Pathways for Motor Control and Learning
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Transcript of Pathways for Motor Control and Learning
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Pathways for Motor Control and Learning
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Spinal Cord: The stretch reflex
Maintain stability
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Spinal Cord: The stretch reflex
Maintain stability
But modifiable: State dependent
e.g., gait, sharpshooter
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Spinal Cord: The stretch reflex
Maintain stability
But modifiable: State dependent
Movement as change between postural states.
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Reflex-like behavior in the right anatomy…. Complex behavior
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Reflex-like behavior in the right anatomy…. Complex behavior
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Central Pattern Generators
Evolutionary Learning
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Rapid modification of “ancient” CPG
Choi and Bastian, 2007
Split-belt
http://www.nature.com/neuro/journal/v10/n8/extref/nn1930-S1.mov
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Rapid modification of “ancient” CPG
Choi and Bastian, 2007
Stance Phase Grey: Fast leg Black: Slow leg
Context-specific adaptation
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Rapid modification of “ancient” CPG
Choi and Bastian, 2007
Split-belt
Hybrid walking: One leg forward and one leg backward
http://www.nature.com/neuro/journal/v10/n8/extref/nn1930-S5.mov
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Descending Signals: Extrapyramidal Pathways
Integration of other sensory signals with spinal mechanisms.
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Subcortical Characters: The Cerebellum
Multisensory (and other) inputs
Descending and ascending output
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Striatum
Globus Pallidus
Subthalamic nucleus
Substantia nigra
Components of the Basal Ganglia
Subcortical Characters: The Basal Ganglia
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Anatomical features:Multisensory/associative input Complex internal circuitry Restricted output
Replication of circuitry
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Motor Cortex
The Cortex: Primary Motor Cortex
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Internal capsule
Pyramidal Tract (corticospinal)
90% Crossed; 10% Uncrossed
Project to motor neurons and spinal interneurons
Origin in M1, premotor, postcentral
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Premotor Cortex
The Cortex: Secondary Motor Areas
Supplementary Motor Area (SMA)
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The Cortex: Association “Motor” Areas (take that vision chauvinists)
Pre-SMA
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Views on hierarchical organization
1. Degree of sensory integrationSpinal mechanisms: Limited to somatosensoryCortex: Polysensory
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Views on hierarchical organization
1. Degree of sensory integrationSpinal mechanisms: Limited to somatosensoryCortex: Polysensory
2. Flexibility: Contextualization of ActionExploiting degrees of freedom
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Views on hierarchical organization
1. Degree of sensory integrationSpinal mechanisms: Limited to somatosensoryCortex: Polysensory
2. Flexibility: Contextualization of ActionExploiting degrees of freedom
3. Abstraction of controlGoal > Action > Movement
e.g., reaching for coffee cup
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Views on hierarchical organization
1. Degree of sensory integrationSpinal mechanisms: Limited to somatosensoryCortex: Polysensory
2. Flexibility: Contextualization of ActionExploiting degrees of freedom
3. Abstraction of controlGoal > Action > Movement
e.g., reaching for coffee cup
4. Other ???
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Motor Learning
Three paradigms:
Force field learning
A: Baseline (null field) B. Force Field C. Initial Perf. D. Late Perf. E. Generated forces, late F. After-effect in null field
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Motor Learning
Three paradigms:
Force field learning
Visuomotor transformations
DEMO
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Motor Learning
Three paradigms:
Force field learning
Visuomotor transformations
examples: displacements, rotations, inversions, reversals (mirror drawing), depth distortions
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Motor Learning
Three paradigms:
Force field learning
Visuomotor transformations
Sequence learning
Serial Reaction Time Task
Press response key corresponding to stimulus position.
Stimuli follow sequence or are chosen at random.
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Motor Learning
Three paradigmsForce field adaptationVisuomotor transformationsSequence learning
Does one term (motor learning) fit all?
How to determine similarities/differences?
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Motor Learning
S&W’s (anti)definition: Adaptation vs. Skills
Adaptation: Retuning of existing competence.
“Regain capabilities in altered circumstances.”
Skill: “Expansion of motor repertoire.”
Force field: Adaptation
Sequence learning: Skill
Visuomotor transformation: ???
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Acquisition:
error type?
on-line vs. knowledge of results
sensory vs. symbolic?
rate of learning?
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Acquisition:error type? rate of learning?
Generalizationlocal or general? transfer?
SRT is symmetric Force field is better right to left VMT may be better left to right (?)
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Acquisition:error type? rate of learning?
Generalizationlocal or general? transfer?
Consolidation:Stability over time?Does learning related task interfere with initial
learning?
Would this be characteristic of skill or adaptation?
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Consolidation in force field learning:
B1: Initial force field
B2: Second force field, learning after delay (consolidation phase)
Time-dependent consolidation.
Always some interference from B2.
Is “control” correct term? Note that in control, there is an intervening force field– the null field of everyday life.
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Motor Learning
Three paradigmsForce field adaptationVisuomotor transformationsSequence learning
Neural systems: Do these tasks engage common regions?