The Motor Pathways SHANDONG UNIVERSITY Liu Zhiyu.
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Transcript of The Motor Pathways SHANDONG UNIVERSITY Liu Zhiyu.
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The Motor Pathways
SHANDONG UNIVERSITY Liu Zhiyu
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(一) Pyramidal System
The motor pathways are concerned with motor function, include pyramidal system extrapyramidal system
It concerned with voluntary movement of the skeletal m. and is composed of two orders of neurons:
upper motor neuron
lower motor neuron
upper motor neuron
lower motor neuron
effector
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The pyramidal system consists of
corticospina tract
corticonuclear tract
upper motor neuron
lower motor neuron
effector
Upper Motor NeuronsUpper Motor Neurons
lie in the motor area of cerebral cortex,
Connect directly or through interneurons to Connect directly or through interneurons to lower motor neuronslower motor neurons, ,
Lower Motor NeuronsLower Motor Neurons
include cranial motor nuclei and motor neurons in anterior horn of spinal cord.
their axons leave the CNS and extend their axons leave the CNS and extend though peripheral nerves to supply skeletal though peripheral nerves to supply skeletal musclesmuscles
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Corticospinal tract
Corticospinal tract
Decussation of pyramid
Lateral corticospinal tract Anterior corticospinal tract
upper motor neuron
Lower motor neuron
upper motor neuron is the Giant pyramidal cells (Betz cells) and other pyramidal cells in superior 2/3 of precentral gyrus and ant. part of paracentral lobule
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1. Corticospinal Tract
Motor neurons of anterior horn
Lateral corticospinal tract
Anterior corticospinal tract
Lower motor neuron is the Motor neurons of anterior horn of spinal cord
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2.Corticonuclear Tract
Giant pyramidal cells and other pyramidal cells in lower 1/3 of precentral gyrus
Genu of internal capsule
Brain stem
Cranial nerves
Cranial motor neuclei
upper motor neuron
lower motor neuron
Skeletal m. of the head ,neck and face.
Corticonuclear Tract
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Bilateral : nucleus of oculomotor n., nucleus trochlear n., motor nucleus of trigeminal n., nucleus of abducent n. ambiguus nucleus, nucleus of accessory n. su
perior part of facial nucleus.
The Corticonuclear tract send out fibers to end
Contralateral: inferior part of facial nucleus
hypoglossal nucleus
facial nucleus
hypoglossal nucleus
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Corticonuclear tract
hypoglossal nucleus and inferior part of facial nucleus receive only the fibers from the contralateral corticonucleal tract.
facial nucleus
hypoglossal nucleus
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The injury of the unilateral corticonuclear tract can usually cause the paralysis of the contralateral glossal m. and facial m. below the palpebral fissure.
The paralysis caused by the injury of the upper motor neuron is c
alled supranuclear paralysis
The paralysis caused by the injury of the lower motor neuron is called the infranuclear paralysis
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infranuclear paralysis
of facial n.
supranuclear paralysis of facial n.
---- the paralysis of facial m. in opposite side below the pelpebral fissure
---- the paralysis of facial m. of same side
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infranuclear paralysis
of hypoglossal n. ----when tongue extend, the apex of tongue inclined to the same side
supranuclear paralysis of hypoglossal n.
----when tongue extend, the apex of tongue inclined to the opposite side
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Effects of Upper and Lower Motor Neuron Damage
UMN damage ( supranuclear paralysis )
LMN damage ( infranuclear paralysis )
Paralysis Spastic Flaccid
Muscle tone Increased↑ Decreased↓
tendon reflexes Increased↑ Decreased ↓
Pathological reflexes Positive ( + ) Negatively ( - )
AmyotrophyNo present Distinctly 明显
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(二) Extrapyramidal System
1. composision : the extrapyramidal System include the
following structures
Cerebral cortex 、 corpus striatum 、 dorsal thalam
us 、 subthalamus 、 red necleus 、 substantia nig
ra 、 pontine neuclei 、 vestibular neuclei 、 cereb
elum 、 reticular formation and the fibers connectio
n among them.
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(二) Extrapyramidal System
2. character
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1 、 The cortico-neosstriated body-dorsothalamus –cortex circuit
2 、 The neostriated body-subsantia nigra circuit
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1. Injury of the internal capsule
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1. Injury of the spinal cord
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3. Upper 、 Lower Motor Neurons
① Upper motor Neurons:
② Lower motor Neurons:
③supranuclear paralysis : hard paralysis
④infranuclear paralysisflaccid paralysis or soft paralysis
,
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