Pearson Education, Inc., © 2006 THE FEDERALIST ERA: NATIONALISM TRIUMPHANT Chapter 5 Mount Vernon...

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THE FEDERALIST ERA: NATIONALISM TRIUMPHANT

Chapter 5

Mount Vernon photo by Tom Kralidis

http://www.kralidis.ca/misc/pics/gbltbaltphilly020308/

The American Nation, 12e

Mark. C. CarnesJohn A. Garraty

Skim through the reading “First among the Founders”

• Analyze the phrase “Washington was less brilliant than either Hamilton or Jefferson but wiser.”

• What did Washington understand the most that made him wiser?

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BORDER PROBLEMS

Britain:• Withdrew troops from settled portion of

United States• Set up string of seven military posts • British worked to stir up Indian tribes

– Held on to posts because said U.S. failed to live up to treaty terms re: debts and loyalist compensation

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BORDER PROBLEMS

Spain:• Had been co-belligerent but not ally• Won Florida and Gulf Coast region east of

New Orleans• Refused to turn over Natchez which it had

captured during war but was far north of boundary

• 1784 Spain closed the lower Mississippi River to American commerce (soon reopened subject to modest tariff)

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FOREIGN TRADE

• U.S. could now trade directly with Europe– Negotiated a number of commercial treaties– Exclusion from British imperial trade hurt

• British exported large quantities of cheap goods to U.S.

• 1784-1786 U.S. suffering post war depression

• Cash shortage– Effort to give Congress power to pass tariffs

(Rhode Island refused so measure failed)

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THE SPECTOR OF INFLATION

• Depression and unfavorable balance of trade led to pressure to print money and pass debt relief measures

• Before war had dealt with cash shortage by– declaring various staple products to be legal

tender– deliberately overvaluing foreign coins to

discourage their export– making it illegal to ship coins abroad– printing paper currency

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THE SPECTOR OF INFLATION

• After war some states tried to restore credit by imposing heavy taxes and severely restricting new issues of money

• Resulted in lowered prices and wages and cries for debt relief

• A majority of the states printed more money between 1785 and 1786– Successful in South Carolina, New York and

Pennsylvania– Rhode Island unsuccessful

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DANIEL SHAYS’ “LITTLE REVOLUTION”

• Massachusetts legislature determined to maintain sound currency and pay off debt– Levied heavy taxes especially on those with moderate

income– Many farmers lost their farms to foreclosure

• Led to foreclosures • Under leadership of Daniel Shays, rebels

marched on capital to keep supreme court from meeting

• Most well-to-do Americans saw Shays’ Rebellion as liberty gone mad

• They saw the answer as greater authority vested in the central government

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Shays’ Rebellion: 1786-Shays’ Rebellion: 1786-77

Daniel Shays

Western MA

Small farmers angered by crushing debts and taxes.

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Shays’ Rebellion: 1786-Shays’ Rebellion: 1786-77

There could be no stronger evidence of the want of energy in our governments than these disorders.

-- George Washington-- George Washington

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TO PHILADELPHIA, AND THE CONSTITUTION

• March 1785: representatives of Virginia and Maryland,, suggested conference to discuss commerce problems

• January 1786: Virginia legislature sent out formal call for meeting in Annapolis in September—failed

• Alexander Hamilton suggested another meeting to discuss Articles of Confederation

• All but Rhode Island attended meeting in Philadelphia, May 25, 1787

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THE GREAT CONVENTION

• Most delegates agreed– Federal system– Independent state

governments – National government with

limited powers to handle matters of common interest

– Republican government drawing power from the people

– No one group should have unrestricted authority

• Proceedings were secret Madison, James. Painting (bust) by Gilbert Stuart. 148-CC-13-9 National Archives

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THE COMPROMISES THAT PRODUCED THE CONSTITUTION

• May 30, 1787: agreed a national government should be established with separated judicial, executive, and legislative branches

• There remained two big questions: 1. What powers should this national

government be granted?

2. Who should control the national government?

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QUESTION 1

• Relative agreement on governmental powers

– Right to levy taxes and regulate interstate and foreign commerce

– Power to raise and maintain an army and navy and to summon the militia of the states to enforce national laws and suppress insurrections

– States were deprived of right to issue money, to make treaties, and to tax either imports or exports without the permission of Congress

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QUESTION 2

• Large vs. Small– Larger states wanted representation based on

population (Virginia Plan)– Smaller states wanted equal representation

(New Jersey Plan)

• Great Compromise: House of Representatives would have proportional representation (elected by popular vote) and Senate would have equal representation (elected by state legislature)

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QUESTION 3

• North vs. South– North wanted to include slaves for tax purposes– South wanted to exclude them for tax purposes but

include to decide representation in House• Three Fifths Compromise: slaves would count

for both purposes as three-fifths of free people (term slave was not used in Constitution)

• Congress could not outlaw African slave trade before 1808

• Regulation of commerce caused sectional difficulties—banned export taxes to get Southerners to drop their demand that 2/3 both houses be required to regulate foreign commerce

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THE COMPROMISES THAT PRODUCED THE CONSTITUTION

• Constitution signed September 17, 1787– Legislature of two houses

• House of Representatives: represented ordinary citizen, could introduce revenue bills

• Senate seen as advisory council whose consent was required for treaties and major presidential appointments

– Executive branch• President with wide ranging powers• Vice President who presided over Senate

– Judicial Branch• Supreme Court• Inferior courts as necessary

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PRESIDENT

• General responsibility for executing the laws

• Commander in chief of the armed forces

• General supervisor of foreign relations

• Appointed federal judges and other officials

• Could veto any law of Congress (could be overridden by two-thirds majority in both houses)

• Deliver annual “State of the Union” addresses

• Recommend necessary measures

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PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION & COURTS

• Each state would choose electors equal to its representation in Congress

• Electors would meet in own states to vote for two people for president

• If no one got majority, House of Representatives (each state having one vote) would choose president from among leading candidates

• Courts were established to adjudicate disputes and came to exercise right of “judicial review”

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RATIFYING THE CONSTITUTION

• Constitution to be ratified by special state conventions

• When three-fourths of states pass, it would be law• Those who favored Constitution: Federalists; those

against: Anti-Federalists– Federalists: generally substantial individuals, members of

the professions, well-to-do, active in commercial affairs, somewhat alarmed by Revolutionary changes—wanted orderly and efficient government

– Anti-Federalists: more often small farmers, debtors, others who valued free choice over power and resented those who favored latter

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• Agreements: wanted national debt paid off, opposed unstable currency, favored uniform trade policies, wanted to protect states

• Much of opposition disappeared when agreed to add “bill of rights” protecting civil liberties of the people

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1. Delaware ratified December 7, 1787

2. Pennsylvania followed with 2 to 1 majority

3. New Jersey approved unanimously December 18

4. Georgia approved unanimously January 2, 1788

5. Connecticut approved a week later, 128 to 40

6. Massachusetts approved in February in a close vote of 187 to 168

7. Maryland accepted in April, 6 to 1

8. South Carolina approved in May, 149 to 73

9. June 21, 1788, New Hampshire approved 57 to 47

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10.Virginia, vital to success, voted for it 89 to 79 on June 25, 1788

11.New York (third largest state) had anti-federalist majority in convention but Alexander Hamilton (who with John Jay and James Madison wrote Federalist Papers) brilliantly defended Constitution: approved 30 to 27

12.North Carolina ratified in November 1789

13.Rhode Island ratified in May 1790

THE FEDERALIST PAPERS

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WASHINGTON AS PRESIDENT

• Elections January and February 1789

• Congress underway in New York by April

• April 6, George Washington elected President, John Adams elected vice-president (person with second largest number of votes)

• April 30, 1789: Washington sworn in as presidentWashington, George, the Virginia Colonel. Painting (¾

length) by C. W. Peale, 1772. 148-GW-46 National Archives

Inauguration of Washington, by Ramon de Elorriaga

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WASHINGTON AS PRESIDENT

• Did not believe in introducing legislation to Congress

• Believed veto only for unconstitutional laws

• Established precedent for Cabinet• Believed in competent appointees

– Secretary of State: Thomas Jefferson– Secretary of Treasury: Alexander Hamilton– Secretary of War: Henry Knox– Attorney General: Edmund Randolph

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Washington shapes the Executive Branch--Advisors Disagree……………..

Two of the most important advisors were Thomas Jefferson and Alexander Hamilton. They often were in bitter opposition to each other.

Jefferson Hamilton

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CONGRESS UNDER WAY

• By September 1789 Congress had – Created State, Treasury, and War

departments– Passed Judiciary Act of 1789

• establishing 13 federal district courts and 3 circuit courts of appeal

• Setting supreme court justices at 6• John Jay named chief justice by Washington

• Bill of Rights (first 10 amendments) prepared by Congress and ratified

Judiciary Act of 1789

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HAMILTON AND FINANCIAL REFORM

• Tariff Act of 1789– 5% tariff (hemp, glass, and nails subject to higher

tariff)– Heavy tonnage duties on all foreign shipping

• U.S. debt large and credit shaky• Created plan to borrow money to pay all

federal and state debts• Beneficiaries were speculators who had

bought government bonds for pennies on the dollar from farmers, soldiers, and merchants desperate for cash

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• Hamilton’s plan seemed to favor the North– Northern citizens held 4/5 of

national debt– Southern states had mostly

already paid their debt– COMPROMISE: South votes

Yes, capital located on Potomac River

• Plan extremely successful and capital poured in

Hamilton, Alexander. Painting (bust) by John Trumbull. 148-CP-6 National Archives

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NATIONAL BANK

• Hamilton proposed a national bank which – would provide safe storage for government

funds– serve as an agent for the government in the

collection, movement, and expenditure of tax money

– Finance new and expanding business enterprises

– Issue bank notes

• Was to be partly owned by the government, but 80% of $10 million in stock was to be sold to private individuals

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NATIONAL BANK

• First Bank of the United States approved by Congress February 1791

• Washington was not sure it was constitutional– Hamilton argued it was covered by “implied” powers– Jefferson, a strict constructionist, said no– Washington signed the bill

• Difference in positions depended on whether one stressed proper or necessary in clause granting Congress power to pass “all Laws which shall be necessary and proper”

• 1819, Supreme Court backed Hamiltonian stress on “proper”

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• Bank was a big success with bank notes accepted at face value and state chartered banks climbing from 3 in 1791 to 32 in 1801

• 1791 Report on Manufactures called for tariffs, subsidies, and awards to encourage American manufacturing

• Report was set aside though most of tariffs passed in 1792

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THE OHIO COUNTRY: A DARK AND BLOODY GROUND

• Americans moved into Ohio country in large numbers and Indians struck out against them– 1790 Little Turtle defeated General Josiah

Harmar– 1791 Little Turtle defeated General Arthur St.

Clair– Congress authorized a regular army of 5,000

men– By 1792 Indians had driven whites into restricted

areas and frontiersmen blamed British for inciting them and U.S. government for doing nothing

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WHISKEY TAX

• Westerners also upset about government taxes– 8 cents a gallon on whiskey

– Westerners liked to drink and hated tax collectors

– Much of crop became whiskey to avoid high transportation costs

• Resistance was especially strong in western Pennsylvania

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REVOLUTION IN FRANCE

• 1789 French Revolution started

• 1792: war broke out between France and Great Britain & Spain

• What were U.S. obligations under Treaty of 1778?– Required U.S. to defend French West Indies

• April 1793 George Washington issued Declaration of Neutrality

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• Edmond Charles Genet sent to U.S. to seek support which seemed likely since, at least until 1792, Americans were enthusiastic about French Revolution

• Genet landed in April 1793– Began to plan violation of neutrality by

licensing American vessels to operate as privateers and to grant French military commissions to Americans who would attack Spanish and British in North America

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• Genet ignored Washington’s orders to stop illegal activity

• Washington demanded his recall but revolution had evolved and Genet forced to seek asylum in U.S. to avoid guillotine

• U.S. vessels were seized by both sides in European war– British attacks were more damaging because fleet

larger– 1793: British secret orders turned British navy loose

on neutral shipping headed for French West Indies

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• British seized 250 American vessels

• Americans also distressed by continued British presence in Northwest

• Also upset by British restrictions on trade with British West Indies

• To avoid war, Washington sent Chief Justice John Jay to London to arrange settlement

Jay, John. Painting (3/4 length) by Gilbert Stuart. 148-GW-735a

National Archives

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FEDERALISTS AND REPUBLICANS: THE RISE OF POLITICAL PARTIES• Political Parties coalesced around the

differences between Thomas Jefferson and Alexander Hamilton– Jefferson and Madison became nucleus of

Republican Party– Hamilton was nucleus of Federalist party

• Political controversies tended to be personal with each side suspecting the other of attempting to undermine the system

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FEDERALISTS AND REPUBLICANS: THE RISE OF POLITICAL PARTIES

• Among the issues causing divide– Bank of U.S.: Republicans saw as

benefiting a few merchants at expense of agriculture

– French Revolution: with radical Terror, conservative Federalists opposed while shocked Republicans nonetheless defended

– Federalists, in turn, became very fond of Britain

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Disagreements lead to the formation of two political parties

On a sheet of paper –

Contrast the views of Jefferson and Hamilton and their political parties………..

Two Political Parties Form

Hamilton---Federalists

Jefferson---Democratic Republicans

Govt Govt

Constitution Constitution

Economy Economy

Supporters were: Supporters were:

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1794: CRISIS AND RESOLUTION

• Whiskey Rebellion– In western Pennsylvania, tax collectors unable to

collect excise tax– Late July 1794: 7,000 “rebels” converged on

Pittsburgh, threatening to burn the town– Turned away by federal artillery and liberal

dispensation of whiskey– August: Washington mustered 13,000 militiamen

• At same time, Battle of Fallen Timbers: “Mad” Anthony Wayne defeated Indians and opened the way for settlement of the region

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George Washington reviews the troops near Fort Cumberland, Maryland, before their march to suppress the

Whiskey Rebellion in western Pennsylvania

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JAY’S TREATY

• British agreed to evacuate posts in the West• Promised to compensate American ship owners

for seizures in West Indies and to open colonies in Asia to America ships

• No concessions on neutral rights• West Indies provision had so many caveats that

U.S. refused to accept• Jay agreed U.S. would pay pre-Revolutionary

debts owed British merchants• Nothing said about British recompense for

“stolen” slaves

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1795: ALL’S WELL THAT ENDS WELL

• Senate ratified Jay’s Treaty in June 1795

• Marked step toward regularizing relations with Britain and got British out of western forts

• 1790s: Spain had allied with Creek, Cherokee and other southern tribes

• 1795: Spain wanted out of European war so wanted to improve relations with U.S. to protect North American holdings

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1795: ALL’S WELL THAT ENDS WELL

• Treaty of San Lorenzo (Pinckney Treaty)– Named after U.S. envoy to Spain, Thomas

Pinckney– Granted U.S. free navigation of Mississippi

River and right of deposit in New Orleans– Ratified by Senate June 1795

• 12 Ohio Valley Indian tribes signed Treaty of Greenville leading to vast western settlement

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WASHINGTON’S FAREWELL

September 1796 “Farewell Address”• DOMESTIC: deplored partisan

politics and warned against parties

• FOREIGN: warned against permanent foreign political alliances–Temporary alliances OK–Commerce good

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THE ELECTION OF 1796

• Republicans ran Thomas Jefferson

• Federalists considered Hamilton too controversial so chose John Adams for President and John Pinckney to run for Vice President

• Result of Hamilton’s attempt to maneuver in favor of Pinckney was Adams won electoral college 71 to 68 over Jefferson (became vice president)

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THE XYZ AFFAIR

• French were attacking American shipping so Adams sent Charles Pinckney, John Marshall, and Elbridge Gerry to France to negotiate a settlement

• French foreign minister sent an agent (X) to demand a bribe

• He was followed by two additional agents (Y and Z) with same request

• Talks failed and Adams released commissioners’ report in April 1798

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THE XYZ AFFAIR

• Americans were incensed

• Congress– Unilaterally abrogated French alliance– Created Navy Department– Appropriated enough money to build 40 odd

warships and triple size of army– Washington came out of retirement ot lead

forces, Hamilton second in command– U.S. privateers attacked French shipping

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THE ALIEN AND SEDITION ACTS

• June and July 1798: Alien and Sedition Act– Naturalization Act: foreigner had to live in U.S.

14 years, instead of 5, for naturalization– Alien Enemies Act: president had power to

arrest or expel aliens in time of “declared war”– Alien Act: president could expel all aliens he

thought dangerous– Sedition Act: crime to impede any law or

attempt to instigate a riot, to publish or utter any “false, scandalous and malicious” criticism of high government officials

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THE KENTUCKY AND VIRGINIA RESOLVES

• Republicans believed Alien and Sedition Acts violated first amendment rights

• Kentucky Resolution: written by Jefferson– Each state could judge for itself when Constitution

was violated and declare the law unconstitutional

• Virginia Resolution: written by James Madison (similar position)

• France changed mind, Adams sent new ministers, Napoleon drove hard bargain and Franco-American treaties of 1778 were abrogated

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WEBSITES

• George Washington at Homehttp://www.mountvernon.org• George Washingtonhttp://memory.loc.gov/ammem/gwhtml/gwhome.html• Biographies of the Foundershttp://www.colonialhall.com • The Federalist Papershttp://www.law.emory.edu/FEDERAL/federalist • The Continental Congress and the Constitutional

Convention, 1774-1798http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/bdsds/bdsdhome.html

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WEBSITES

• The Constitution and the Amendmentshttp://www.law.emory.edu/FEDERAL/usconst.html • The George Washington Papershttp://www.virginia.edu/gwpapers • Archiving Early Americahttp://earlyamerica.com • Alexander Hamiltonhttp://odur.let.rug.nl/~usa/B/hamilton/hamilxx.htm • The XYZ Affairhttp://ap.grolier.com/article?assetid=0425920-

00&templatename=/article/article.html

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