in anything but the original container.

03/07/2009 Core 10


INHALATION EXPOSUREHandling a pesticide in a confined or poorly ventilated area without wearing a respirator.Handling dust or powder formulations without wearing a respirator.Using an inadequate or poorly fitted respirator. Not washing hands before smoking.



EYE EXPOSURERubbing eyes or forehead with pesticide-contaminated gloves or hands.Splashing liquid or dry pesticide formulations without wearing goggles.Applying a pesticide overhead without wearing goggles.

03/07/2009 CORE 12

Sensitivity

Exposure to active ingredients or components of the pesticide formulation can appear as a sensitivity. Repeated exposure can make individuals even more sensitive (Chronic Toxicity).Sensitivity can appear as a rash, headache, watering eyes, itchy skin, or breathing problems.


Sensitivity

Some people are especially sensitive to pesticides.Read the toxicological section of the label before using a pesticide so you can recognize acute symptoms of pesticide poisoning.

Label Example: “Prolonged or frequently repeated exposure may cause allergic skin reactions in some individuals.”

03/07/2009 CORE 14

Pesticide Poisoning

Review:Acute pesticide poisoning can occur after one exposure to a product. Symptoms can appear within a few minutes to 96 hours.Chronic poisoning occurs after a number of exposures to a pesticide over a long time.Symptoms appear over time and persist.

03/07/2009 General 15

Cholinesterase Inhibition

Interfering with the levels of the body enzyme cholinesterase will affect messages being sent by the brain to various parts of the body.This can cause trembling, twitching, convulsions, or trouble with breathing and the heart. It can even cause death in severe cases.Always check the toxicological section of the secondary label panel for this statement: “ This product may cause cholinesterase inhibition.”

03/07/2009 General 16

Cholinesterase Blood Test

A test is available to determine the level of cholinesterase in the blood. Contact your family doctor to arrange a baseline test.The baseline level of cholinesterase varies between individuals, so your first blood test should be taken before handling, using, or being exposed to these pesticides.This will determine your personal baseline levelof cholinesterase.

03/07/2009 General 17


Tests should be done at various times of the year to set your baseline value and determine if levels are acceptable.

03/07/2009 General 18


Medical personnel will advise if further action is required.Early detection of unacceptable exposure avoids chronic poisoning.Without further exposure, blood cholinesterase levels will return to normal after about 120 days for organophosphate poisoning (recovery is more rapid for carbamate poisoning).

Cholinesterase Inhibiting Pesticides

COMMON NAME USE ORAL

LD50

DERMALLD50

CHEMICALGROUP**

Chlorpyrifos R/TF 135-163 202 OP

Malathion TF/ULV 1,375 >4,400 OP

Dichlorvos TF/ULV 80 107 OP

Naled R/TF/ULV 430 800 OP

Propoxur R/TF/ULV 90-128 1,000 C

7/3/2009 19

R = residual spray; TF = thermal fog; ULV = ultra low volume

03/07/2009 Core 20

Common Symptoms of Acute Pesticide Poisoning with

OrganophosphatesMild Poisoning Symptoms:

Headache; perspiration; fatigue (feeling tired); diarrhea; loss of appetite; dizziness; thirst; vision problems; weakness; moodiness; nausea; and irritation of the skin, eyes, nose, or throat.

03/07/2009 Core 21


OrganophosphatesModerate Poisoning Symptoms:(Contact a doctor if any of these symptoms are noticed.)

Nausea; stomach cramps; vomiting; loss of muscular co-ordination (trembling); diarrhea; salivation; mental confusion; blurred vision; sweating; tightness of throat or chest; slow pulse; laboured breathing; and flushed or yellow skin.

03/07/2009 Core 22


OrganophosphatesSevere Poisoning Symptoms: (Contact a doctor if any of these symptoms are noticed.)

Vomiting; pinpoint pupils; loss of reflexes; convulsions; breathing troubles; coma; unconsciousness; bluing of skin; muscle twitching; heart trouble; and loss of bowel control.

03/07/2009 CORE 23

Pesticide Risk

Risk of exposure exists any time you handle a pesticide. It is important that you know how to measure, assess, and reduce risk.

ExposureExposure is the amount of contact with a pesticideis the amount of contact with a pesticide..

ToxicityToxicity is a measure of how harmful or poisonous a is a measure of how harmful or poisonous a pesticide ispesticide is..

Risk = level of exposure X toxicityRisk = level of exposure X toxicity

03/07/2009 CORE 24

Pesticide Risk

To reduce pesticide risk:

Choose a less toxic product.Reduce the level of exposure.

03/07/2009 1


Training Module 4, Part 2Human Health

03/07/2009 2




03/07/2009 CORE 3

Learning objectives

Completing this section will help you to:Identify routes of pesticide exposure.Identify sources of pesticide poisoning.Identify and select proper personal protective equipment.Clean, maintain, and store personal protective equipment.

03/07/2009 CORE 4

Routes and Sources of Exposure

Absorption: taken in through the eye or skin at any place on the body

Ingestion:Ingestion: Taken into the Taken into the stomach through the mouthstomach through the mouth

Inhalation:Inhalation: Breathed into the Breathed into the lungs through the nose or mouthlungs through the nose or mouth

03/07/2009 CORE 5

Absorption

The most common route is though the skin.The absorption rate depends on the pesticide and the affected location on the body. The head, small of the back, armpits, and groin are the most absorptive body areas.Pesticide is absorbed at a faster rate through a cut or sweaty skin.Risk can be reduced by wearing proper PPE.

03/07/2009 General 6

Areas That Need Protection From Absorption

HeadEyes

BodyHands

Feet

03/07/2009 7

Protection of the Head

Always wear a hat when handling a pesticide. The head can absorb a pesticide faster than most other parts of the body.The hat should be wide-brimmed, non-absorbent (not a cloth or leather baseball cap), and easy to clean. Wash the hat with other contaminated clothing.

03/07/2009 CORE 8

Protection of the Eyes Face and eye protection is Face and eye protection is especially especially important when mixing and loading a important when mixing and loading a pesticide.pesticide. Product can be quickly Product can be quickly absorbed and some can directly damage absorbed and some can directly damage the eyes. the eyes.

03/07/2009 CORE 9

Protection of the Eyes

Goggles and face shield Wear a full-face respirator, goggles, or a face shield any time pesticide might splash or spray, or dust could pose a risk to the face or eyes.Wash eye protection equipment thoroughly with a brush, soap, and water after each use.Store protective equipment away from contact with pesticides.

03/07/2009 CORE 10

Protection of the Body

Wear long-sleeved shirts and long-legged pants, or one-piece coveralls.Clothing material should have a tight weave.Protective clothing should be clean and pesticide free.Wear cuffs over gloves and boots.

03/07/2009 CORE 11

Protection of the Body

Wear waterproof material (splash pants) if clothing could become wet during a pesticide application.Wear a waterproof apron when measuring, mixing, or loading pesticides.

03/07/2009 CORE 12

Maintenance of Protective Clothing

Rinse off waterproof clothing before removing it.Store contaminated clothes in disposable plastic garbage bags before washing.Wash contaminated clothing daily.Discard clothing that is heavily contaminated by pesticide residue.

03/07/2009 CORE 13

Laundering Protective Clothing

Wash protective clothing separate from other laundry.Wear gloves when handling contaminated clothing.Pre-soak and wash contaminated clothing separate from normal laundry.Fill the washer with hot water and use a heavy duty detergent. Do not overload the washer.

03/07/2009 CORE 14

Laundering Protective Clothing

Repeat the wash cycle, if necessary, to remove stronger chemicals.Rinse the empty washing machine by running a full cycle of clean water before washing other clothes.If possible, hang washed clothing outside to dry.

03/07/2009 CORE 15

Protection for the Hands

Gloves should ALWAYS be worn when:Handling or applying a pesticide.Rinsing containers. Working on application equipment. Taking off and cleaning PPE.

03/07/2009 CORE 16

Protection for the HandsGloves:Wear clean, unlined gloves made of non-absorbent, chemical-resistant material (butyl rubber, neoprene, nitrile).‘Roll up’ the cuff to prevent dripping.Gloves must be long enough to cover the wrist and be worn under the sleeves.

03/07/2009 General 17

Proper Glove Removal

Avoid exposure by properly removing contaminated gloves.

03/07/2009 CORE 18

Wearing and Maintenance of Gloves

After handling a pesticide, wash gloved hands in soap and water before removing other PPE.

Gloves should be the last item of PPE removed.

Turn gloves inside out as you remove them.

Wash gloves with soap and water and then rinse them..

03/07/2009 CORE 19

Wearing and Maintenance of Gloves

Check gloves for cuts or holes and throw them away if they become damaged.

Store clean gloves away from pesticides.

Always wash your hands with soap and water after handling a pesticide.

03/07/2009 CORE 20

Protection of the FeetBoots:

Should be unlined and made from chemical-resistant material, such as rubber.Should always be worn when handling a pesticide.Should be at least ankle height.

Do not wear leather or cloth footwear (e.g., sneakers).

03/07/2009 CORE 21

Wearing and Maintenance of Boots

Boots should be:Worn tucked under pant legs.Washed inside and out after each use.Stored away from pesticides.

03/07/2009 CORE 22

Ingestion

Cause PreventionAccidental ingestion. Store pesticide in its

original container only.Transfer of pesticide Transfer of pesticide onto food or drink onto food or drink containers.containers.

Product splashed into Product splashed into mouth.mouth.

Wear a splash shield Wear a splash shield when mixing a when mixing a pesticide.pesticide.

Wash hands after Wash hands after handling a pesticide.handling a pesticide.

03/07/2009 CORE 23

Inhalation

Pesticide vapours can be breathed in through the mouth or nose and drawn into the lungs.Vapours are quickly and fully absorbed through the lungs and into the blood.Vapours pose the greatest hazard when using fumigants.

03/07/2009 CORE 24

Respiratory Protection

Breathing protection is important because pesticides can damage the nose, throat, and lungs. A respirator is a unit that covers the mouth and nose to prevent the lungs from taking in pesticide spray droplets, particles, and vapours. Wear a respirator when the pesticide label tells you to, and when there is a risk of exposure to harmful levels of airborne pesticides.

03/07/2009 CORE 25

Respiratory Protection

A respirator should:Be MSHA-NIOSH or BHSE approved.Come with a cartridge to block organic vapours. Be worn when the pesticide label requires this, and when there is a risk of exposure to harmful levels of airborne pesticide. Fit properly.

Respirator Types

Dust Mask Stops dust particles but DOES NOT STOP PESTICIDE VAPOURS.

03/07/2009 CORE 26

Respirator Types

Cartridge Respirator Provides protection against low pesticide vapour concentrations.Make sure cartridges are designed for use with pesticides.

03/07/2009 CORE 27

Respirator Types

Canister Respirator Provides protection against high pesticide vapour concentrations.Should be worn if the greenhouse applicator is required to enter a spray cloud (e.g., when ULD spraying or fogging).

03/07/2009 CORE 28

03/07/2009 CORE 29

Respirator Types

Air-powered Purifying RespiratorsUse an electric pump to draw air through a charcoal cartridge. The purified air is brought to a tight-fitting facemask, loose-fitting helmet, or into the tractor cab.Air-powered purifying respirators can be costly.

Air-powered Purifying RespiratorsUse an electric pump to draw air through a charcoal cartridge. The purified air is brought to a tight-fitting facemask or loose-fitting helmet.

03/07/2009 30

A supplied air respirator provides a clean source of air during the application of a pesticide in an enclosed space, where there is a greater risk of exposure through the skin, mouth, ears, or nose.Air-powered purifying respirators can be costly.

03/07/2009 Greenhouse Ch 4 Pg 2 31

03/07/2009 CORE 32

Respirator Types

Self-contained Breathing EquipmentClean air is supplied through a hose from a pressurized tank on the back. This type of equipment should be worn in areas of low oxygen, while applying a fumigant, or when fighting a fire in a pesticide storage area.

03/07/2009 CORE 33

How a Cartridge Respirator Works

03/07/2009 CORE 34

How Often Should You Change Charcoal Cartridges?

As a minimum, at the start of each sprayseason.After several hours of use, if the concentration of pesticide vapour is high.If the respirator is properly fitted and a pesticide smell or odour is still detected.If breathing through the respirator becomes difficult.

03/07/2009 CORE 35

Fitting a Cartridge Respirator

Respirators come in a number of shapes and sizes.For proper protection, select one that fits securely.A tight seal CANNOT BE ACHIEVED if the wearer has a beard or other facial hair. Do a fit test each time you put on the respirator.

03/07/2009 CORE 36

Steps for Fitting a Cartridge Respirator

Place the palm of your hand over the exhalation valve cover and breath out gently.Proper fit occurs when the face piece bulges slightly (no air leaks between the face and face-piece).If there is a leak, take off the respirator and put it on again or readjust the tension of the elastic straps.

03/07/2009 CORE 37

Steps for Fitting a Cartridge Respirator

Place a piece of paper or palms Place a piece of paper or palms over the cartridge openings and over the cartridge openings and breath in breath in gentlygently. Hold for 10 . Hold for 10 seconds. seconds. Proper fit occurs if the face piece Proper fit occurs if the face piece collapses (collapses (no air leaks between the no air leaks between the face and face pieceface and face piece). ). If there is a leak, take off the If there is a leak, take off the respirator and put it on again or respirator and put it on again or readjust the tension of the elastic readjust the tension of the elastic strapsstraps..

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Maintaining a Respirator

Check respirators regularly for damage.Make sure all valves, mechanical pre-filters, and charcoal cartridges are properly attached and sealed.Remove pre-filters and cartridges/canisters after each day of use, or when they are not in use. Keep filters and cartridges in clean, sealed, plastic bags to extend their life.

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Washing the Respirator

Put on your gloves.Remove pre-filters and cartridges/canisters.Wash the respirator face-piece in warm water. Use a mild detergent and rinse well.


Overhead Applications

Avoid spraying above shoulder height to minimize exposure.Wear full-face protection; a respirator; long, chemical-resistant gloves; and water repellant clothing and head protection if you must apply a pesticide above shoulder height.


General Guide for Wearing PPE

Wear PPE that is appropriate to the type of pesticide application.Stop work immediately if protective equipment stops working properly.Wear coveralls and chemical-resistant, unlined gloves when handling plant containers and trays in areas recently treated with pesticides.

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General Guides for Storing Personal Protective Equipment

Do not store PPE in the pesticide storage area or with street clothing.

Store PPE in a cool, dry area,and close to your pesticide storage site for quick access.

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Keep waterproof clothing (e.g., gloves, boots, apron, and hats) away from sunlight to extend their life.

Keep charcoal cartridges in clean, airtight containers or sealed plastic bags to extend their life.

Change the pre-filter dust pads when cartridges are changed.

03/07/2009 1


Training Module 5 Safe Pesticide Use

03/07/2009 2



This training module is not in any way intended to nullify or detract from any requirements contained in municipal, provincial, or federal laws or by-laws, regulations or legislation.

Learning objectives

Completing this section will help you to:

Work safely when handling a pesticide.Safely select, transport, store, mix, and apply a pesticide. Clean up safely after a pesticide application.

03/07/2009 Core 3

Attitude and General Precautions

Pesticides used in a greenhouse have the potential to cause harm to people, beneficial organisms, and the environment. It is the responsibility of those handling pesticides to reduce risk by working responsibly at all times.This can be accomplished through training, adopting a professional attitude, and following basic safety guidelines at all times.

03/07/2009 General 4

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Employee Safety

Employers are responsible for overseeing employee workplace health and safety, training employees to handle pesticides safely, providing information on the pesticides being handled (labels and MSDS’s), and providing suitable PPE.Employees can reduce risk by having a positive attitude, and continually reviewing and following label and company policy safety procedures.

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General Precautions for Safe Handling of Pesticides

Read and follow label information.Wear clean PPE when handling a pesticide.Wash after handling a pesticide container, applying a pesticide, and working with application equipment.

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General Precautions for Safe Handling of Pesticides

Never eat, drink, or smoke while applying a pesticide.Remove pesticide-contaminated clothing immediately.Shower, wash hair, and clean fingernails at the end of each day of pesticide use.

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Pesticide Selection

You will need to consider the following factors when choosing the best pesticide for a given situation:

The pest(s) to be controlled, pest resistance, and possible impacts of a pesticide on beneficialorganisms.Pesticides that are registered for the intended use.

The toxicity of the pesticide to human health and the environment.Applicator safety or risk of exposure and personal protective equipment needed, and available.Bystander safety.Application equipment needed, and available.Environmental factors.Regulatory compliance.

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Pesticide Safety

Practice safety any time you are working with a pesticide.Applicators regularly face a risk of exposure to pesticides. Their actions also determine the extent of risk to bystanders and the environment.Always work safely and follow good safety practises when handling and managing a pesticide.

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Pesticide Safety Issues

Keep up-to-date on safety issues.Always read and follow product label directions. Follow provincial regulations for safe transport, storage, use, and disposal.

Guidelines for the Purchase of Pesticides

Read the label to make sure a pesticide is correct for your needs and the application equipment available.Purchase only pesticide containers havingclear, readable labels.Do not accept broken bags, cartons, or leaking containers.Ask the vendor for a copy of the Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) for each pesticide purchased.

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Minimize the need for storage by purchasing only the amount of pesticide needed for immediate use.

Amount NeededAmount Needed

Label application rate X Size of treatment areaLabel application rate X Size of treatment area

Number of containersNumber of containers

Amount needed Amount needed ÷÷

Amount in each container Amount in each container

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Transportation Legislation

FederalTransportation of Dangerous Goods (TDG) Act

Federal Act governing the movement of commercial and restricted class pesticides.Regulations can be found at www.tc.gc.ca/tdg/clear/tofc.htm

ProvincialPEI Pesticides Control Act and regulations

Regulations can be found at www.gov.pe.ca/go/pesticides

Provincial Regulations

When transporting a concentrated pesticide the containers:Must be labelled.Cannot be transported with food items, animal or pet feed, household furnishings, bedding, or clothing.

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Provincial Regulations

Must be sealed.Must be enclosed within a leak-proof compartment that is separate from, and securely affixed to, the vehicle.


General Guidelines for the Safe Transport of Pesticides

Pack containers securely and upright to reduce the risk of upsets, leaks, or spills.Never transport pesticides in the passenger compartment of a vehicle.


Carry a shovel, absorbent material, and safety equipment in case of a pesticide spill. Protect paper and cardboard pesticide containers from moisture.Never leave pesticides in an unsupervised vehicle.Decontaminate the vehicle if pesticide contamination results from broken bags, cartons, or leaking containers.

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Pesticide Storage

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General GuidelinesStore pesticides separately from food items and animal feed.Maintain the storage area in a clean and orderly manner.Ensure the storage area is well ventilated.

Pesticide Storage Guidelines

Ensure there are no floor drains in the storage facility.Have approved safety equipment available nearby. Store personal protective equipment outside of the storage area. Equip the facility with the proper number and type(s) of fire extinguishers. Check regularly for leaking containers.

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Have available material needed to clean up a pesticide spill. Store only pesticides or related equipment in the storage facility.Control access and lock the facility when it is unattended.Post PESTICIDE STORAGE AREA signs on each point of entry.

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Maintain an up-to-date list of all stored pesticides and keep a copy at a location away from the pesticide storage area.Use older product first.

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Safe Handling of Pesticides

The risk of exposure to a pesticide is greatest when mixing and loading product.People who handle a pesticide should use personal protective equipment (PPE) and follow proper safety measures.The label will provide precautionary symbols, warnings, and toxicological information, and explain how to safely handle and use the pesticide.

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Before Mixing or Loading

Read the label to make sure the pesticide is registered for the planned use. Confirm mixing directions, application rates, and limits to use.Check safety precautions. Review poisoning and first aid information.

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Before Mixing or Loading

Calculate and prepare only the amount of pesticide mixture required for the application. Make sure clean-up and first aid equipment is nearby (in each vehicle) and easy to access. Choose a mixing and loading site that minimizes your risk of exposure, and eliminates any risk of contaminating the environment.

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Protection While Mixing and Loading a Pesticide

Wear the following protective clothing and safety equipment:CoverallsHead protectionChemical-resistant gloves and bootsFace shield or gogglesWaterproof apronRespirator

Mixing and Loading Site

A good pesticide mixing and loading area will be:Located outdoors and away from other people and pets.On a level site near the pesticide storage area.Away from drinking water wells and surface waters.

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Pesticide Mixing and Loading Site

Mix and measure pesticides on a strong, level bench or table covered with heavy-duty plastic or a material that will not absorb a pesticide. Do not use this bench or table for any other purpose.Keep a shovel, absorbent material, and safety equipment nearby in case of a product spill. Stop and clean up spilled or splashed pesticide at once.

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Measuring Equipment

Use proper tools to open a pesticide container. Open bags using a sharp knife and clean well after each use.Use scales, measuring cups, and premixing containers to accurately measure product.

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Measuring Equipment

Use these items (e.g., scales, measuring cups) only with pesticides.After use, wash these items with soap and water and store them in a locked area.Wear gloves when handling measuring equipment.

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Steps for Mixing and Loading a Pesticide

Follow proper procedures for rinsing empty pesticide containers.Follow proper procedures for removing, maintaining, and storing personal protective equipment (see Module 4b: Human Health).

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Cleaning and Discarding Pesticide Containers

Contaminated, empty pesticide containers can be a point source of pollution.

To decontaminate containers:Completely drain the container into the spray tank. Shake out bags into the tank or hopper.Triple rinse (or pressure rinse) containers.Gently rinse bags once (single rinse).

Add all rinse water to the sprayer. Cut, puncture, or crush plastic, metal, or paper containers. Dispose of the container according to label directions or provincial laws.Return cleaned containers to your vendor for recycling.

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Pesticide containers cannot be buried, burned, or disposed of except at a site, and in a manner, approved by regulation or recommended by the manufacturer.

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2009 CONTAINER RECOVERY PROGRAM SITES

SITE LOCATION

Robinson's Albany

McCain Fertilizer Bloomfield

McCain Fertilizer New Perth

McCain Fertilizer Summerside

Cavendish Agri Kensington,

Cavendish Agri Montague

Cavendish Agri Charlottetown,

Cavendish Agri Oleary

Cavendish Agri Summerside

Cardigan Feed Cardigan

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Ways to Reduce Exposure RiskTo further reduce the risk of exposure when mixing or loading a pesticide, use:Premix slurries

Concentrated pesticide solution is diluted before loading the product, then this slurry is carefully added to the spray tank.

Soluble packagingPre-weighed, water soluble, PVC packages of pesticide are placed directly into the sprayer tank.

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Ways to Reduce Exposure Risk

Closed loading systemsPesticide is pumped directly from its original container into the application equipment without any exposure to humans or the environment.

Ways to Minimize Water Contamination

Do not fill pesticide application equipment near floor drains.Keep the filler hose above the water level in the tank.Use an anti-backflow device.Never leave application equipment unattended while it is being filled with water. Take all materials and equipment with you when you leave, and clean it properly.

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Safe Pesticide ApplicationTo reduce risk when applying a pesticide:

Have a supply of clean water available in the greenhouse. Use this water to clean items (e.g., PPE) and to wash when the job is finished.Cover or remove items (e.g., empty pots or containers, potting material) to prevent possible contamination from pesticide drift.

Post the area to be treated BEFORE applying a pesticide.Ensure that anyone who might enter a treated area is aware of the re-entry interval. Avoid working alone if handling a pesticide under hazardous conditions. Plan an application route that avoids the need to pass through treated areas.Stay out of recently treated areas.

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Keep application equipment clean and in good working order. Calibrate equipment for the type of application. Stop the application when moving over an area that does not require treatment (e.g., from tray to tray, shelf to shelf, or plant to plant).

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If application equipment breaks down…STOP... shut off the equipment, put on proper PPE, and make needed repairs at once. Always wear gloves and goggles when changing or cleaning sprayer nozzles. Use a soft brush and clean water (or compressed air). A hard object can damage the nozzle.Never blow out a nozzle with your mouth.

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Re-EntryHumans and pets can be at risk if they enter treated areas too soon following a pesticide application.Follow re-entry requirements on the label and wait until liquids have dried. Advise other workers and post signs.Put on PPE if you must re-enter a treated area before the re-entry interval has passed.

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Care of Application Equipment

A pesticide mix should not be left in application equipment for extended periods of time because it could:Weaken hoses, gaskets, and plastic parts.Cause corrosion and mechanical problems.Be carried over to the next pesticide mixture.Allow suspensions to settle out.Reduce pesticide effectiveness.

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Cleaning Application Equipment

Application equipment should be emptied and cleaned:After each day of use.When changing pesticides.Before off-season storage.Wear proper personal protective equipment when cleaning or working around application equipment.

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Cleaning Application Equipment

Clean application equipment away from open bodies of water, drains, and wells. Fill the tank with clean water to dilute the spray residue.Flow this water through the sprayer.

Details on caring for application equipment are covered in Module 11: Application Technology.

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Safe Pesticide Application

To avoid having leftover spray mix:Take accurate measurements of the area to be treated.Follow label application rates.Frequently re-calibrate application equipment.Double check your calculations.Keep good application records from previous years.

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Discarding Old or Unwanted Pesticide

Avoid having excess product by buying only the amount of pesticide needed for one season.Keep inventory records, and use older stock before buying new product.Dispose of pesticide concentrates according to label or provincial regulatory requirements.Return unopened containers of pesticide to your vendor.

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03/07/2009 1

PEI Greenhouse PEI Greenhouse Pesticide Pesticide ApplicatorApplicator Training CourseTraining Course

Training Module 6, Part 1Environmental Safety

03/07/2009 2




General Comments

Everyone shares responsibility for protecting the natural environment. To make the best choices, you will need to understand the short-and long-term effects of pesticides on the environment.

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General Comments

Greenhouse pest control programs can require the application of pesticides close to people and sensitive plants.Care must be taken at all times to reduce non-target exposure and to protect the environment.

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Learning Objectives

Completing this module will help you to:Understand what happens to pesticides in the environment. Understand the impact that improper pesticide use can have on the environment, people, and animals.Understand how to prevent contamination when applying a pesticide to control a greenhouse pest.

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Processes That Decide the Fate of Pesticides in the Environment

Absorption – the movement of a pesticide into plants, animals, soil, or structures.Adsorption – the binding of a pesticide to soil particles.Desorption – the release of a pesticide from soil particles.Volatilization – the evaporation of a pesticide.

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Spray Drift – the airborne movement of pesticide spray drops or particles away from a treatment site during application.Run-off – the movement of water down a slope. Leaching – the movement of pesticides (or other chemicals) with water through the soil.Degradation – the breakdown of a pesticide.

Absorption

Refers to the movement of pesticides into organisms (plants or animals) or structures (soil or wood).Absorption into an organism is not always bad, since many of these organisms can break pesticides down into non-toxic compounds. In most cases, a pesticide will not be absorbed if it has adsorbed.

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Adsorption

Refers to the binding of a pesticide to soil or another substance.The amount of pesticide that binds to soil depends on the:

pesticide type and concentration, moisture content of the soil, soil pH, and texture of the soil.

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Adsorption

Organic soils, or soils with a fine clay texture, are most adsorptive.Pesticides adsorbed to soil can be moved with the soil by wind or water erosion onto adjacent properties or into watercourses.

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Desorption

Occurs when a pesticide that is bound or adsorbed to soil or another substance is released. Example: an insecticide bound to soil particles can be released if the soil particles move into a watercourse. When the insecticide moves into the water, aquatic organisms can then take up the insecticide and be negatively affected.

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Volatization

Volatization is the process where a solid or liquid becomes a vapour (gas). A pesticide is more likely to become a vapourunder hot, dry conditions and if the spray droplets are small.A pesticide vapour can readily move away from the treatment site and onto nearby items. This movement is referred to as Vapour Drift.

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Vapour Drift

Pesticide vapour drift can be reduced by:Using low spray pressures and large droplet sizes.Spraying only when it is relatively cool.Following label precautions for application in high temperatures.Using low volatile formulations.

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Particle (Spray) Drift

Particle (spray) drift :Refers to the airborne movement of spray droplets away from the application site during an application.Can reduce the effectiveness of pest control as a lesser amount of the pesticide is delivered to the pest. Can result in off-target contamination, hazard to workers, and damage to sensitive plants.

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Particle (spray) drift is more prone to occur:When the spray wand is moved rapidly.As the distance between the nozzle and the target increases.If the spray droplets are small.When operating with high spray pressures.

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High spray pressures produce small droplets, which are more likely to drift. To reduce particle (spray) drift :Avoid using high spray pressures.Follow the pressure recommendations on the pesticide label.

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To reduce particle (spray) drift :Select nozzle types to produce droplet sizes that are just small enough to give good target coverage. Decrease the distance between the nozzles and the target. Consider using a granular or powder formulation if you need to apply a pesticide near food preparation areas.

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Physical Processes That Affect Mobility

Surface runoffLeachingSoil erosion

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Surface Runoff

Is the movement of water down a slope.Any pesticide mixed in this water will also move.The amount of runoff can be reduced by:

Delaying an application if rain is expected.Using extra care when treating sloped areas.Not applying a pesticide to bare ground.

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Leaching

Is the movement of pesticides with rain or irrigation water through the soil.The movement can be downward, upward, or sideways.Products that leach can get into surface or ground water.

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03/07/2009 1


Training Module 6, Part 2Environmental Safety

03/07/2009 2




Leaching

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Pesticides will leach through coarse-textured (sandy) soils faster than through fine-textured (clay) soils.

Leaching

The risk of leaching increases when:Pesticide solubility is high—this results in more product being dissolved in the water.Adsorption is low—this makes more pesticide available for leaching.Desorption is high—this also makes more pesticide available for leaching.Excess water (irrigation) is added.

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Degradation

Is the breakdown of a pesticide into other (more basic) components.The active ingredient of a pesticide can be degraded by:

Microbial degradationChemical degradationPhoto degradation

Degradation and Half-life

The rate of breakdown of a chemical in the environment is referred to as its half-life. Half-life is the time it takes for one-half of the initial amount of a pesticide to break down in the environment.

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Degradation and Half-life

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HalfHalf--lifelife can be measured in days (least persistent) or years (most persistent). Example: 3 week half-life.

Persistent Pesticides

Pesticides that do not break down quickly are described as persistent.The longer the active ingredient takes to break down --- the longer it is available to move, accumulate in plant or animal tissue, and pose a risk in the environment.

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Persistence can vary with soil type and temperature in the greenhouse.Products persist longest in cold, sandy soils that are low in organic matter.

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Types of Degradation

Microbial degradationChemical degradationPhotodegradation

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Microbial Degradation

Occurs when soil microorganisms use the pesticide as a food. This is the most commontype of degradation.Rate of degradation is affected by:

Soil temperatureSoil pH, moisture, and fertilityPresence of oxygenChemical or physical properties of the pesticide

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Chemical Degradation

Occurs when a chemical reaction breaks a pesticide into less hazardous compounds.The rate of degradation is affected by:

Soil temperatureSoil pHSoil moistureChemical or physical properties of the pesticide

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Photodegradation

Refers to the breakdown of a pesticide by sunlight.Pesticides that photodegrade quickly usually must be incorporated into the soil to provide effective pest control.

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Contamination Sources

Point Source ContaminationOccurs when a large amount of pesticide is released in a small area (e.g., spill, improper disposal, greenhouse floor drain)

Non-point Source ContaminationOccurs when a pesticide is applied according to label direction and then moves from the application site.

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Protecting Water Resources

Water is a valuable natural resource and needs to be protected.To prevent damage to drinking water,

waterways, and aquatic life always exercise care when handling, mixing, or applying any pesticide.Never throw unused pesticide down a drain.Never wash application equipment near drains.

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Aquatic Impact of Pesticides

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Pesticides can contaminate surface water (water we see, such as ditches, streams, lakes, and ocean) and groundwater (water found in aquifers below the surface).

Groundwater is the source of most of our drinking water.Once groundwater is contaminated, it can remain this way for a long time.

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Protecting Water Resources

Improper handling of a pesticide can:Contaminate water used for irrigation.Contaminate surface water, and kill aquatic animals and plants.Disrupt fish mating and feeding, or damage aquatic plants.

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Ways to Protect Water Resources

Consult provincial and municipal authorities to identify the locations of municipal surface and groundwater supplies.Always mix pesticides, and wash application equipment, away from water sources and drains.Put container rinse water into the spray equipment as part of the make-up water.

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Consult provincial authorities for instruction on the proper disposal of unwanted, pesticide mix.Immediately clear up all pesticide spills.Wash protective clothing where this activity will not contaminate water sources.

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Properly maintain pesticide application equipment and check regularly for leaks in tanks, hoses, and nozzles.Ensure that pesticide application equipment is properly calibrated.Follow all product label directions.Prevent back siphoning.

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Prevent Back Siphoning

Use a back-flow or one-way valve.Keep the end of the filler hose above the water level in the tank.Never leave application equipment unattended while it is being filled with water.

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Soil Contamination

Soil contamination as a result of a pesticide spill or poor container disposal can:Harm soil organisms.Contaminate drinking and irrigation water.

Protecting Soil Resources

Pesticides can contaminate soil when:Product is spilled during mixing and loading.Application equipment overflows.Containers or surplus spray mixtures are not disposed of properly.

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Air Contamination

Pesticides can enter the air through spray drift, vapour drift, and is carried out the ventilation system. Airborne pesticide particles (droplets, mist, dust, or vapours) can move to water bodies, non-target organisms, or adjoining property and cause damage.

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Protecting Air Resources

To help prevent air contamination:Follow all application requirements on the label or in provincial regulation.Given the option, use low volatile pesticides. Use the lowest spray pressure possible to reduce generating mists and small droplets.Shut off ventilation systems as required.

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Use low-drift nozzles that produce larger spray droplets.Reduce the travel speed of the application wand.Ensure that the nozzle is positioned at the recommended height above the target.Match the nozzle height to the nozzle type.

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Non-target Organisms

The toxicity of a pesticide to non-target organisms is usually stated on the product label (Warning Statement) or on the MSDS.Example label: “This product is highly phytotoxic to sensitive plants. Use care when applying adjacent to sensitive plants.”

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Protecting Non-target Organisms

The impact of a pesticide on non-target organisms can be reduced by reading the information under ‘Environmental Precautions’ found on the secondary panel of the label, and then following all directions provided.

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Beneficial Organisms

Many organisms are beneficial. Only a few cause harm or damage and are considered to be pests.Some organisms (e.g., spiders) function as a key part of an IPM program, by controlling pest populations.A decrease in beneficial organism numbers can lead to an increase in harmful pest populations.

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Beneficial Organisms

Protect beneficial organisms by: Minimizing pesticide useChoosing selective, biological and low risk pesticides Reducing pesticide drift

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Toxicity to Plants

Phytotoxicity (injury to plants) can occur when poorly applied pesticides contact sensitive plants. Example: an oil based insecticide is accidentally applied to tomato plants. Damage can be minor (slight burning or browning of leaves) or severe (death of plant).Damage may reduce productivity or plant value.

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Ways to Reduce Phytotoxicity

Cover sensitive plants during a pesticide application.Prevent or minimize pesticide drift.Follow the label mixing directions and the proper application rate.Check product label for warning of phytotoxicity.

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7/3/2009 1


Training Module 11Mite and Insect Pests

GH Section 1

7/3/2009 2



This training module is not in any way intended to nullify or detract from any requirements contained in municipal, provincial, or federal laws or by-laws, regulations, or legislation.

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Learning Objectives

Completing this module will help you to:Understand the biology and life cycles of mites and insects.

Mite and Insect Pests

Mite and insect pests can cause aesthetic and economic damage to greenhouse plants by:Destroying seeds.Cutting off young plants. Chewing foliage.Sucking the sap.Tunneling into the stem or leaves.

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Mite and Insect Pests

Before they can be properly controlled, pests must be correctly identified.The design of a good control program will require an understanding of pest life-cycles, feeding habits, most vulnerable life stage(s), and preferred habitat(s). Pests examined in this module will include mites, aphids, whiteflies, and thrips.

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Mite Characteristics

Mites:Are related to spiders and have four pairs of legs.Have jointed bodies, jointed legs, and an outer skeleton (exoskeleton).Have the head and thorax combined.Do not have wings.

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Two Spotted Mite

Mite Characteristics

Mites:Feed by sucking plant sap, sometimes causing a gall to form.Have a four-stage life cycle: egg, larva, nymph (protonymph and deutonymph), and adult.Attack a wide range of floricultural crops.

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Life Cycle

After mating, the female lays approximately six (6) pearly-white eggs each day.Eggs are laid on the undersurface of the foliage.Each female can lay over 100 eggs.

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Mite eggs

Eggs hatch into six-legged larvae that immediately begin feeding, change colour, and two dark spots appear in the middle of the body.The larvae then draw in their legs and develop into the first orprotonymph stage.

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Protonymph Stage

After a period of feeding these develop into the second ordeutonymph stage. Finally, this stage develops into adults.Adults are about .50 mm (1/50 in) long, and have a rounded abdomen.

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Adult Stage

Spider Mite Life Cycle

Life cycle can vary between 23 days at 15o C and 7 days at 27o C.

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Damage Caused by Spider Mites

Damage is caused by larvae, nymphs, and adults piercing plant cells and sucking out the contents.

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General Insect Characteristics

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Adults have an exoskeleton.The body consists of a head, thorax, and abdomen.Adults have three pairs of jointed legs.Most insects have two pairs of wings on the thorax.

Generic Insect Characteristics

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Insects breath through openings called spiracles, located along the abdomen.Insects can exhibit a variety of mouthpart types (chewing, sucking, lapping, and siphoning).

Chewing Mouthparts

Chewing mouthparts are adapted for:Biting off and chewing foliage and stems (e.g., cutworms, flea beetles).Boring into, and tunneling between, leaf layers (e.g., leaf miner).Feeding on underground roots and plant parts (e.g., gnats, millipedes).

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Sucking Mouthparts

Sucking mouthparts are adapted for:Piercing and sucking liquid from plant tissue (e.g., whiteflies).Rasping the leaf surface until the sap flows, then sucking up the liquid ( e.g., thrips).

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Sponging and Siphoning Mouthparts

Sponging mouthparts are adapted for:Feeding on sap outside the surface of the plant (e.g., fruit flies).

Siphoning mouthparts are adapted for:Inserting the coiled tip into exposed fluids (e.g., moths and butterflies).

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Insect Life Cycles

Insects will complete three or more changes or stages in a life cycle. A change is called a metamorphosis.

Complete Metamorphosis

IncompleteMetamorphosis

No Metamorphosis

Aphids

Adult aphids (plant lice) are less than 5 mm long, and have long legs and antennae.Colour can range from black to grey, red, yellow, or green.Colonies occur on new growth, buds, and the underside of leaves.

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Virgin females do not mate, and give birth to 60–100 living young (nymphs) over a 20–30 day period.Newly born nymphs reproduce as virgin females in 7–10 days.

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Adults suck plant juices and excrete honeydew.Ants may ‘tend’ the aphids, and feed on the honeydew.

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When overcrowded, female aphids will develop wings and move to new plants.Aphids will reproduce year round if suitable host plants are available.True sex forms, which mate and produce eggs, usually occur outdoors with the beginning of colder weather.

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WhiteflyThe greenhouse whitefly is a common and destructive greenhouse pest.Mature adults are tiny (1.5 mm), white, and have four wings.Both adults and larvae suck plant juice from the underside of the leaves.

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Eggs appear as small black specks on new growth.Yellowish-green ‘crawlers’ hatch within 5–10 days and crawl a short distance before feeding.

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Eggs and Crawlers

The crawlers quickly loose their ability to move and become flat, scale-like, and transparent to greenish-yellow in appearance.These change in three weeks into non-feeding pupae with black eyes and waxy thread-like projections.

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Whitefly Pupae and Adults

The entire life cycle may be completed in 4–5 weeks.Both adults and larvae secrete honeydew similar to aphids.Whitefly infestations are characterized by cast-off skins on the upper surface of plant leaves.

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Adults and cast-off skins.

ThripsThrips:Are very tiny, slender insects.Thrips are often introduced into a greenhouse on imported plants or from nearby native plants.They multiply rapidly and can cause considerable damage before detection.

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Different Stages

Thrip Life Cycle

Thrips have an incomplete metamorphosis.

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Thrip Life Cycle

Transparent, kidney-shaped eggs are laid under the surface of the host plant tissue.Eggs hatch within 5–6 days into a pale white, wingless first nymph stage.

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The first nymph stage feeds, can move to other plants, and moults to the second nymph stage in 5 days.

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First Nymph Stage

Second Nymph Stage

The second nymph stage feeds for 4–5 days before seeking a sheltered spot to pupate.Pupae are non-feeding.Wing buds and indication of antennae are apparent on the pupae.Adults emerge after 5 days.

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Thrip Pupa

Adults have a light yellow abdomen and cream coloured wings and legs.Adults are all females and start to lay eggs after 6–12 days.Adults can cause more damage than nymphs.

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7/3/2009 1


Training Module 8, Part 1Greenhouse Diseases

7/3/2009 2




GH Ch 2 Pg 45

7/3/2009 GH Ch 2 Pg 45 3

Learning Objectives

Completing this module will help you to:Understand what causes plant disorders and diseases.Identify the characteristics of, and how to control, powdery mildew, Botrytis blight and Pythium root rot…three common plant diesases.

To operate a greenhouse you must maintain a delicate balance between providing environmental conditions that are favourable for plant growth and, at the same time, that hinder disease development.

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Plant DisordersPlant disorders can be caused by a variety of unfavourable conditions in the environment, including:Low temperature (e.g., frost or chill injury).High temperature (e.g., sun scald).Chemical injury (e.g., herbicide drift).Impurities in the air (e.g., improper venting of gas heaters).

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Lack of a nutrient (e.g., nitrogen deficiency).Too much of a nutrient (e.g., manganese toxicity).Excess water (e.g., "wet feet" from lack of oxygen to the roots).Toxic soil conditions (e.g., a result of over-sterilization).Low water supply.

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One, or a combination of environmental conditions can result in plant damage that appears similar to disease symptoms.

If you have a plant problem, always consider environmental conditions first as a probable cause.

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DiseasesDisease causing organisms include fungi, bacteria, viruses, and nematodes.Disease pests can attack healthy plants. Environmental stress (e.g., extreme levels of light, temperature, water, nutrients, or air pollutants) can weaken plants and cause abnormal growth or disease-like symptoms. Weakened plants are more likely to be affected by other pests, including diseases.

Some diseases can be prevented if the symptoms are recognized early. Disease symptoms include: wilting, root and stem rot, cankers, damping-off, stunting, spotted or deformed leaves, or a general abnormal appearance. The impact of some diseases can be reduced if appropriate control methods are followed.

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Occurrence of Plant Diseases

Three factors are needed for an infectious disease to occur. These are:A disease-causing organism (pathogen).A host that is susceptible to the disease.An environment that supports the disease organism.Referred to as the Plant Disease Triangle.

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Plant Disease Triangle

All three elements must be present for disease to occur. Eliminating any oneof these factors will prevent the disease.

Disease Diagnosis

Before applying any control measure it is important to accurately diagnose the problem. You will need to:Recognize that a disease exists.Identify the causal agent. Determine whether or not the disease is infectious.

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To diagnose a disease:Closely look at the symptoms to determine the general type of disease (e.g. leaf spot, wilt, root rot).Know the growth characteristics, nutritional requirements, and optimal environment conditions of the crop.

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Recognize signs of insect and mite infestations, which can be confused with disease symptoms .Look for clues in cultural practices and unusual growing or environmental conditions.Consult a plant specialist if you are unable to make a diagnosis.

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Fungal Diseases

Include molds, rusts, and mushrooms.Do not contain green plant material (chlorophyll).Do not make their own food.Feed on dead/dying plants (saprophytic) or on living plants (parasitic).

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Rust

Most fungal diseases grow and reproduce on a single host.A few require multiple hosts to complete their life cycle.

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Life Cycle

Fungal spores often over-winter in soil or leaf litter.Each fungus is capable of producing millions of sporesSpores are carried to plants (by contaminated equipment, air circulation, use of non-pasteurized soil, or watering).

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Life Cycle

Under the right conditions, the spores germinate on plant surfaces to produce a new infection.More often, the surface of a plant must be injured before the fungus can enter. The germinating spores send out strands (hypae) that enter plant tissue.The next generation of spores is formed and this spreads to new plants.

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Fungal Spores

Require the right environmental conditions (cool, moist air) to germinate.Can remain dormant for years.Spread naturally by wind, soil, and birds.Spread by man (infected plants, contaminated maintenance equipment and pruning tools). Can often be managed by using good sanitation and fungicides.

Powdery Mildew

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Powdery Mildew

Powdery mildew is a fungus characterized by:Whitish, powdery growth on the surface of leaves, stems and sometimes petals. Appearance of spores and fungal threads on short, erect branches.

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Damage

Spores of powdery mildew are easily detached and carried by air currents to infect other plants.Damage to dahlia, zinnia and phlox is chiefly cosmetic in older plants.

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Damage can be a critical problem to winter and spring cucumber and tomato crops.

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Damage to bee balm, rose and delphinium plants appear as distortion of the young stems and foliage.

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Botrytis Blight

Botrytis cinerea:Is a grey-mold fungus.Attacks a wide variety of ornamental plants.Causes more damage than any other single pathogen.

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Symptoms

Symptoms of Botrytis cinerea vary according to the humidity and the part of the plant that is attacked. Under very humid conditions, a fast spreading rot develops, covered in a fuzzy grey layer of fungus.When humidity is low, plant parts may still rot and shrivel, but without the growth of external grey fungus.

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Symptoms

Symptoms may appear as:Small, pale spots or discoloured spots on flowers (e.g., cyclamens, roses, azaleas, geraniums).Rotting of small seedlings (e.g., asters).

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Spores of Botrytis must be in contact with water to germinate and produce new infestations.Generally only weak, injured, old, or dead tissue is attached (e.g., stubs left in taking cuttings, base of cuttings).Attacks a wide range of greenhouse vegetable crops (e.g., tomato, cucumber).

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7/3/2009 1


Training Module 8, Part 2Greenhouse Diseases

7/3/2009 2




GH Ch 2 Pg 45

7/3/2009 GH Ch 2 Pg 45 3

Learning Objectives

Completing this module will help you to:Understand what causes plant disorders and diseases.Identify characteristics of, and how to control, powdery mildew, Botrytis blight, and Pythiumroot rot…three common diseases.

Cultural Fungal ControlTo control or reduce the spread of fungal diseases, you must follow good cultural practices.Damping off, or root or stem rots:Plant in light, well drained, well prepared pasteurized soil or root media (e.g., sand, vermiculite, perlite, sphagnum moss).Add fungicide as recommended on the label.

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Keep the soil on the dry side, if possible.Avoid over-watering, over-crowding, or planting too deeply.Provide good ventilation and air circulation to reduce humidity.Water in the morning to allow plants and the soil surface to dry before evening.

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Avoid over-fertilizing, especially with nitrogen.Irrigate with clean water.Do not sow seeds too thickly.

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Cultural Fungal Control

Grey mold, powdery mildew:Avoid placing the plants in damp, shady locations.Do not wet foliage, particularly in late afternoon or evening.Take cuttings from healthy plants and disinfect tools between cuts.Provide good air circulation and raise the night temperature to reduce humidity.

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Avoid over-fertilizing, especially with nitrogen.Take cuttings from dry plants only.Do not use wet mulches.Space plants, especially "mother plants," to eliminate foliage contact.

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Chemical Fungal Control

There is a time lapse between plant infection and visible symptoms of a disease.By the time the first symptoms are visible, many infections have already taken place.Within a short time after symptoms can be seen, new spores are formed and spread to surrounding plants.

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Fungicides

In the life cycle of a fungus, the best time to undertake control is when the spore germinates. If leaves or seeds are coated with a thin layer of fungicide, the germinating spore is killed.Once the plant is infected, control becomes more difficult.Dormant and over-wintering stages of fungi are resistant to fungicides.

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Choosing a FungicidesWhen choosing a fungicide refer to the label to ensure that:It is registered for the disease and the plant being treated (some fungicides are very specific and will control only certain pathogens; others are broad in their effect).The proper safety equipment is being used.The correct application equipment is available.

The time interval between treatment and harvest (e.g., often referred to as time-to-harvest interval) is suitable. The fungicide is suitable for the type of control required (e.g., protectant vs. eradicant).

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Fungicides are classified by how they work. This includes:

Contact (protectant) fungicides.Systemic (eradicant) fungicides.

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Fungicides

Contact fungicides:Must be applied as a film over the entire plant.Must be applied before spore infection.Must be re-applied to protect new growth.Will not kill or eradicate fungi.

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FungicidesSystemic fungicidesAre absorbed and move throughout the plant.Can be applied before infection, and act as protectants.Can be applied after infection, and kill established fungi (eradicants).

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Fungicide Effectiveness

Factors that determine fungicide effectiveness include: Timing of the application.Fungus life cycle.Rates of plant growth.Resistance.

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Bacterial Disease

Bacteria are some of the simplest life forms.Each bacterium consists of a single cell.Cells reproduce by dividing into two cells.Reproduction is affected by temperature and humidity.Under favourable conditions, reproduction can be rapid (e.g., one billion cells produced in a single day).

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Harmful bacteria can enter a plant through natural openings or wounds.Bacteria are difficult to control.Bacteria must be managed by prevention (sanitation) and elimination of the infected plants.Bacterial diseases can include leaf blights, wilts, leaf spots, galls, and root rots.

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Common symptoms include:Rapid wilting (bacteria cells plug food and water conducting vessels).Blackening of roots.Rotting of stems, roots, and leaves.Swelling of plant parts.

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Pythium (Root rot disease)

Pythium is common in soil and can attack a wide range of plants.Favours cool, wet, poorly drained soil.Typically transferred on contaminated flats, pots, tools, or the end of watering hoses.

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Life cycle of Pythium

Symptoms

Causes roots to blacken, appear hollow, and collapse.May cause deformation of seed pods.

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Cultural ControlPhythium can be controlled by:Using a light, well-drained soil mix.Thoroughly pasteurizing the mix, containers, and tools that come into contact with the plants.Cleaning plants.Following a good sanitation program.Supplementing soil treatments with chemicals to minimize re-contamination problems.

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Bacterial Control

Bacterial diseases are difficult to control. A few bactericides exist. (RootShield: Trichoderma harzianum, for the suppression of root diseases caused by Pythium).Control focuses on prevention and the elimination of infected plants.

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Viral Disease

Viruses are small (microscopic) organisms.They can reduce plant vigor or kill plants.Viruses reproduce in living cells.

Impatiens Necrotic Spot Virus

Symptoms

Symptoms include: Stunting or dwarfing.Spots or streaks on leaves.Blotches and rings of light green, yellow, white, brown, or black colouration, and abnormal growth.

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Viral Disease

No pesticide can directly control a virus.Control can be achieved by:

Using virus-resistant plants.Sanitizing tools (e.g., when pruning).

Gloxinia Necrotic Spot Virus

Biting and sucking insects (e.g., grasshoppers, aphids) commonly spread a virus from one plant to another.Viruses may also be carried in seed, tubers, or bulbs.

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Cultural Control of Viruses

To control viruses:Propagate cuttings from healthy plants.Disinfect cutting tools when taking cuttings from stock plants.Avoid mixing old and new plants, or plants from different sources.

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Keep insects, especially aphids, under control.Space plants to eliminate foliage contact, especially "mother" plants used for cuttings.

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Nematodes

Are microscopic, worm-like organisms.Most are beneficial. Many improve soil or are parasitic on insect pests.Eggs and adults move through the soil on a film of water.Nematodes are transported in contaminated soil, containers, and equipment.

Plant Parasitic Nematode

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Feed on plant roots, stems, and leaves.Can make wounds that allow other diseases to enter a plant.Symptoms include wilting; leaf drop; stunting; lack of vigor; and deformation of roots, shoots, and leaves.Can be controlled by sanitation and nematocides.

Nematode root damage in strawberry plants.

Nematode Control

Preventing the introduction and spread of nemotodes is the best control method.Nematocides, in the form of fumigants, can be helpful.Soil conditions must be such that the fumigant (as a gas) can move through the open soil spaces.

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Nematode Control

Fumigants are best applied when the soil temperature is high and the moisture level is moderate.The soil must be sealed immediately after treatment to prevent the escape of gas. Follow label directions regarding the time required to kill the nematodes, and to allow the gas to escape before planting.

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PrecautionsCare must be taken when handling and applying a nematocide. Carefully follow ALL label directions, especially those regarding:The type of personal protective equipment required for handling the nematocide.Re-entry intervals. Ventilation.

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Disease Prevention and Eradication

There are several non-chemical ways to help prevent disease from occurring. These include:Sanitation.Soil pasteurizationBench and equipment sterilization.

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Sanitation

Sanitation should be an integral part of any disease control program. Eliminating the source of infection can reduce the need for expensive control measures.

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Sanitation

Sanitation can include:Removing, and burning or bagging dead and drying leaves and flowers.Keeping walls and the surface of planting beds and benches clean.Controlling weeds in and around greenhouses.Hanging up the ends of hoses.

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Isolating new stock until you are sure it is healthy.Between crop plantings, spraying the greenhouse interior, walkways, floors, and tools with formaldehyde. NOTE: Formaldehyde fumes are poisonous and must be thoroughly dispersed by ventilation before working in any sprayed area. Use an approved respirator when applying formaldehyde in confined areas. Follow ALL label directions.

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Soil Pasteurization

Pasteurization involves the heating of the soil to a temperature that will kill harmful organisms.Soil should be moist, but not wet.Soil temperature should be 13oC (55oF) or higher at a depth of 15 cm (6 in).Prevent recontamination by disinfecting all tools, pots, flats, etc. and by planting disease-free seeds.

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SterilizationAlways clean your hands after each activity.Eliminate disease by sterilizing all production equipment (e.g., tools, knives, benches, carts, walkways, watering systems).Steam is an effective way to sterilize equipment.Commercial disinfectants (e.g., formaldehyde, household bleach) are also available.

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7/3/2009 1


Training Module 9Application Calculations

7/3/2009 2

DisclaimerDisclaimerThis training module is intended to be used by qualified trainers only for the purpose of instructing individuals who wish to improve their general knowledge base on the safe handling and management of pesticides or to assist agricultural pesticide applicators seeking first-time certification or re-certification.



GH Ch 2 Pg 45

Application TechnologyApplication Technology

Choosing the proper pesticide application equipment and understanding how to use and maintain it, is necessary for effective pest control AND protection of human health (See Module 11: Application Methods and Equipment).

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7/3/2009 GH Ch 5 Pg 1 4

Learning ObjectivesLearning Objectives

Completing this module will help you to:Calibrate a back pack sprayer. Understand how to calculate volume when fumigating greenhouses of differing shapes.

Application TechnologyApplication Technology

When selecting pesticide application equipment, choose a type that will: Apply the proper amount of pesticide to the target.Provide the maximum pest control. Be appropriate for the size of the treatment site.

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Application EquipmentApplication Equipment

Application equipment is the key component in transferring an active ingredient to the target.To be effective, the equipment must be:

Appropriate for the job.Set up and calibrated properly.Used according to manufacturer specifications.Maintained properly.Designed to minimize applicator exposure.

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Application EquipmentApplication Equipment

There are many different types of equipment available for applying liquid pesticides for pest control in a greenhouse.For applying a liquid pesticide:Pesticide is mixed in a tank and applied to the target through a nozzle(s) as a fog or spray droplets.


Greenhouse operators must be able to calculate how much product is required to complete a pesticide application.The first step is to make sure that application equipment is correctly calibrated.


Calibration of Liquid SprayersCalibration of Liquid Sprayers

Basic calibration involves:Setting up the sprayer.Measuring the application rate (L/ha).Correcting the application rate and volume, if needed.

Once the equipment is properly calibrated, you can calculate the amount of pesticide concentrate to add to the spray tank.


Basic Sprayer ComponentsBasic Sprayer Components


Steps for Calibrating a Back Pack Steps for Calibrating a Back Pack Sprayer (Test Area Method)Sprayer (Test Area Method)

Mark out a test area (e.g., 10 m X 10 m or 100 m2

or 0.1 hectare).Partially fill the sprayer with water and record the water level in the tank (e.g., 3 L).Pressurize the sprayer and begin to spray the test area, walking at your normal application speed. Spray the entire 0.1 ha and note the new level of water in the tank (e.g., 1 L).



Output of the sprayer is (3 L – 1 L = 2 L applied to 0.1 ha) Sprayer is now calibrated to deliver 20 L/ha

0.1 ha required 2 L1 ha will require (2 L X 10) = 20 L.

Check how this compares with the recommended application rate on the product label.

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In our example the test run showed the back pack sprayer would deliver 20 L of formulated product over 1 hectare.If the label recommends an application rate of between 15 L/ha and 25 L/ha, then the sprayer is correctly calibrated for this product.If the calculations from the test show it delivers 30 L/ha, then it is outside the range, not calibrated correctly, and changes must be made.

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Changes Available:Increase pressure to force more pesticide mix through the sprayer. This tends to generate a lot of small droplets and can result in significant spray drift.Walk faster to cover the area quicker and apply less pesticide. An applicator may not be able to maintain this pace over the entire treatment area.Replace the nozzle with one having a smaller opening. Best option.

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CalibrationCalibration

Equipment should be calibrated :When it is new (before the first use).At the start of each application season.When the travel speed or nozzle spacing is changed.When the sprayer output is changed.When parts are changed (e.g., nozzles, hoses, pump).

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Once the equipment is calibrated, refer to the product label to determine (calculate) the amount of concentrated pesticide to add to the spray tank.


CalculationsCalculations

Pesticide rates for greenhouse crops are often shown in litres, grams, or millilitres per 1,000 litres of water (unless otherwise stated on the label).Label rates can also be stated as a ratio of product to water volume (e.g., 1:10).

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How large an area can be treated using a sprayer having a tank that will hold 4 L ?

1. It was previously calibrated that the sprayer delivers 2 L to cover 0.1 ha.

2. Therefore a 4-L tank will treat

4 L X 0.1 ha = 0 .2 ha or 2,000 m2

2 L *(1ha = 10,000 m2) 03/07/2009 GH General 18


How much pesticide should be added to a full (4L) tank if the label application rate is 50 ml/100 m2?

1. Previous calculations show a full (4 L) tank will treat 2,000 m2

2. Label rate is stated as 50 ml per 100 m2

3. 2,000 m2 will require 50 ml X 2,000 = 1,000 ml100

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Example LabelExample Label


EXAMPLE LABELEXAMPLE LABEL

Floramite SCGreenhouse Cucumber

Application rate: Dilute 133 ml of Floramite SC in 400 L of water.

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FumigationFumigation

Before beginning a fumigation it is important to calculate the entire cubic volume of the greenhouse.Usually two or more volume calculations are necessary because of the various shapes and parts to a greenhouse.Individual volumes can then be added together to determine the total amount of fumigant required.

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Even Span StructureEven Span Structure

1. Calculate the volume of the rectangular base(Length X width X height) = Volume (100 X 20 X 5 = 10,000)

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2. Calculate the volume of the even span (A & B)(Length X width X height) = Volume

2 (100 X 20 X 5 = 5,000 )

2

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3. Calculate total volume of the structure(Volume of rectangle + volume of the span)

(10,000 + 5,000 = 15,000 )

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Round Top GreenhouseRound Top Greenhouse

Steps for calculating the volume of a round top (quonset) shaped greenhouse.

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1. Calculate the volume of the bottom rectangular portion.

Length X width X height = volume50 X 18 X 5 = 4,500

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2. Calculate the volume of the round top portion.Length X (width2 X 11/28 factor) = volume 50 X (18 X18) X 11/28 = 50 X 324 X 0.39 = 6,318

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3. Calculate the total volume of the structureAdd: Volume of rectangle + volume of round top.Total Volume: 4,500 + 6,318 = 10,818

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ExampleExample

Sample calculations for fumigating bedding plants:Greenhouse Type: 1 Round Top houseSize: 5 m wide X 31 m long Pest: white flyPesticide to be used: Sulfotep Plant Fume 103 Smoke FumigatorRate: 1 can per 300 m3

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Steps for CalculationSteps for Calculation

1. Calculate the volume of the greenhouse.2. Confirm the label application rate.3. Calculate the number of cans of pesticide

required.

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Length 31 m Width 5 m

1. Volume ( length X width2 X 11/28 factor)( 31 X 5 X 5 X 11/28 = 304 m3)

Volume of greenhouse is 304 cubic metres.

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Length 31 m Width 5 m

2. Refer to label application ate.Rate: 1 can per 300 m3 to control whitefly.

3. Calculate the number of cans needed.Volume of greenhouse / rate on the label.

304 m3 / 300 = 1 can of Sulfotep is required.

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Protecting Human Health and the Protecting Human Health and the Environment Environment

To minimize potential risk to human health and the environment, when cleaning pesticide application equipment: Never blow out nozzle tips using your mouth. Never use a piece of wire, nail, or metal object to clean nozzle tips. These can damage the opening, distort the spray pattern, and increase nozzle output.

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Use a toothbrush or soft material to clean nozzle tips.Wear protective clothing and equipment (PPE) when cleaning sprayers and measuring containers. Wash your hands and PPE after handling application equipment.Follow label directions or contact your regulatory authority for direction regarding the disposal of excess pesticide mix.

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Clean application equipment away from waterways, ditches, wells, or other water sources.Clean up puddles of rinse or wash water. These can be hazardous to children, pets, or wildlife.

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7/3/2009 1

PEI Greenhouse Pest Control Pesticide Applicator Training

Course

Training Module 10Integrated Pest Management

7/3/2009 2




Learning Objectives

Completing this module will help you to:Understand the general principals of IPM.Manage and reduce pest resistance.Know which biological and reduced risk pesticides are available for use in a greenhouse.


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Integrated Pest Management

IPM is a prevention-based method for managing pests effectively, economically, and safely.Eradication of CERTAIN INVADING PESTSshould be a realistic goal for a greenhouse IPM program.The management goal for OTHER PESTSwould be to reduce pest numbers below economically damaging levels.

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Integrated Pest Management

IPM is a process that considers all available information and pest control methods.Using an IPM process can help to reduce the need for chemical pesticides, and can minimize adverse effects to the public and the environment.An IPM approach can provide a long-term solution to pest problems.

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Steps in an IPM Program

PreventionIdentificationMonitoringInjury and Action ThresholdsControlEvaluation of Results

Step 1: Prevention

Prevention:Should be the main objective of any greenhouse IPM program. Can be effective and cost efficient.Can be as simple as limiting access to the structure or sanitation.

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Step 1: Prevention

Prevention can include:Exclusion (e.g., screens, plastic barriers, etc.).Sanitation (cleaning, sterilization, etc.).Habitat alteration (keeping windows closed, structural repair, lighting, etc.).

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Step 2: IdentificationCorrect pest identification is necessary to Correct pest identification is necessary to understand pest biology. understand pest biology.

The internet, fact sheets, scientific publications, The internet, fact sheets, scientific publications, and services provided by private or government and services provided by private or government pest management experts can help you to pest management experts can help you to correctly identify greenhouse pests.correctly identify greenhouse pests.

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Step 2: Identification

Once a pest is identified, you can determine: Its life cycle and growth stages (to select the best stage to undertake treatment), Its rate of reproduction (to determine treatment timing and frequency), andIts behaviour (to select the best time and place to undertake treatment).

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Step 3: Monitoring

Conduct the monitoring program by trapping, Conduct the monitoring program by trapping, sighting, and recording observations of pests.sighting, and recording observations of pests.

Step 3: Monitoring

Monitoring can be used to determine: The presence, species, and numbers of pests. When the pest has reached the most susceptible life stage for a given control method.Whether treatment is required.If there are human health protection concerns (e.g., presence of workers that require protection).

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Step 3: Monitoring

Visual inspections involve a close examination of the structure to determine the presence or absence of pests. Look for:Pest sightings, cast insect skins, and pest damage.Means of entry, moist areas, and suitable pest habitat.

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Step 3: Monitoring

Visual inspections:Are done when and where needed.Often focus on specific areas where pests are known to frequent.Help to identify problem areas.Should be conducted throughout the structure.

7/3/2009 General Info 15

Step 3: Monitoring

Visual inspections:Can involve written comments (e.g., sightings by a worker).Take less time than actually counting pests, but give limited information.Do not generate population numbers for comparison.

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Counting and Measuring Methods

Provide more detailed information than visual inspections.Provide results that can be compared from visit to visit.Deal with specific numbers, and remove the personal judgment calls of an inspector. Generate information that can be used to make good management decisions. Often involve taking samples.

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Sampling

Tools for sampling can include nets, collection vials, and sticky traps.Enough random samples should be taken to get an estimate that will reflect the situation for the entire area.Use the same sample method each time to better compare results.Sample when/where pest problems are expected.Keep records for future reference.

Counting and measuring methods are useful to:Estimate the size and spread of a pest population.Compare records between sites and dates.Evaluate the effectiveness of a treatment method.Establish injury (nuisance) and action thresholds.

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Injury Threshold

7/3/2009 Core 19

Injury Threshold:Is the maximum number of pests (e.g., whiteflies, thrips, aphids, disease organisms) that can be tolerated.

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Action Threshold

Action Threshold is the point (number of pests) where treatment should be undertaken to prevent pest numbers from reaching the Injury Threshold.This point will differ depending on the type of control method used (biological vs chemical control program).

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Action thresholds:Are set to eliminate prevention applications and encourage good inspection.Are site- and pest-specific.

Some sites may demand zero pests as a threshold for action (e.g., damage due to chrysanthemum leaf miners).

Step 5: Control Methods

Available control methods include:Habitation AlterationSanitationExclusionPhysical ControlChemical Control

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Habitat Alteration

Some pests can be controlled by changing or eliminating areas that harbour or encourage them. Changes can include:Reducing humidity (aphids develop better in low humidity).Eliminating dead vegetation (which could harbour disease or insect eggs.

7/3/2009 Green Ch 1 Pg 14 23

Sanitation

Sanitation is the key component of any successful greenhouse IPM program. Clients must be educated on the importance of sanitation both inside and outside of the greenhouse.Clients must understand their responsibility in maintaining a clean environment.

7/3/2009 General 24

Sanitation

Pasteurization of the soil mix, as well as containers and tools that might come in contact with plants.Soil treatments with chemicals to prevent problems of recontamination.Clients must understand that an initial, special cleaning program may be required to get a pest problem under control.Sanitation is an integral part of a disease control program.

7/3/2009 Green Ch 2 Pg 54 25

Sanitation

For more information on the importance of sanitation in disease prevention and eradication, see: Module 9 Plant Diseases.

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Exclusion

Exclusion involves preventing pests from entering or using a structure.The method of exclusion depends on the site and how the site is used.Methods include: screening, plastic barrier between greenhouse areas, foot baths, etc.).

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Physical Control

Physical control can involve:Setting traps, glue boards, or mechanical devices. Using heat or cold.Manually removing insect pests (e.g., using water spray).

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Chemical Control

Chemical control involves the use of a pesticide.This type of control requires a high level of competency because of the potential for exposure to the applicator and workers.

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Chemical Control

Before applying a pesticide the applicator must ensure that:The pest has been properly identified.The level of infestation requires a chemical control.The appropriate pesticide (formulation) has been selected.They are familiar with label directions for use.

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Application Techniques

Methods of chemical control available to greenhouse applicators are discussed in Module 11: Application Methods


Step 5: Evaluation of Results

Preparing detailed records of the pest control / management strategies you use can help you to: Improve current pest management programs. Compare control methods (e.g., products, equipment settings, and timing).Forecast future pest problems.Plan management programs for future years.

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Record Keeping

Date, time, and location.Target pest(s) (e.g., numbers, stage).Control method used (product).Application rate.Equipment settings. General observations.Evaluation of treatment results.

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Pesticide Resistance

Resistance develops when a few of the pests survive a chemical pesticide treatment.Offspring of these pests then develop resistance to the chemical.Once resistance develops, the use of even the highest label application rates can speed up greater resistance.

How to Delay Pest Resistance

To minimize or prevent pest resistance: Where possible, use a combination of physical and chemical pest control measures.Use chemical pesticides only when monitoring results indicate they are needed (Action Threshold).Alternate between different chemical families (organophosphates and pyrethroids) when using pesticides.

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Developing an IPM Program

An Integrated Pest Management program is a decision-making tool that involves planning and acting to control pests.The control measures used should be effective, affordable, and environmentally safe. The goal is to maximize pest control, while minimizing environmental and human health risks. Chemical pest control is used only when, after careful monitoring, it is required.


Putting IPM into Practice

Start with addressing a single pest problem and build as experience is gained.Select a site with good sanitary control and few pests.


Using Biological Control

What is Biological Control?It involves the release of natural enemies, such as parasites and predators, into the greenhouse to reduce a pest population.

7/3/2009 GH Ch 3 Pg 57 38

Parasites:Develop within the body of the target (host) pest and eventually kill them (e.g., parasitic wasp for whitefly and leafminer control).Predators:Attack and devour their prey ( e.g., mite for control of thrips and the two-spotted mite and midge for aphid control).

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Reduced Risk Pesticides

Reduced Risk Pesticides:Include biological pesticides and pesticides that meet Pest Management Regulatory Agency standards for low risk and environmental impact.

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Biological Pesticides

PRODUCT USE PATTERNThuricide HPC Control of caterpillars on vegetables and

flowers.

VectoBac 600L Control of fungus knats on vegetables, herbs, and ornamentals.

Mycostop Suppression of seedling damping off, and root and crown rots on vegetables and ornamentals.

RootShield Suppression of root diseases caused by Pythium.

Sporodex L Control of powdery mildew on cucumbers and roses.

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Reduced Risk Pesticides

PRODUCT CONTROLAvid (abamectin) Control of mites on select vegetables and

ornamentals.Confirm 240F (tebufenozide)

Mimics insect growth hormone. Controls various caterpillars on select vegetables and ornamentals.

Decree 50 WDG (fenhexamid)

Fungicide for control of gray mould on tomatoes and ornamentals.

Endeavor 50 WG Control of aphids and reduction of white flies on select vegetables and ornamentals.

Sluggo (ferric phosphate)

Control of slugs and snails.

7/3/2009 GH Ch 3 Pg 58 42

7/3/2009 1

PEI Greenhouse Pesticide Applicator Training

Course

Training Module 11Training Module 11Application TechnologyApplication Technology

7/3/2009 2




7/3/2009 GH Ch 4 Pg 1 3

Application Technology

ChoosingChoosing proper pesticide application proper pesticide application equipment, equipment, and understanding and understanding how tohow to use use and maintain it and maintain it safely,safely, is necessary for is necessary for effective pest management AND effective pest management AND protection of greenhouse workers and the protection of greenhouse workers and the environment.environment.

Application Technology

When selecting application equipment, When selecting application equipment, choose a type that will:choose a type that will:Apply the proper amount of pesticide to the Apply the proper amount of pesticide to the target.target.Provide theProvide the maximum pest controlmaximum pest control..Minimize offMinimize off--target movementtarget movement..Be best suited for the size and location of the Be best suited for the size and location of the treatment area.treatment area.

7/3/2009 GH Ch 4 Pg 1 4

Leaning Objectives

Completing this module will help you to:Completing this module will help you to:Manage exposure to workers from the Manage exposure to workers from the application of greenhouse pesticides.application of greenhouse pesticides.Identify and understand the operation of Identify and understand the operation of various types of pesticide application various types of pesticide application equipment.equipment.Select the best type of application equipment Select the best type of application equipment for the job.for the job.

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Safety Procedures

Greenhouse workers spend considerable time Greenhouse workers spend considerable time handling plants and working in the confined handling plants and working in the confined space of the greenhouse.space of the greenhouse.Pesticide exposure from dermal contact can be Pesticide exposure from dermal contact can be just as dangerous as exposure through just as dangerous as exposure through inhalation.inhalation.

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Safety Procedures

Workers need to be aware that there is always a risk of airborne residues and surface residues following a pesticide application.

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Safety Procedures

Applications in the confined space of a greenhouse increase the risk of pesticide exposure to workers through the skin, ears, and nose.

Protection must include an appropriate respirator and full dermal protection.

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Safety Before Spraying

To improve safety:Ensure that everyone is out of the greenhouse.Ensure that everyone is out of the greenhouse.Never spray when unprotected workers are in Never spray when unprotected workers are in the area. (This includes workers at the opposite the area. (This includes workers at the opposite end of the greenhouse.)end of the greenhouse.)Advise workers in other areas or buildings of Advise workers in other areas or buildings of the location being treated, rethe location being treated, re--entry times, and entry times, and the the pesticide(spesticide(s) being applied. ) being applied.

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Close and lock all doors and windows.Post warning signs on all points of access.

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Follow all pesticide label safety directions and Follow all pesticide label safety directions and rere--entry intervals.entry intervals.Example Label Statement:: ““Do not apply this Do not apply this product in such a manner as to directly or product in such a manner as to directly or through drift expose workers or other persons. through drift expose workers or other persons. The area being treated must be vacated by The area being treated must be vacated by unprotected persons. Do not reunprotected persons. Do not re--enter treated enter treated areas until residues have dried.areas until residues have dried.””

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Safety During Spraying

To increase safety:To increase safety:Begin a pesticide application at the furthest end Begin a pesticide application at the furthest end of the building and work backwards.of the building and work backwards.Treat both sides of the row.Treat both sides of the row.Never walk back through the treated area.Never walk back through the treated area.Spray from the next row over when treating Spray from the next row over when treating plants overhead.plants overhead.

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Safety Wear appropriate PPE.Wear appropriate PPE.Keep pant cuffs Keep pant cuffs outsideoutside of boots of boots and sleeves and sleeves overover chemicalchemical--resistant gloves.resistant gloves.

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Safety Procedures

To minimize risk from exposure to a To minimize risk from exposure to a pesticide, employees need to appreciate pesticide, employees need to appreciate the importance of:the importance of:Wearing appropriate personal protective Wearing appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE) while in the greenhouse.equipment (PPE) while in the greenhouse.Showering after the application of a pesticide. Showering after the application of a pesticide. Washing work clothes regularly.Washing work clothes regularly.Complying with label reComplying with label re--entry requirements.entry requirements.

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Re-entry

Workers may be exposed to high levels of Workers may be exposed to high levels of pesticide residue if they repesticide residue if they re--enter a treated area enter a treated area too soon following an application.too soon following an application.Always check the label for reAlways check the label for re--entry intervals entry intervals and the time that must pass before treated and the time that must pass before treated foliage may be handled.foliage may be handled.Wear PPE if you must enter a treated area Wear PPE if you must enter a treated area before the rebefore the re--entry interval has passed.entry interval has passed.

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The risk of exposure can be reduced by:The risk of exposure can be reduced by:Complying with label reComplying with label re--entry times.entry times.Ventilating the greenhouse adequately before Ventilating the greenhouse adequately before entering.entering.Locking and posting all points of entry.Locking and posting all points of entry.Ventilating treated areas before workers reVentilating treated areas before workers re--enter.enter.Advising workers to wear longAdvising workers to wear long--sleeve shirts and sleeve shirts and gloves to reduce dermal exposure.gloves to reduce dermal exposure.

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Application Equipment

The equipment is the key component in The equipment is the key component in transferring an active ingredient to the target transferring an active ingredient to the target pest(spest(s).).To be effective the equipment must be:To be effective the equipment must be:

Appropriate for the job.Appropriate for the job.Set up and calibrated properly.Set up and calibrated properly.Used according to manufacturer specifications.Used according to manufacturer specifications.Maintained properly.Maintained properly.Designed to minimize applicator and bystander Designed to minimize applicator and bystander exposure.exposure.

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Application Techniques

Pesticide application techniques used to Pesticide application techniques used to control greenhouse pests include:control greenhouse pests include:High Volume ApplicationHigh Volume ApplicationLow Volume ApplicationLow Volume ApplicationSmoke FumigationSmoke FumigationGranular ApplicationGranular ApplicationDust ApplicationDust Application

7/3/2009 GH Ch 4 Pg 1 18

High Volume Application

Refers to the application of a pesticide at a high Refers to the application of a pesticide at a high pressure (300pressure (300––400 400 psipsi or 2.1or 2.1––2.7 mega 2.7 mega pascalpascal).).Equipment disperses fine droplets into the air Equipment disperses fine droplets into the air and onto the foliage. and onto the foliage. Is designed to treat large areas.Is designed to treat large areas.The applicator needs full inhalation and The applicator needs full inhalation and dermal protection.dermal protection.

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HighHigh--volume or dilute sprays are well suited volume or dilute sprays are well suited to low pressure backto low pressure back--pack sprayers. pack sprayers. RunRun--off occurs if excessive highoff occurs if excessive high--volume spray volume spray is used.is used.Active ingredient will not cover the foliage Active ingredient will not cover the foliage well if large droplets and too little spray is well if large droplets and too little spray is applied. applied.


The most commonly used equipment for small The most commonly used equipment for small operations is the backpack sprayer. operations is the backpack sprayer. Low pressure sprayers that lack pressure Low pressure sprayers that lack pressure regulators and gauges should not be used to regulators and gauges should not be used to apply a pesticide that requires uniform apply a pesticide that requires uniform coverage. coverage. A smooth, uniform walking speed and spray A smooth, uniform walking speed and spray wand motion is required to achieve uniform wand motion is required to achieve uniform coverage. coverage.


Some operations have a hose system throughout the greenhouse to deliver the pesticide.Complete dermal and respiratory protection is necessary.

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Low Volume Application

Low volume applications produce small droplets.Low volume applications produce small droplets.The fine droplets remain suspended in the air The fine droplets remain suspended in the air longer than do the large droplets common to high longer than do the large droplets common to high volume sprays.volume sprays.

To reduce the risk of worker exposure: To reduce the risk of worker exposure: Make this type of application in the evening.Make this type of application in the evening.Seal the greenhouse over night.Seal the greenhouse over night.Ventilate treated areas at least 2 hours before Ventilate treated areas at least 2 hours before workers are due to enter.workers are due to enter.

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Safety Procedures

BeforeBefore making an application, take the making an application, take the following safety precautions: following safety precautions: Make sure everyone is out of the area.Make sure everyone is out of the area.Close all doors, windows, and openings.Close all doors, windows, and openings.Post Post ‘‘warning signswarning signs’’ on all points of access.on all points of access.Lock or barricade all entrances.Lock or barricade all entrances.Put on appropriate PPE.Put on appropriate PPE.

7/3/2009 GH Ch 4 Pg 3 24

Safety Procedures

DuringDuring an application, take the following an application, take the following safety precautions:safety precautions:Make sure another person is present in case of Make sure another person is present in case of an accident.an accident.Walk backwards, moving from the farthest Walk backwards, moving from the farthest point and toward the exit.point and toward the exit.Seal and post the area when finished.Seal and post the area when finished.

7/3/2009 GH Ch 4 Pg 4 25

Safety Procedures

AfterAfter an application, take the following an application, take the following safety precautions:safety precautions:Put on PPE if you must rePut on PPE if you must re--enter the treated enter the treated area before the rearea before the re--entry interval has passed.entry interval has passed.Ventilate before workers reVentilate before workers re--enter a treated enter a treated area.area.While ventilating a treated area, keep workers While ventilating a treated area, keep workers away from exhaust fans. away from exhaust fans.

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Low Volume Application

Low volume applications are generally made with:Mist blowers.Thermal foggers.Ultra Low Volume (ULV) applicators.

7/3/2009 GH Ch 4 Pg 27

Mist Blowers

Mist blowers:Mist blowers:Convert special pesticide formulations into Convert special pesticide formulations into very small droplets.very small droplets.Produce a large number of highly concentrated Produce a large number of highly concentrated droplets as a droplets as a ““fogfog”” or or ““mistmist””..Require care in handling to minimize overRequire care in handling to minimize over--application and damage to the crop. application and damage to the crop. Use air as the major carrier of the pesticide.Use air as the major carrier of the pesticide.

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Mist Blowers

Are very useful where thorough penetration of the crop is required.It is important to close all vents and doors as the “mists” produced can easily move from the target area.

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Thermal Foggers

The pesticide is sprayed onto a hot element and evaporates. As it condenses it produces a dense white fog that drifts through the greenhouse and penetrates the foliage.

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Thermal Foggers

Thermal foggers are usually gasoline-powered backpack or cart-mounted units that move (or are moved) throughout the greenhouse as they operate. The fog covers both upper and lowers surfaces of the crop.

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The pesticide cloud usually remains visible for a length of time.Pesticides designed for use in thermal foggers are usually sold as a ready-to-apply mixtures, with the carrier included.Greenhouses must be tightly sealed during application, and for several hours afterward, to allow the fine particles to settle out of the air.

7/3/2009 GH Ch 4 Pg 32

ULV Applicator (micro-nair)

The term low volume refers to the small amount of water or diluent used to apply the pesticide. Low-volume spraying is sometimes referred to as concentrate spraying.

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ULV applicators are often controlled by a time clock to apply at a specific time. This can reduce the likelihood of employee and applicator exposure.They can be more effective against crawling insects, due to deeper penetration of the pesticide into nooks and cracks.They require no water or mixing, thereby saving labour and time.

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Disadvantages include:There are only a limited number of products registered for use in thermal foggers.It is necessary to vent treated areas for at least

two (2) hours prior to re-entry.

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Smoke Fumigators - Cans

Pesticide comes in ready-to-use cans.The can is punctured and ignited.The smoke generated carries the pesticide in the air currents throughout the greenhouse. Each can is sufficient for a certain volume of greenhouse space.

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Smoke Fumigators - Cans

Greenhouses must be tightly sealed during and after application. This method should only be used when staff are NOT present.It is important to wear chemical-resistant gloves when handling unopened and spent cans.

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Steps for using smoke fumigation:Steps for using smoke fumigation:Read the product label to check that plants are not susceptible.Determine the volume of the greenhouse and calculate the number of cans required.Never work alone and always wear proper PPE.Light the can to be used furthest from the exit first, and then work toward the exit.

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Steps for Igniting a Can

7/3/2009 GH Ch 4 Pg 6 39

Shake the can vigorously. Open, pull

out the igniter and light.

Drop the lit igniter deep into the can.

Granular Formulations

Granular pesticide formulations can be broadcast, applied in band applications, or applied through soil injection/incorporation.Application equipment types include air-blast, whirling disks, multi-feed outlets, or soil injectors.No further mixing of the pesticide is required.It is important to maintain a constant walking speed for uniform distribution of the pesticide.

7/3/2009 GH Ch 4 Pg 40

Dusters

Dusters are used to blow fine dust particles onto the target surface.The use of dusts is limited as they will leave a visible residue.It is important to avoid drafts that can carry the pesticide to non-target plants.

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Hand Crank DusterHand Crank Duster

Mechanical Dusters

Pesticide discharged from electric dusters is electrostatically charged and will adherence to both the top and bottom of plants.

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Electric Duster

Operating tips:The duster’s chamber should not be completely filled with pesticide dust. Leave an air space in the chamber so the dust doesn’t clump and so that it will blow evenly out of the duster.Make sure the dust is not exposed to moisture, as damp pesticide can clog the duster.


Shake the duster occasionally, or rotate the device, to create the desired air/dust mixture.Mechanical dusters release a lot of dust quickly, but with much less control.Visible pesticide residues are likely on exposed surfaces.


7/3/2009 1


Training Module 12, Part 1Emergency Response

7/3/2009 2




7/3/2009 Core Ch 9 Pg 181 3

Learning Objectives

Completing this module will help you to:Assess the hazards of a pesticide spill or fire, and apply emergency measures. Secure pesticides and minimize the likelihood of theft.

There is a risk of exposure any time a person comes into contact with a pesticide. Anyone who handles or might be exposed to a pesticide must be prepared to respond to an accidental poisoning, burn, spill, or fire.

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Emergencies Involving Pesticides

You can plan for a pesticide emergency by:

Knowing all the areas of risk.Knowing how to respond to different incidents.Taking the necessary steps to reduce risk. Having the right information on hand.Contacting the proper authorities.

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Pesticide Spill Emergencies

A pesticide spill can occur when a product is being transported, stored, or handled at the mixing or application site.A pesticide spill can poison people, animals, and plants.If not properly cleaned up and decontaminated, a pesticide spill can contaminate soil, water, and the greenhouse.

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Pesticide Spill Emergencies

Three steps are involved when addressing a pesticide spill:

PreventionPreparation Response

7/3/2009 Core Ch 9 Pg 182 7

Preventing a Spill

You can reduce the chance of a pesticide spill, and the resulting risk, by following these guidelines: Regularly check pesticide containers for leaks, holes, and other signs of stress.Store pesticides in a proper storage facility. Keep pesticide containers on pallets and off the ground. Do not over stack containers.

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Preventing a Spill

Take extra care when mixing, handling, or moving pesticide containers or loaded application equipment.Regularly inspect and maintain application equipment, and never leave it unattended when it is being filled.Make sure that workers are trained to handle pesticides properly.

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Preparing for an Accidental Spill

To prepare for an emergency involving a pesticide spill: Keep personal protective equipment (PPE) on hand. Keep a spill kit on hand, including:

Absorbent materialA sealable container to hold contaminated material.A shovel to contain and pick up contaminated material.

7/3/2009 Core Ch 9 Pg 182 10

Preparing for an Accidental Spill

Keep a copy of the Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) for each stored pesticide, and the following emergency phone numbers nearby:

Local Dept. of Environment.Fire, police, and ambulance service.Poison control centre.Canutec (613 996 6666)

Know what to do if a spill occurs (see next slide).

Responding to a Spill

If a pesticide spill occurs, you must respond quickly and properly. To put your Emergency Response Plan into action:Assess the hazards.Take steps to protect yourself and others from exposure to the spilled pesticide.Put on proper personal protective equipment.Remove any victims. Call 911 if required.

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If the spill is inside a storage area, ventilate.Keep people and animals away from the spill area. Follow personal safety practices (e.g., do not smoke, eat, or drink during cleanup activity).Check the pesticide label and MSDS for instruction on containing the spill. Cover a liquid spill with absorbent material (vermiculite or pet litter).

7/3/2009 Core Ch 9 Pg 183 12


Never try to wash away a spilled pesticide using water.If cleanup guidelines are not given on the product label, sweep or shovel contaminated absorbent material into a container lined with a heavy-duty plastic bag. Seal the container and label it with information on the spilled pesticide (trade name, PCP Act number, date of spill).

7/3/2009 Core Ch 9 Pg 183 13

7/3/2009 Core Ch 9 Pg 183 14


Locate the manufacturer’s emergency phone number and call for more information (your local pesticide vendor may be able to help with this). Follow product disposal guidelines. These may be given on the product label or MSDS.If a pesticide spill occurs, you must contact:

PEI Environmental Emergencies 24-hour toll-free number

1-800-565-1633

Pesticide Spill

Any amount of spilled pesticide can pose a hazard.Typically, a spill of less than 20 L or 20 Kg of concentrated product or less than 200 L of a pesticide mixture is considered to be a small spill.An amount greater than this is considered to be a large spill.Large spills are more likely to impact people or animals, or to contaminate property or the environment.

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7/3/2009 Core Ch 9 Pg 186 16

Decontaminating a Spill AreaPesticide residue remaining after cleaning up a spill can still contaminate soil, water, or hard surfaces.To decontaminate soil:Refer to the product label and MSDS. These may provide information for dealing with minor pesticide spills during mixing, loading, transporting, or application.Contact the pesticide manufacturer or the PEI Department of Environment, Energy and Forestry for information on decontaminating soil.

Decontaminating a Spill Area

To decontaminate hard surfaces:Use a small amount of wash water. Use only enough to extract the pesticide. Do not dilute it.Contain the wash water to the contaminated area.Use absorbent material (e.g., pet litter or vermiculite) to collect excess liquid.

7/3/2009 Core Ch 9 Pg 186 17


Work the wash water and degradation agent (solution recommended on the label to speed up product break down e.g., bleach or caustic) into the spill area with a coarse brush or broom. Only use bleach when it is called for on the label.Sweep the used absorbent material into a waste container.

7/3/2009 Core Ch 9 Pg 186 18

7/3/2009 Core Ch 9 Pg 186 19


Seal the waste container, label it (date, PCP Actnumber, and trade name of the spilled pesticide), and store until you are able to properly dispose of it.If you are unsure of how to dispose of the contaminated material, contact the PEI Department of Environment, Energy and Forestry.

7/3/2009 Core Ch 9 Pg 186 20

Decontamination of Cleanup Equipment and PPE

Equipment and PPE used to clean up a pesticide spill must be decontaminated after use.Before removing PPE, wash all of the equipment used in the cleanup (e.g., broom, shovel) with soap and water.Remove and wash goggles, respirator, boots, and coveralls using soap and water.Wash gloves before taking them off.Remove gloves last and then wash hands and face.

7/3/2009 General 21

Proper Glove Removal

Avoid exposure by not touching contaminated glove surfaces.

7/3/2009 Core Ch 9 Pg 187 22

Personal Hygiene

There is always a risk of exposure to a pesticide, even when wearing PPE.Shower and change immediately if clothing becomes heavily contaminated. Do not wait to finish the cleanup activity.Wash hands and face with warm soapy water before eating, smoking, drinking, or changing into street clothes.Take a full shower as soon as possible.

7/3/2009 Core Ch 9 Pg 187 23

Personal Hygiene

If any person involved in the spill or cleanup activity begins to feel sick (e.g., nausea, headache, etc.), take him/her to the nearest hospital at once. Take along:

A clean pesticide label (if possible).The PCP Act number. All medical treatment information on the pesticide label or MSDS.

7/3/2009 Core Ch 9 Pg 189 24

Pesticide Fire EmergenciesFires involving a pesticide can pose a special danger because:Many pesticides are flammable; a few are even explosive.

TDG Safety Marks

Flammable Explosive

Pesticide Fire Emergencies

Some pesticides produce highly toxic fumes when burned.Fumes from a pesticide fire can poison people (e.g., firefighters), animals, or plants.Runoff water from fighting a fire, which can contain pesticide residue, has the potential to contaminate soil, wells, and other water sources.

7/3/2009 Core Ch 9 Pg 189 25

7/3/2009 Core Ch 9 Pg 189 26

Pesticide Fire Emergencies

Three steps are involved when addressing a pesticide fire:

PreventionPreparation Response

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Preventing a FireYou can help to avoid a fire by following these guidelines:Do not use an open flame (welding, burning, cutting) in a pesticide storage facility.Follow national and local fire, building, and electrical codes when locating and constructing a pesticide storage facility.Prevent unauthorized access to a storage facility by securing doors and windows.Do not smoke in, or around, a storage facility.

Preparing for a Fire Emergency

Prepare an Emergency Response Plan to deal with a potential fire.

Keep a list of all stored pesticides and their Material Safety Data Sheets near, but not in, the storage facility.

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Encourage fire department personnel to visit the site (before a fire occurs), or provide them with a list and the exact location of all stored pesticides.Make a site plan showing the location of the storage facility and other hazardous items (e.g., propane tanks, gasoline/diesel tanks, etc.).

7/3/2009 Core Ch 9 Pg 189 29

7/3/2009 Core Ch 9 Pg 189 30


Post “danger” or “warning” signs at all points of entry to a pesticide storage facility. Keep emergency telephone numbers nearby.Keep a fire extinguisher, approved for fighting chemical fires, near the storage facility. Have a step-by-step plan to respond to a fire. This should tell how to respond, who is to perform each task, and how to contain any runoff water.

7/3/2009 Core Ch 9 Pg 190 31

Responding to a Fire

An Emergency Response Plan should be put to work as soon as an incident occurs. You should:Get away from the fire.Dial 911 at once to notify the fire department.Confirm that all workers and family members are safe.Keep people and animals upwind and away from the fire. This will help to protect them from toxic fumes, runoff, and explosions.

7/3/2009 Core Ch 9 Pg 190 32

Responding to a Fire

Make sure that firefighters know that the structure on fire contains pesticides or application equipment.Give firefighters a list of all pesticides stored in the facility.

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Responding to a FireIf required, make dams or dikes to contain runoff water and to prevent it from getting into waterways, wells, and other environmentally sensitive areas.Report all fires involving pesticides to the:

PEI Environmental Emergency

24-hour toll-free number

1-800-565-1633

Pesticide Theft

In the case of pesticide theft, the owner of the stolen product is liable for any related accident involving the pesticide. To help prevent pesticide theft: Lock the storage facility and install a security system.Ensure adequate outdoor lighting.Limit access to the pesticide storage facility at all times. Secure pesticides when transporting them.

7/3/2009 Core Ch 9 Pg 190 34

Pesticide Theft

If a theft of pesticide occurs, immediately contact the police; the PEI Department of Environment, Energy and Forestry; your insurance company; and your pesticide supplier. Stolen pesticides can be tracked using the supplier’s batch or lot numbers.

7/3/2009 Core Ch 9 Pg 190 35

7/3/2009 1


Training Module 12, Part 2 Emergency Response

7/3/2009 2




7/3/2009 Core Ch 9 Pg 182 3

Learning Objectives

Completing this module will help you to:Prepare and use an emergency response plan.Assess pesticide emergencies and apply first aid. Respond to the variety of emergencies that can occur.

There is a risk of exposure any time a person comes into contact with a pesticide. Anyone who handles, or might be expected to handle, a pesticide must be prepared to respond to an accidental poisoning, burn, spill, or fire.

7/3/2009 Core Ch 9 Pg 198 4

Emergency Response PlanAn incident can occur quickly and without warning. An Emergency Response Plan (ERP) can reduce the impact of a pesticide emergency on human health and the environment. A good plan will identify the steps needed to deal with:

Fire involving a pesticide.Incidents causing personal injury.Spills or incidents during pesticide transport.Vapour and/or odour release.

7/3/2009 Core Ch 9 Pg 198 5

Emergency Response Plan

An Emergency Response Plan will include a:List of contacts and emergency response numbers.List of emergency assistance resources.Site map for the office and storage area.Accurate pesticide inventory.Step-by-step outline of emergency procedures.Record of available emergency equipment and supplies.

Update and review your plan annually. Update and review your plan annually.

7/3/2009 GENERAL KNOWLEDGE 6

Telephone List

List the name and 24-hour telephone numbers for: Owner, managers, and key staff (home and office). All provincial authorities who must be called in case of an emergency.The provincial 24-hour environmental emergency line (1-800-565-1633).Fire, police, and medical assistance (911). Home or business owners near the storage facility.Your insurance agency.

7/3/2009 Core Ch 9 Pg 19 7

Emergency Telephone List

An emergency contact list should be posted near any telephone located in a pesticide handling, mixing, or storage area.

EMERGENCY PHONE NUMBERSDoctor _______________________Fire _________________________ Police ________________________Ambulance ____________________Poison Control Centre____________Environmental Emergencies ______

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Site Map

Prepare a map that locates the pesticide storage structure and all surrounding features.

7/3/2009 Core Ch 9 Pg 198 9

Emergency Response Plan

An Emergency Response Plan will only work if needed equipment and supplies are on hand, and staff are ready to respond.Review the plan annually to ensure all workers are familiar with the location of, and information contained in, the plan.Copies of the plan should be stored in different places, including the cab of each vehicle.Update the plan annually.

7/3/2009 Core Ch 9 Pg 191 10

First Aid

First Aid:Is the means to help stabilize a sick or injured person until medical help arrives.Can prevent further injury and save lives.Cannot take the place of medical help.Should be learned by all staff.

First Aid Procedures for a Pesticide Exposure

Those who work with pesticides should be prepared to deal with chemical-related emergencies. Staff should be trained to administer general first aid procedures for pesticide poisoning, respiratory exposure, exposure to the eyes and skin, and pesticide ingestion.

7/3/2009 Core Ch 9 Pg 191 11

Pesticide Labels and Information on First Aid

The principal source of first aid information is the pesticide label. ALWAYS read the first aid section of the label before handling any pesticide.If someone is working with you, review first aid information with him or her.

7/3/2009 Core Ch 9 Pg 191 12

First Aid Kit

Your emergency supply inventory should include a well-stocked and maintained first aid kit.Keep a first aid kit in the pesticide storage facility, office, and close to any area where pesticides are handled.A list of recommended materials for a first aid kit is provided in Chapter 9 of the Core Manual.

7/3/2009 Core Ch 9 Pg 192 13

Pesticide Poisoning Response

People who work with pesticides should know the symptoms (mild, moderate, or severe) of a pesticide poisoning. They should also know how to properly respond to an incident.Assess the dangerDo not enter a dangerous situation. Protect themselves from injury, before giving treatment to another person.

7/3/2009 Core Ch 9 Pg 191 14

7/3/2009 Core Ch 9 Pg 192 15


Put on protective clothing and equipment. Remove the victim from the contaminated area.(Never move a person if a spinal cord injury is suspected.)

Call, or have a bystander call, an ambulance and/or the Poison Control Centre. Check the victim’s breathing and pulse. If he/she is not breathing, give artificial respiration. (Wear a mask with a one-way valve.)

Remove contaminated clothing.

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Wash any skin exposed to a pesticide with soap and plenty of warm water.Keep the patient quiet, warm, and comfortable and reassure them to minimize shock.

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If possible, supply emergency and medical responders with:

Information on the pesticide involved (e.g., PCP Act number, trade name, concentration).Duration, route, and amount of exposure.Relevant medical history of the victim.

7/3/2009 Core Ch 9 Pg 193 18

First Aid and Routes of Exposure

The first aid to be undertaken will depend on the pesticide’s route of entry. A pesticide can enter the body:Through the lungs (respiratory). Through the eyes (ocular exposure). Through the skin (dermal exposure).Through the mouth (ingestion).

Refer to Chapter 9 of the Refer to Chapter 9 of the Core ManualCore Manual for first for first aid procedures for addressing each of these aid procedures for addressing each of these routes of exposure.routes of exposure.

7/3/2009 Core Ch 9 Pg 193 19

Treatment for Respiratory Exposure

Pesticide vapours and fine droplets can be breathed into the lungs (respiratory exposure). When this happens to another person, act quickly and:Call for medical assistance. Reduce your risk by putting on proper PPE.Move the patient to fresh air.If needed, apply first aid and treat for shock.Attend to the patient until assistance arrives.

Exposure to the Eye

Pesticides can splash into the eye when loading equipment or making an overhead application. Product is then quickly adsorbed into the blood stream, and poisoning can result.Some products are also corrosive and can cause long-term damage to the eye. The pesticide label will provide a warning if the product is an eye irritant.

7/3/2009 Core Ch 9 Pg 194 20

Treatment

If a pesticide enters the eye:Hold the eyelid open and rinse with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes.Follow the first aid instruction on the product label.Call for medical assistance or take the patient to the hospital.

7/3/2009 Core Ch 9 Pg 194 21

7/3/2009 Core Ch 9 Pg 194 22

Exposure to the Skin

The skin, in particular the hands, is the most likely part of the body to come into contact with a pesticide. Exposure to the skin can occur from:Touching contaminated containers or application equipment.Splashing a product on the face when mixing or loading.Rubbing against treated vegetation.

7/3/2009 Core Ch 9 Pg 194 23

Treatment for Dermal Exposure

Remove the patient’s contaminated clothing.Drench the contaminated area with cold water.Call for medical assistance if there is extensive exposure, the product is corrosive, or the patient becomes unconscious.Wash the patient’s skin and hair with soap and water. Clean under the fingernails if this area is contaminated.Give first aid until medical help arrives.

7/3/2009 Core Ch 9 Pg 195 24

Treatment for Chemical Burns

Some pesticides are very corrosive and can burn the skin on contact. Should this happen:Call for medical assistance.Remove contaminated clothing and drench the affected area with plenty of cold water.Do not apply anything to the burned area.Give first aid, as required.

7/3/2009 Core Ch 9 Pg 195 25

Treatment for Ingestion

Accidental ingestion most often occurs as a result of someone placing a pesticide in a container other than the original (e.g., pop can, coffee cup). When this happens:Act quickly and call for medical assistance.Explain exactly what occurred and give medical personnel the Pest Control Product Act number.Provide first aid until medical help arrives.

Read and follow the product label directions for poisoning. First aid directions will state whether to induce vomiting or not induce vomiting. Never give anything by mouth to an unconscious patient.Secure the container of the product swallowed and give it to the medical personnel.

7/3/2009 Core Ch 9 Pg 19 26

7/3/2009 Core Ch 9 Pg 195 27

Inducing Vomiting

Only induce vomiting if:The patient is conscious.The label clearly states “induce vomiting”.You are instructed to do so by the Poison Control Center or medical personnel.

7/3/2009 Core Ch 9 Pg 196 28

Follow Up to a Pesticide Exposure

Anyone poisoned (dermal, inhalation, ocular, or ingestion) by a pesticide should have a full medical assessment.Family members should be advised to watch the victim for recurring symptoms of poisoning. Ensure that they are aware of the acute toxic symptoms as noted on the pesticide label.REMEMBER: First aid is never a substitute for professional medical treatment.

7/3/2009


Training Module 13 Record Keeping

1 1

7/3/2009




2

Learning Objectives

Completing this module will help you to:Understand the importance of keeping thorough records of crop production and pesticide applications.

7/3/2009 Ch 6 Pg 1 3

Keeping accurate records throughout the growing season can allow you to:Improve pest control practices and efficiency.Avoid pesticide misuse.Compare applications made with results obtained.Purchase only needed amounts of pesticides.

7/3/2009 Ch 6 Pg 1 4

Reduce your inventory carry-over.Establish proper use in case of a residue question.Establish proof of use of recommended procedures in case of lawsuits.Plan cropping procedures for next season.Plan pesticide needs for next season.

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Process of Record Keeping

Always carry a pocket notebook to write down information as it happens.Never trust your memory.Later, transfer the recorded information onto your permanent record chart.

7/3/2009 Ch 6 Pg 1 6

Recording Pesticide A

Keep a permanent record of the following information for each pesticide application:Location in the greenhouse (e.g., house number, bench code, etc.).Date and Time of application.Plants treated and target pest.Product, rate, and method.Applicator.Results.

7/3/2009 Ch 6 Pg 1 7

Permanent Application Records

Location ID

Time/D ate

Pest PCP No.

Method Rate Staff Results

TD 345 03/238:03

Thrips 23654 Backpack 6ml/10 0

Bob

RT 12 03/238:45

Thrips 23654 Backpack 6ml/10 0

Bob

7/3/2009 Ch 6 Pg 1 8

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