Passive Optical Network (PON): Eco-Friendly Network Infrastructure

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Passive Optical Network (PON):

Eco-Friendly Network Infrastructure

Component, Design, and Topology

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FTTx and Passive Optical Network (PON)

FTTx is a general term used to describe fiber-based access networks where x could be H(ome) if the fibers are terminated at the home of the

subscriber; x could also be B(usiness), if the fibers are terminated at an

office building.

A passive optical network (PON) is a type of FTTx fiber optic network that does not require any active electronics in the field. It is 'passive',

because it doesn't need any active devices nor amplification between

the Optical Line Terminal (OLT) in the central office (CO) and the

Optical Network Unit (ONU) (or Optical Network Terminal (ONT)

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GPON and EPON

EPON is one implementation of Ethernet in the access network as EPON is developed based on Ethernet, it simplifies the interoperability

between metro networks and the Ethernet LANs at the subscribers premises. a 10 Gigabit/s version of EPON is also available.

GPON is developed to meet the growing demand for higher speeds, longer transmission distances, and higher splitting ratios in the access

network. Unlike EPON, which is purely based on Ethernet, GPON is

based on both ATM and Ethernet with the introduction of a new

encapsulation method for data called GPON Encapsulation Method

(GEM). With GEM, GPON can support voice, Ethernet, ATM, leased

lines, and wireless applications.

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Glance at FTTx Technologies

Currently Deployed PON Technologies

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Glance at FTTx Technologies

Next-Generation PON Technologies

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GPON Achictecture on High Rise Building

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GPON Architecture

Single- Stage Architecture Two- Stage Architecture

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Typical Bandwidth Usage

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PON significantly reduces the need for Telco distribution

closets

OLT can (based on 7,000 ports):

Replace up to 8-racks of Ethernet equipment

Elimination of IDF Rooms, Passive Splitters can:

Be located up to 12 miles (20 Km) out

mounted in wall space or plenum space

Fewer or No Telecom Rooms (TR) , ONTs can:

Located up to 3,280 feet (1,000 m) from splitter

Mount on/under desk, in wall or in plenum

PON Eco Friendly Network Infrastructure

1. Floor Space Savings

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Once the equipment energy consumption is totaled, the following formula can be used to calculate cost savings for commercial power

between traditional copper/fiber and PON:

Equipment wattage x 1.1 x 2/1000 = KW

KW x 8760 hrs per year = KWH

Rp 1.500 (Indonesia Average cost per KWH) =Annual energy costs for the equipment


2. Reduced Power Requirement

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Copper Solution example (700 users)

MDF has a router, servers, an analog gateway and a LAN switch

Each floor is equipped with multiple LAN switches and gateways

Combined Watts = 82,368

Combined BTU = 52,948

PON Solution example (700 users)

MDF has the same level 3 WAN router, an Optical Line Terminal(OLT), an edge router, and DC power distribution units

Each floor is equipped with low power consumption Optical Network Terminals (ONTs) at each user and all other equipment is passive

Combined Watts = 24,088

Combined BTU = 41,330



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The results:

PON saves 58,280 watts over copper solution (70%)

PON saves 11,618 BTUs (22%)

Annual electricity cost for copper solution IDR 2.381.094.144

Annual electricity cost for copper solution IDR 696.335.904

Projected annual electricity cost savings IDR 1.684.758.240

Combined Watt Combined BTU Total Electricity Cost / Year Traditional LAN 82,368 52,948 IDR 2,381,094,144 PON 24,088 41,330 IDR 696,335,904 Saving 58,280 11,618 IDR 1,684,758,240



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Eliminating :

Access Switch rack which need switch, power, and battery backup


3. Cable Plant Savings

Traditional LAN Passive Optical Network

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3. Cable Plant Savings


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Reduced Annual Maintenance costs

Yearly Maintenance Agreements

Less active equipment to inspect and maintain


4. Further Reduction :

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Active Optical Network (AON)

Optical Line Termination (OLT)

OLT located on server room or main equipment room if deployed on high rise building.

OLT responsible for the transmission and control bi-directional data traffic across the Optical Distribution Network (ODN)

In downstream direction, from OLT to ONTs/ONUs, OLT will take data, voice, and video into building fiber backbone and distribute them to all

registered ONTs/ONUs through ODN.

In upstream direction, OLT will receive signal from the registered ONUs/ONTs.

OLT equipment usually support multiple PONs. One PON port on OLT can support up to 128 ONUs/ONTs.

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OLT serving 4 PONs each PON serving 128 ONUs/ONTs through 4 unit 1 to 32 Splitter

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Example of OLT which can serve up to 4096 ONTs/ONUs

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Example of OLT which can serve up to 512 ONTs/ONUs for small

commercial building with multi tenant; apartment; hotel

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Optical Network Terminal (ONT) and Optical Network Unit (ONU)

ONT can located on customer premise (unit apartment ; guest room; tenant)

ONU can located on the shaft telecom room and served connection from Public Area Facility (IP-CCTV, BAS automation

Server, Access Control Gateway)

ONT can have multiple output services like : RJ45 port for data/internet/IPTV/IP Telephone; Built-in Wifi; RJ11 port for

Analog telephone; Coaxial for Analog TV (need to install WDM

before OLT side)

Highly recommended for using same brand with OLT for compability issue


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Active Optical Network (AON) Example of Optical Network

Unit (ONU)

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Example of ONT with 4 port RJ45 10/100/1000Mbps

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Example of ONT with 4 port RJ45 10/100Mbps + 2 Port RJ11

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Example of ONT with 4 port RJ45 10/100Mbps + Built in Wifi

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Passive ODN Equipment

Passive Optical Distribution Network (ODN) Equipment consist of

gear and components located between the OLT (active) and the

customer premise (ONT ; active)

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Distribution of Fibers in the ODN

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1. Fiber Optic Cable

This component is mostly costly element in PON Development. There are

three basic cable-installation methods being used :

a. Direct Burial

Cable placed in underground, in direct contact with the soil, this is done

by trenching, plowing, and boring.

b. Duct Installation

Cable placed inside an underground duct network, although the initial

duct installation more expensive than direct-burial installation, the use of

duct makes it much easier to add and remove cables.

c. Aerial Installation

Cables typically installed on poles or towers, above the ground. This Type

of installation commonly used for residential and more affordable than

underground installation

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2. Splitter

Part of the transport media, the splitter enables multiple devices to be

serviced from a single inbound fiber. The passive optical splitter uses a

series of silicon dioxide waveguides to split a fiber from one to two

strands. The amount of outputs in the splitter determines the number of

splits that occur. Approximately -3dB of loss occurs at each split, as

shown here.

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2. Splitter

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Passive ODN Equipment 3. Connector

The most commonly connector used in GPON application is

Simplex SC-APC ( Angled Polished Connector)

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4. Splices

There is Two types splice :

a. Mechanical Splices

Mechanical splices are used to create permanent joints between two fibers

by holding the fibers in an alignment fixture and reducing loss and

reflectance with a transparent gel or optical adhesive between the fibers that

matches the optical properties of the glass. Mechanical splices generally

have higher loss and greater reflectance than fusion splices, and because

the fibers are crimped to hold them in place, do not have as good fiber

retention or pull-out strength.

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Passive Optical Network Distribution

Equipment 4. Splices

There is Two types splice :

b. Fusion Splices

Fusion splicing is the process of fusing or welding two fibers together usually

by an electric arc. Fusion splicing is the most widely used method of splicing

as it provides for the lowest loss and least reflectance, as well as providing

the strongest and most reliable joint between two fibers.

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Equipment

5. Indoor Multidwelling Unit Equipment

Typical Multidwelling Unit Equipment (MDU) architecture to be deployed

a. Fiber Optic

Feeder cable from central office (CO) to Fiber Distribution Hub

(FDH)

Riser Cable from FDH to Fiber Distribution Terminal (FDT) located

in each floor or at Fiber Collector

(FC). Riser cables can be

composed of single fiber per splitter

port or MTP cables.

Drop Cable from FDT to Optical Network Terminal (ONT) located on

Customer unit.

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Equipment



b. Fiber Distribution Hub

Including :

Cabinet, Splice Enclosure Splitter(s) Patch panel(s) Fiber-management elements

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c. Fiber Distribution Terminal (FDT)

FDT Located in each floor serves as the junction between

FDH and the drop cable, it can be connectorized or spliced

d. Fiber Collector (FC)

FC serves as junction point between FDH and FDT.

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MDU Riser Cable Deployment

Comparison

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Transport Media of GPON

1. Pre-terminated (recommended) or field terminated:

Multi-fiber backbone cable assemblies Simplex backbone cable assemblies Simplex horizontal cable assemblies

2. Fiber Optic Splitters (typically 1x16 or 1x32)

Can have redundant input capabilities (2x16 or 2x32)

3. Simplex fiber optic patch cords

4. Fiber optic connectors and couplers Angled Polish Connector (APC) Typically the SC/APC connector is used, but LC connector and UPC

solutions are available

5. Copper patch cords (Category 6 or better recommended)

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Installation Topology

Star/Hierarchical Star Topology

1. Follows traditional hierarchical star

topology and uses common horizontal

distribution methods from an Equipment

Room (ER)/ localized Telecommunications

Room (TR)

2.Uses existing TR located in a dedicated

floor space on every floor

3. Requires longer horizontal cable runs and

less backbone fiber

4. Allows interconnect or cross-connect

methods at the ER/TR location

5. Allows easy access for IT personnel for

any required maintenance, much of which

is centralized away from office spaces

Zone Distribution Topology

1. Allowed per ANSI/TIA standards. Requires

additional design considerations from

hierarchical star

2. Uses telecom enclosures located under

raised floor; in wall; Mounted on open

ceiling space.

3. Requires longer backbone cabling and

shorter horizontal fiber runs (less fiber

cabling)

4. Uses enclosures which may be an added

expense in existing environments or a

lower-cost alternative in new environments

(as opposed to needing a TR)

5. Allows interconnect or cross-connect at the

enclosure location. Provides modularity and

scalability

6. Allows easy access for IT personnel for any

required maintenance, and minimizes the

impact of moves, adds, and changes

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What is a Residential Telecommunications Cabling System?

Residential Cabling System Requirements for FTTx

Central management of

telecommunications systems.

Systems of Voice, Data , TV and

building facilities

Termination of cables into a

single box

The distribution device is

foundation of all devices

A good cabling system allows

flexibility for future expansion

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LexCom Home Central Management Solution


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LexCom Home D5

FTTH

socke

t

ONU from

Telecom

Telecom

lead in

Fiber

Voice

Data

TV

Cat5e

Cat5e/6

Coaxial

RG6


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1 No. Dining Rooms

1 No. Living Rooms

4 Nos. Bed Rooms

1 Nos. Kitchen

Configuration Example

Incoming Lines:

1. CATV

2. Broadband Data / FTTH

3. Telephone

In House Cables:

1. CAT5e/6 for Data &

Telephone application

2. 75 ohm coaxial : RG6 for TV

application

Data Outlet

Telephone Outlet

TV Outlet TV

CHC

TV

TV TV

TV TV

TV

LexCom

Home D5


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Key Physical Parameter Affecting

Network Performance

Loss Budget

Key parameter to calculating loss budget on Passive Optical Network

Fiber Connections :

Splitter, connector, and splices ( insertion loss)

Cables :

Fiber loss (attenuation)

Others :

Safety margin and repairs.

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Channel Attenuation Allowance / Loss budget The ITU-T G.984 standard determines the minimum and maximum channel

attenuation allowed over a maximum distance. ITU-T G.984 GPON Class B+ values

are as follows:

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Example Typical Total Loss Budget Splitter Loss : (Typical) 1: 8 = 10dB ; 1:16 = 12dB ; 1:32 =

16dB

WDM coupler insertion loss typically around 0.7dB to 1.0dB,

Generally used to combined video

signal (1550nm) with data/voice

(1310nm)

Connector and splice losses are typically around 2.0dB to 3.0dB

for complete link from OLT to ONT

Fiber loss equals attenuation multiplied by distance.

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Example of Budget Loss Calculation

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PON Troubleshooting

Passive Optical Network (PON): Eco-Friendly Network Infrastructure

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