Family: Fabaceae - WSU...
Transcript of Family: Fabaceae - WSU...
Family: Fabaceae Genus: Phaseolus Species: Phaseolus vulgaris
Related Species
Phaseolus coccineus Scarlet Runner Bean
Related Species
Phaseolus acutifolius Tepary Bean
Related Species
Phaseolus acutifolius Tepary Bean
Related Species
Phaseolus lunatus Lima Bean
U.S. ~50,000 acres California, Delaware, Maryland, Wisconsin Washington: ~3000acres
Related Species
Phaseolus polystachios North American Wild Kidney Bean Thicket Bean
Related Species
Phaseolus sinuatus
Related Species
Phaseolus texensis
Related Species
Phaseolus smilacifolius
Center(s) of Origin
There were originally two centers of origin established for the domestication of the common bean, identified through seed size and cross-incompatability. Mesoamerican – Mexico and Central America - small seeds Andean – Northwestern South America - large seeds
Center(s) of Origin
Debouck et al., 1993 Economic Botany 47(4): 408-423 Isozyme and phaseolin seed protein analyses of wild northern Peruvian and Ecuadorian populations showed that they were intermediate between the Mesoamerican and Andean gene pools.
Center of Origin
Bitocchi et al., 2012 PNAS Mesoamerican origin of the common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is revealed by sequence data. Sequence analysis at 5 nuclear loci – The Ecuador/N. Peru populations and the Andean populations were formed in a bottleneck from separate migrations from the N. Mex mesoamerican population.
Center of Origin Centers of Domestication
Desiderio et al., 2013 Frontiers in Plant Science Chloroplast microsatellite diversity in Phaseolus vulgaris Confirms the mesoamerican origin of the common bean
Green vs Dry Which came first?
It is likely that beans were first eaten as a vegetable, and next as
“dry” bean; in other words, the young pod could have been
consumed before the full mature grain. The reason behind this use
might lay in the antinutritional factors which are often found in dry
grain legumes (such as lectins, antitrypsin factor, HCN precursor,
etc). These antinutritional factors start accumulating into the
developing seed at levels with consequences for human health, in
the second half of seed and pod development. Consuming young
pods 1-2 week old would be less hazardous for human health,
particularly in pre-ceramic context, although with lesser intake of
carbohydrates and proteins. Along this scenario, humans were
following birds that consume young pods or young developing
seeds 1-2 week old; This has been seen with P. vulgaris in both
Guatemala and Peru, and with P. xanthotrichus in Central America.
Green vs Dry Which came first?
On the other hand, the nuña bean, or the
Peruvian “popping” bean also predates
pottery. This bean was grown to maturity
and initially thrown on hot rocks to eat
after “popping”. Ancient beans have been
found in Peru at the Guitarrero Cave and
may have been available 11,000 years ago
(Kaplan and Kaplan, 1988).
Kaplan L, and L.N. Kaplan 1988 Phaseolus in
archeology. In: Gepts P.L. (ed) Genetic resources of
Phaseolus beans. Kluwer Academic Publishers,
Dordrecht. pp 125-142.
NPGS Phaseolus collection
~22,000 accessions from 40 species Phaseolus vulgaris 17024 Phaseolus lunatus 2649 Phaseolus coccineus 699 Phaseolus acutifolius 211 ~170 of the P. vulgaris are classified as snap beans.
Production – Total Beans
• $17 billion annually
• 12th in the world of all fruits and vegetables
• China is the leading producer ($6.2 Billion/19.5 Million tons
• US is #5 with 1.6 million tons
Production – Total(Tons)
1 China 19,566,003 2 India 4,773,002 3 Myanmar 4,299,009 4 Brazil 3,080,796 5 United States 1,657,141
Production – Green Beans (Tons)
1 China 17,852,400 2 Indonesia 960,029 3 India 683,240 4 Turkey 677,691 5 Thailand 336,110 6 Egypt 276,909 7 Spain 182,271 8 Italy 147,805 9 Morocco 147,386 10 Bangladesh 103,980 11 Mexico 103,387 12 Belgium 97,527 13 France 77,867 14 Algeria 66,987 15 Iran (Islamic Republic of) 63,916 16 Greece 61,712 17 United States of America 60,874
We rank 17th in production of fresh green beans with just over 60,000 tons
Production – Dry Beans (Tons)
1 Myanmar 4,297,800 2 India 4,088,420 3 Brazil 3,079,929 4 China 1,719,889 5 United States 1,595,801
United States – Dry Beans
North Dakota 32% Michigan 17% Nebraska 11% Minnesota 9% Idaho 8% Colorado 5% California 5% Washington 4%
Pinto Beans Navy Beans Great Northern Beans Red Kidney Beans Black Beans
Beans and Prevention of Heart Disease
Ajani UA, Ford ES, Mokdad AH.Dietary fiber and C-reactive protein: findings from the National Health and Nutrition Examination survey data. Journal of Nutrition. 2004;134:1181-1185. Anderson JW. Dietary fibre, complex carbohydrate and coronary artery disease. 1995;11(suppl G): 55G-61G. Anderson JW, Gustafson NJ. Hypocholesterolemic effects of oat and bean products. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1988; 48:749-753. Anderson JW, Gustafson NJ, Spencer DB, Tietyen J, et al. Serum lipid response of hypercholesterolemic men to single and divided doses of canned beans. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1990;51:1013-1019. Anderson JW, Hanna TJ. Impact of nondigestible carbohydrates on serum lipoproteins and risk for cardiovascular disease. Journal of Nutrition. 1999;129:1457S-1466S.
Beans and Reduced Cancer Risk
Ribeiro JR, Salvadori DMF. Dietary components may prevent mutation-related diseases in humans. Mutation Research. 2003;544:195-201. Trichopoulou A, Lagiou P, et al. Cancer and Mediterranean dietary traditions. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2001; 9: 869-873. Correa P. Epidemiological correlations between diet and cancer frequency. Cancer Research. 1981;41:3685-3690. Glade MJ. Food, nutrition, and the prevention of cancer: a global perspective. Sponsored by the American Institute for Cancer Research/World Cancer Research Fund, American Institute for Cancer Research, 1997. Nutrition. 1999;15(6):523-526. Fernandes AO, Banerji AP. Inhibition of benzopyrene-induced forestomach tumors by field bean protease inhibitor(s). Carcinogenesis. 1995;16(8):1843-6.
Beans and Diabetes Prevention
Coulston AM, Hollenbeck CB, Liu GC, Williams RA, Starich GH, Mazzaferri EL, Reaven GM. Effect of source of dietary carbohydrate on plasma glucose, insulin, and gastric inhibitory polypeptide responses to test meals in subjects with noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Am J Clin Nutr. 1984;40(5):965-70. Jenkins DJA, Wolever TMS, Jenkins AL, Thorne MJ et al. The glycaemic index of foods tested in diabetic patients: a new basis for carbohydrate exchange favouring the use of legumes. Diabetologia. 1983;24:257-264. Knott RM, Grant G, Bardocz S, Pusztai A, de Carvalho AF, Hesketh JE. Alterations in the level of insulin receptor GLUT-4 mRNA in skeletal muscle from rats fed a kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) diet. Int J Biochem. 1992 ;24(6) :897-902. Pari L, Venkateswaran S. Protective role of Phaseolus vulgaris on changes in the fatty acid composition in experimental diabetes. Journal Med Foods. 2004;7(2):204-209.
12 Key Nutrients
Eat more beans!!!!
Nutrients vary with type
High in Fiber and Protein
High in Lysine
Phytate
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
PI_
31
60
23
PI_
29
88
24
PI_
31
60
24
PI_
31
60
14
PI_
31
60
31
PI_
31
60
16
Dar
k R
ed
Kid
ne
y
W6
_3
09
7
PI_
31
60
19
PI_
31
60
20
Ro
yal R
ed
Kid
ne
y
Bla
ck m
agic
PI_
29
88
22
PI_
31
60
22
PI 3
16
02
9
PI_
31
60
32
PI_
31
60
13
Spe
ckle
d C
ran
ber
ry
PI_
29
88
20
PI_
31
60
17
PI_
31
60
18
W6
_3
10
9
PI_
59
82
67
W6
_3
09
9
Nu
ña
Man
i Ro
ja -
Pe
ru
PI_
31
60
21
Nu
ña
Aro
ma
Gre
at N
ort
he
rn
Pin
k R
oza
PI_
31
60
25
PI_
59
82
69
PI_
59
82
68
Nu
ña
Co
nd
orc
ita
Nu
ña
Fro
nti
na
Neg
ra
PI_
59
82
66
Yan
kee
Nav
y P
ea B
ean
Nu
ña
Plo
ma
Oth
ello
PI_
63
87
92
Nu
ña
Man
i Ro
ja -
Ne
b
PI_
66
16
12
PI_
60
87
07
PI_
66
16
13
Phytate (%)
Anti-oxidants
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Yan
kee
Nav
y P
ea
Be
an
PI_
31
60
25
Gre
at N
ort
he
rn
PI_
63
87
92
Nu
ña
Plo
ma
PI_
31
60
17
W6
_31
09
PI_
31
60
20
PI_
59
82
67
PI_
31
60
18
PI_
31
60
32
PI_
59
82
69
W6
_30
97
PI_
31
60
21
PI_
60
87
07
Nu
ña
Co
nd
orc
ita
PI_
31
60
31
PI_
31
60
19
PI_
66
16
12
PI_
29
88
22
Nu
ña
Fro
nti
na
Neg
ra
PI_
29
88
24
PI_
31
60
22
W6
_30
99
PI_
31
60
24
PI_
31
60
14
PI_
59
82
66
Nu
ña
Ma
ni R
oja
- P
eru
PI_
31
60
13
PI_
31
60
16
Ro
yal R
ed K
idn
ey
Nu
ña
Aro
ma
PI_
66
16
13
Dar
k R
ed
Kid
ne
y
PI_
59
82
68
PI 3
16
02
9
Nu
ña
Ma
ni R
oja
- N
eb
Oth
ello
PI_
31
60
23
Pin
k R
oza
Spec
kle
d C
ran
be
rry
Bla
ck m
agic
PI_
29
88
20
mg
TE/1
00
g
ABTS
Polyphenols
0
50
100
150
200
250
PI_
598
266
PI_
316
017
PI_
661
612
PI_
316
019
PI_
316
025
Nu
ña
Fro
nti
na
Neg
ra
Gre
at N
ort
he
rn
PI_
316
023
PI_
316
016
PI_
316
018
W6
_30
99
Nu
ña
Co
nd
orc
ita
PI_
638
792
PI_
316
024
PI_
598
268
PI_
598
267
Ro
yal R
ed K
idn
ey
PI 3
16
029
PI_
316
014
PI_
316
021
PI_
316
020
W6
_31
09
PI_
298
820
Yan
kee
Nav
y P
ea
Be
an
Nu
ña
Man
i Ro
ja -
Neb
PI_
316
031
PI_
316
032
Nu
ña
Plo
ma
PI_
598
269
PI_
316
022
PI_
608
707
PI_
298
822
Oth
ello
Dar
k R
ed
Kid
ne
y
PI_
661
613
Spe
ckle
d C
ran
be
rry
Nu
ña
Aro
ma
Nu
ña
Man
i Ro
ja -
Pe
ru
PI_
316
013
W6
_30
97
Bla
ck m
agic
Pin
k R
oza
PI_
298
824
mg GAE/100 g Non extractable
Architecture – Type IV
Architecture
Kelly, J.D. 2000. Remaking bean plant architecture for efficient production. Advances in Agronomy 71:109-143.
Architecture
X-Ray mutagenesis used to develop black, navy, pinto, pink and small red bean varieties for production in the Midwest
Diseases of Beans
D.J. Hagedorn D.A. Inglis 1986 Madison, Wisconsin
Bacterial Diseases
Bacterial Brown Spot Pseudomonas syringae pv.syringae
Most economically significant disease of NC US Weed host or debris Copper chemicals Rotation Genetic Resistance
Bacterial Wilt Corynebacterium flaccumfaciens pv. flaccumfaciens
Seed borne, plant debris, surface irrigation Disease free seed Genetic Resistance - PI 325691 is a wild common bean (P. vulgaris) collected 8 miles South of Tzitzio, Michoacán, Mexico
Common Blight Xanthomonas campestris pv. phaseoli
Seed borne, plant debris, wind, rain, insects, people Clean, certified seed, rotation Genetic Resistance
Halo Blight Pseudomonas syringae pv. phaseolicola
Seed borne, plant debris, rain, irrigation Clean, certified seed, rotation, deep plowing Genetic Resistance
Fungal Diseases
White Mold Sclerotinia sclerotiorum
Infects darn near EVERYTHING!!! Seed borne Airborne ascospores Overwintering sclerotia Clean, certified seed, rotation with corn or wheat Some Genetic Resistance Type I, II Growth habit
Anthracnose Colletotrichum lindemuthianum
Seed borne, debris Rain, irrigation Clean, certified seed, Genetic Resistance
Rust Uromyces phaseoli
Wind, insects, animals, and farm implements Genetic Resistance
Root Rots
Fusarium Root Rot Fusarium solani f. sp. phaseoli Pythium Root Rot Pythium spp. Rhizoctonia Root Rot Thanatephorus cucumeris (Rhizoctonia solani)
Virus Diseases
Bean Common Mosaic Virus (BCMV) Marmor phaseoli
Seed borne, weeds, aphids Clean, certified seed, Genetic Resistance
GoldenMosaic Virus (BGMV) Marmor phaseoli
White Flies Moderate Genetic Resistance Control the White Flies
Curly Top Ruga verrucosous
Western States and BC Beet Leafhopper (Russian Thistle, Mustard) Genetic Resistance
Cornell University Vegetable MD Online
http://vegetablemdonline.ppath.cornell.edu/Tables/Bean_GreenTable.html
A table of snap bean cultivars with resistance to various pathogens
Planting
• Trellis Type IV Beans – Leave enough room to walk in between
• Bush types (Type I&II) – 30” row spacing
• Soil temp – 55°F
• 3-4 seeds per ft
• Inoculate??
• 50 – 60 Days to maturity (Fresh) http://www.ag.ndsu.edu/publications/landing-pages/crops/dry-bean-production-guide-a-1133
Fertility
• N 40 lbs/acre Inoculated
• N 70 ibs.acre Uninoculated
• P 40 to O lbs P2O5/acre depending on soil test
• K 50 to O lbs/acre depending on soil test
• Zinc, Iron
Mechanical harvest of snap beans Sweere - One row bean harvester - Oxbo Pixall BH100
Hand Harvesting
Keep your hands clean. Remember that you are handling a food product. The law requires you to wash your hands after each visit to the rest station. Pick all mature pods on the bush before moving on to the next bush. Harvest only those pods that are ready. Leave immature pods for the next harvest. Avoid overfilling your hands; do not squeeze or roll the pods. Do not put trash or cull pods into the container. Never allow harvested pods to remain in the sun.
Post-Harvest Handling http://www.bae.ncsu.edu/programs/extension/publicat/postharv/ag-413-8/
Begin harvesting when moisture has evaporated. Prevents the spread of postharvest diseases Protect from direct sunlight Cool within 1-2 hours Delay Time (hours) Weight Loss (%) 1 2.2 3 2.8 5 10.0
Post-Harvest Handling
Preferred cooling method: .............. Hydrocooling Alternative cooling method: ........... Forced-air cooling Optimum temperature: .................. 37 to 45 F Freezing temperature: .................... 31 F Optimum humidity: ........................ 95% Storage life: ..................................... 5 to 10 days
Grade Standards
Standardization Section AMS, F&VD, Fresh Products Branch U.S. Department of Agriculture P.O. Box 96456, Room 2056-South Washington, DC 20090-6456
Most buyers will only accept US No. 1 or better!
Washington Beans Niche market for fresh shell beans for the Portland area ($6/lb) Growing consumer awareness of health benefits will likely increase demand.
The FAO of the United Nations has declared 2016 as the International
Year of the Pulse!!!!!
Pulse Health Initiative
• $25 Million per year
• Five years
Recipes
http://bean.idaho.gov/recipes/recipes.cfm
Refried beans Baked beans Black bean soup
Black beans Navy Bean Soup
Moroccan Bean and Pepper Stew Feijoada – Brazilian Black Bean Stew
Bean Burritos
Pinto beans Cranberry beans
The Nuña Bean!!!! Washington’s New Snack Food?