Passive Imaging Using SAR and ISAR Technology · Present and Future Perspectives of Passive Radar,...
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Present and Future Perspectives of Passive Radar, 13 October 2017, Nuremberg, Germany
Dr. Piotr Samczyński, Prof. Mateusz Malanowskie-mail: [email protected] e-mail:[email protected]
Passive Imaging Using SAR and ISAR Technology
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Present and Future Perspectives of Passive Radar, 13 October 2017, Nuremberg, Germany
Research Group on Radar Techniques
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Present and Future Perspectives of Passive Radar, 13 October 2017, Nuremberg, Germany
WUT is the largest of 18
Polish technical
universities
Public stateschool
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Present and Future Perspectives of Passive Radar, 13 October 2017, Nuremberg, Germany
Research Group on Radar Techniques
• Radar signal processing
• Signal sampling (ADCs)
• Telecommunication signal processing
• DSP platforms
• Simulation and modeling
• Target tracking
• Image processing
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Present and Future Perspectives of Passive Radar, 13 October 2017, Nuremberg, Germany
Tutorial Agenda
• Short intro to SAR/ISAR imaging (a monostatic case)
• Introduction to passive bistatic radar imaging
• Passive SAR imaging using non-cooperative satellite-based illumination
• Passive SAR imaging using commercial ground based illuminators
• Passive ISAR imaging
• Summary
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Present and Future Perspectives of Passive Radar, 13 October 2017, Nuremberg, Germany
SAR – Synthetic Aperture Radar
Radar mounted on the moving platform
(UAV, aircraft, missile, satellite, etc.)
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Present and Future Perspectives of Passive Radar, 13 October 2017, Nuremberg, Germany
Optical Image
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Present and Future Perspectives of Passive Radar, 13 October 2017, Nuremberg, Germany
Optical Image
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Present and Future Perspectives of Passive Radar, 13 October 2017, Nuremberg, Germany
Optical Image
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Present and Future Perspectives of Passive Radar, 13 October 2017, Nuremberg, Germany
Optical Image
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Present and Future Perspectives of Passive Radar, 13 October 2017, Nuremberg, Germany
SAR Image
(*) M. Caris, S. Stanko, A. Leuther, A. Tessmann, M. Malanowski, P. Samczynski, K. Kulpa, M. Cohen, P. Kovacs, A. C. Papanastasiou, C. Topping, G. E. Georgiou, R. Guraly: “SARape –Synthetic Aperture Radar for all weather penetrating UAV Application”, in Proc.of IRS 2013, vol.1, pp. 41-46, 19-21 June 2013, Dresden, Germany16.(**) M. Caris, S. Stanko, M. Malanowski, P. Samczyński, K. Kulpa, A. Leuther, A. Tessmann, mm-Wave SAR demonstrator as a test bed for advanced solutions in microwave Imaging, Aerospace and Electronic Systems Magazine, IEEE, vol.29, no.7, July 2014, pp.8,15
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Present and Future Perspectives of Passive Radar, 13 October 2017, Nuremberg, Germany
Optical Image
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Present and Future Perspectives of Passive Radar, 13 October 2017, Nuremberg, Germany
SAR - How Does It Work?
range
cro
ss -
ran
ge
Azimuth + Range compression = 2D SAR image
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Present and Future Perspectives of Passive Radar, 13 October 2017, Nuremberg, Germany
SAR - How Does It Work?
Azimuth + Range compression = 2D SAR image
range
cro
ss -
ran
ge
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Present and Future Perspectives of Passive Radar, 13 October 2017, Nuremberg, Germany
SAR - How Does It Work?
Range compression
Slant range resolution:
Relief displacement in slant-range representation:
Relief displacement in slant-range representation:
Ground range resolution:
2
crs
sin hrs
tan hrg
GHz1
cos2
crg cmrg 5,17
30
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Present and Future Perspectives of Passive Radar, 13 October 2017, Nuremberg, Germany
SAR - How Does It Work?
Received signal phase:
)(22)(
trt o
Distance to target:
22 )()( tvRtr
...2
)()(
2
R
tvRtr
Taylor extension:
Received phase:
...
2
)(4)(
2
R
tvRt o
Received frequency:
tR
v
dt
tdtf
22)(
2
1)(
LFM signal
Cross-range compression
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Present and Future Perspectives of Passive Radar, 13 October 2017, Nuremberg, Germany
SAR - How Does It Work?Received frequency:
tR
v
dt
tdtf
22)(
2
1)(
LFM signal
matched filter
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Present and Future Perspectives of Passive Radar, 13 October 2017, Nuremberg, Germany
SAR Processing– Limitations and Practical Difficulties:
R
tvRt o
2
)(4)(
2
Ideal case
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Present and Future Perspectives of Passive Radar, 13 October 2017, Nuremberg, Germany
SAR Processing– Limitations and Practical Difficulties:
Reality
......2
)(4)( 2
2
tt
R
tvtvRt oro
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Present and Future Perspectives of Passive Radar, 13 October 2017, Nuremberg, Germany
SAR Processing– Limitations and Practical Difficulties:
Autofocus techniques are required!
Fully focus image
Blurred image (velocity error)
12
12
...)( 2 ttt o
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Present and Future Perspectives of Passive Radar, 13 October 2017, Nuremberg, Germany
SAR Processing– Limitations and Practical Difficulties:
Autofocus techniques – an overview
Non-parametric:
- Prominent Point Processing (PPP),
- Phase Gradient (PG),
Parametric:
Non-coherent:
- Contrast Optimization (CO)
- MapDrift (MD)
Coherent:
- Phase Difference (PD)
- Shift And Correlate (SAC)
- Coherent MapDrift (CMD)
...
2
)(4)(
2
R
tvtvRt ro
...)( 2 ttt o
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Present and Future Perspectives of Passive Radar, 13 October 2017, Nuremberg, Germany
SAR Processing– Limitations and Practical Difficulties:
2
222
),(
),(),(
yxIE
yxIEyxIEC
CO Autofocus Technique
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Present and Future Perspectives of Passive Radar, 13 October 2017, Nuremberg, Germany
SAR Processing– Limitations and Practical Difficulties:
CO Autofocus Technique
IC = 0.62
IC = 0.74 IC = 0.95
Example:
The higher the Image Contrastthe better the image focus
On courtesy ofProfessor Marco Martorella -University of Pisa
CO Autofocus Technique
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Present and Future Perspectives of Passive Radar, 13 October 2017, Nuremberg, Germany
SAR Processing– Limitations and Practical Difficulties:
MD Autofocus Technique
MD cross-correlation function:
Estimated velocity is determined as:
where:
Estimated acceleration:
t
dttItIr )()()( 21
kkk vvv ~~~1
xfR
vv
PRF
k
k
2~~
REPfN
vv
t
va
)~~(~~ 3,22,1
(*) P. Samczyński, G. Pietrzyk, K. Kulpa, Simple Method for Estimating Along Track Acceleration Using Autofocus Map Drift Algorithm, Proc. of the International Radar Symposium – IRS 2005, 06-08 September, Berlin, Germany, pp.43-47
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Present and Future Perspectives of Passive Radar, 13 October 2017, Nuremberg, Germany
SAR Processing– Limitations and Practical Difficulties:
CMD Autofocus Technique
CMD cross-correlation function:
where:
Estimated velocity (**):
CMD Autofocus Technique
CMD cross-correlation function:
where:
Estimated velocity (**):
t
tf
j
C dtetItIr 2*
21 )()()(
/2 2 obTkf
1
12
2
ˆ
v
R
f
x
vRv
PRF
(*) P. Samczyński, K. Kulpa, Concept of the Coherent Autofocus Map-Drift Technique, Proc. of the International Radar Symposium (IRS 2006), 23-25 May 2006, Cracow, Poland, pp.63-66(**) P. Samczynski: “Super-Convergent Velocity Estimator for an Autofocus Coherent MapDrift Technique”, in IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters, Vol. 9, Issue 2, March 2012, pp. 204-208
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Present and Future Perspectives of Passive Radar, 13 October 2017, Nuremberg, Germany
Short intro to SAR/ISAR imaging(a monostatic case)
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Present and Future Perspectives of Passive Radar, 13 October 2017, Nuremberg, Germany
ISAR – Inverse SAR
Target (e.g. vessel)
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Present and Future Perspectives of Passive Radar, 13 October 2017, Nuremberg, Germany
ISAR – Inverse SAR
Doppler frequency
Frequency resolution
Center of rotation
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Present and Future Perspectives of Passive Radar, 13 October 2017, Nuremberg, Germany
ISAR – Inverse SARSimple ISAR Processing
range (fast time)
azim
uth
(slo
w t
ime)
Dopple
r fr
equency
(*) M. Wielgo, P. Samczyński, M. Malanowski, K. Ndini, K. Kulpa, P. Baranowski, The SARENKA SAR system –Experimental results of ISAR imaging, in Proc. of 15th International Radar Symposium (IRS), 2014, pp.1,4, 16-18 June 2014
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Present and Future Perspectives of Passive Radar, 13 October 2017, Nuremberg, Germany
ISAR – Inverse SARGeometry No. 2
(*) J. S. Kulpa, M. Malanowski, D. Gromek, P. Samczyński, K. Kulpa, and A. Gromek, „Experimental Results of High-Resolution ISAR Imaging of Ground-Moving Vehicles with a Stationary FMCW Radar” in INTL – International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications, PAN, vol. 59, nr 3, 2013, ss. 293-299
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Present and Future Perspectives of Passive Radar, 13 October 2017, Nuremberg, Germany
Introduction to passive bistatic radar imaging
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Present and Future Perspectives of Passive Radar, 13 October 2017, Nuremberg, Germany
Introduction to passive radar imaging
Passive radars:
• ground based PCL system for air surveillance
• technology entering to the maturity stage
New trends in passive radars:
• airborne passive radar applications
• SAR/ISAR mapping – both for ground based and moving systems
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Present and Future Perspectives of Passive Radar, 13 October 2017, Nuremberg, Germany
Illuminators of Opportunity
• Analogue TV (long range, poor signal characteristics)
• FM radio (long range, relatively low resolution, content-dependent)
• DVB-T (medium range, good range resolution, signal conditioning)
• DAB (medium range, good range resolution, not widespread)
• GSM (short range, relatively low resolution)
• DVB-S (very short range, very good range resolution)
• Others (WiFi, WiMAX, GNSS)
• Other radars (ATC, EW, SAR, …)
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Present and Future Perspectives of Passive Radar, 13 October 2017, Nuremberg, Germany
Passive SAR Imaging
• Passive SAR Imaging using non-cooperative sattelite-based illumination
• Passive SAR Imaging using commercial ground based illuminators
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Present and Future Perspectives of Passive Radar, 13 October 2017, Nuremberg, Germany
System Geometry
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Present and Future Perspectives of Passive Radar, 13 October 2017, Nuremberg, Germany
System Geometry
For such geometry the SAR image can be obtained using FFT in cross-range!
For the observation time T, the FFT resolution equals:
This gives cross-range resolution:
This gives maximum cross-range resolution
equals L, Where L is antenna length.
In active SAR radars cross-range
resolution equals L/2.
o
a
dR
v
Tf
1
Tv
Ro
a
aa L
(*) P. Samczynski, K. Kulpa, “Passive SAR imaging using a satellite pulsed radar as an illuminator of opportunity”, in Proc. of IRS 2012, May 23-25, 2012, Warsaw, Poland, pp. 157-161
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Present and Future Perspectives of Passive Radar, 13 October 2017, Nuremberg, Germany
Processing refx measx
Signal parameter estimation
Range compression
Signal Synchronisation
Range migration correction
Geometry correction
CLEAN processing
Cross-range FFT-based compression
Unknown parameters of Tx (PRF, chirp rate, etc.) Signal synchronization Unknown Tx trajectory
Geometry corrections is required
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Present and Future Perspectives of Passive Radar, 13 October 2017, Nuremberg, Germany
Passive SAR Imaging Results
The ASAR Tx (EnviSAT-1) of opportunityWUT C-band Rx, Biebrza, POLAND
Dual channel backward geometry
2011 July 03
(*) P. Samczynski, K. Kulpa, M. Malanowski, P. Krysik, Ł. Maślikowski: „Trial Results on Passive SAR Measurement using the Envisat-1 Satellite as an Illuminator of Opportunity” – w Proceedings on EuSAR 2012 – 9th European Conference on Synthetic Aperture Radar, April 23-26, 2012, Nurnberg, Germany, pp. 291-294
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Present and Future Perspectives of Passive Radar, 13 October 2017, Nuremberg, Germany
Passive SAR Imaging Results
The ASAR Tx (EnviSAT-1) of opportunityRMA C-band Rx, Brussels, BELGIUM
Single channel forward geometry
2012 April 07
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Present and Future Perspectives of Passive Radar, 13 October 2017, Nuremberg, Germany
Passive SAR Imaging Results
The ASAR Tx (EnviSAT-1) of opportunityRMA C-band Rx, Brussels, BELGIUM
2012 April 07
(*) P. Samczyński, K. Kulpa, Ł. Maślikowski, D. Gromek, and V. Kubica: “Challenges in signal processing for passive SAR radars utilizing non-cooperative space-based pulse radars as illuminators,” in Proceedings of NATO Specialist Meeting SET-187, Szczecin, Poland, 13–14 May 2013, p. CD
Single channel forward geometry
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Present and Future Perspectives of Passive Radar, 13 October 2017, Nuremberg, Germany
Passive SAR Imaging Results
2012 April 08 - Envisat services interrupted:
the satellite was unexpectedly lost
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Present and Future Perspectives of Passive Radar, 13 October 2017, Nuremberg, Germany
Passive SAR Imaging Results
referencechannel
measurementchannel
2012 July 19
The TerraSAR-X Tx of opportunityWUT X-band Rx, Biebrza, POLAND
Dual channel backward geometry
(*) L. Maślikowski, P. Samczyński, and M. K. Bączyk: “X-band receiver for passive imaging based on TerraSar-X illuminator,” in Proceedings of 2013 Signal Processing Symposium (SPS) , 5–7 June 2013, Jachranka, Poland
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Present and Future Perspectives of Passive Radar, 13 October 2017, Nuremberg, Germany
Passive SAR Imaging Results
2012 July 19
Optical Image SAR Image Passive SAR Image
(*) P. Krysik, Ł. Maślikowski, P. Samczyński, A. Kurowska, “Bistatic Ground-Based Passive SAR Imaging Using TerraSAR-X as an Illuminator of Opportunity”, in 2013 International Conference on Radar,9-12 September 2013, Adelaide, Australia, ISBN 978-1-4673-5177-5, pp. 39-42
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Present and Future Perspectives of Passive Radar, 13 October 2017, Nuremberg, Germany
Challanges:
include satellite geometry in processing
polarimetry processing
GMTI processing
multistatic passive SAR Imaging using various Tx of opportunity and different scenarios
(*) Ł. Maślikowski, P. Samczyński, M. Bączyk, P. Krysik, K. Kulpa, Passive bistatic SAR imaging – Challenges and limitations, Aerospace and Electronic Systems Magazine, IEEE, vol.29, no.7, pp.23,29, July 2014
Passive SAR Imaging
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Present and Future Perspectives of Passive Radar, 13 October 2017, Nuremberg, Germany
Passive SAR Imaging
• Passive SAR Imaging using non-cooperative satellite-based illumination
• Passive SAR Imaging using commercial ground based illuminators
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Present and Future Perspectives of Passive Radar, 13 October 2017, Nuremberg, Germany
System Geometry
Illuminator: Ground-based DVB-T transmitter
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Present and Future Perspectives of Passive Radar, 13 October 2017, Nuremberg, Germany
System Geometry
Tx to Rx distance can be approximated
(using Taylor series) by:
TxRxTxRx
TxRxTxRxL
vt
L
vtLtl
22
)()(
2
ORxORx
ORxORxL
vt
L
vtLtl
22
)()(
2
Rx to target distance:
Signal phase in reference channel:
)(2)(Re
tlt TxRx
f
Signal phase in reference channel:
))((2)(
tlLt ORxTxO
Surv
Range compression:
dttstss Echofxcorr )()()( *
Re
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Present and Future Perspectives of Passive Radar, 13 October 2017, Nuremberg, Germany
System Geometry
Ground objects are imaged at the distance:
Target Phase:
Distane to target: The Doppler frequency:
)()()( tltlLtR TxRxORxTxOObj
))()((2
)()()(2
)( Re
tltlL
tttR
t
TxRxORxTxO
fSurv
Obj
Obj
)(
)11
(2
1
))(11
(2
1)( 2
TxRxORxTxO
TxRxORx
TxRxORx
Obj
LLL
vtLL
vtLL
tR
vLL
tvLL
tf
TxRxORx
TxRxORx
Dop
)11
(
2)11
(2
)( 2
(*) D. Gromek, P. Samczyński, K. Kulpa, J. Misiurewicz, A. Gromek, “Analysis of Range Migration and Doppler History for an Airborne Passive Bistatic SAR Radar” in Proceedings of IRS 2014, Gdansk, Poland, 16–18 June 2014.
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Present and Future Perspectives of Passive Radar, 13 October 2017, Nuremberg, Germany
Verifications via Experiments
Trial No 1
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Present and Future Perspectives of Passive Radar, 13 October 2017, Nuremberg, Germany
Verifications via Experiments
Trial No 2
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Present and Future Perspectives of Passive Radar, 13 October 2017, Nuremberg, Germany
Verifications via Experiments
TX
Reference
Survillence
Flight direction
Processed area
40 seconds of integration time
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Present and Future Perspectives of Passive Radar, 13 October 2017, Nuremberg, Germany
Verifications via Experiments
TX
Reference
Survillence
Flight direction
Processed area
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Present and Future Perspectives of Passive Radar, 13 October 2017, Nuremberg, Germany
Verifications via Experiments
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Present and Future Perspectives of Passive Radar, 13 October 2017, Nuremberg, Germany
Passive ISAR imaging
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Present and Future Perspectives of Passive Radar, 13 October 2017, Nuremberg, Germany
ISAR - How does it work?Geometry No. 1
Doppler frequency
Frequency resolution
Center of rotation
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Present and Future Perspectives of Passive Radar, 13 October 2017, Nuremberg, Germany
Passive ISAR resultsGeometry No. 1
P. Samczynski, K. Kulpa, M. K. Baczyk and D. Gromek, "SAR/ISAR imaging in passive radars," 2016 IEEE Radar
Conference (RadarConf), Philadelphia, PA, 2016, pp. 1-6
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Present and Future Perspectives of Passive Radar, 13 October 2017, Nuremberg, Germany
ISAR - How does it work?Geometry No. 2
Received signal phase:
)(22)(
trt o
Distance to target:
22 )()( tvRtr
...2
)()(
2
R
tvRtr
Taylor extension:
Received phase:
...
2
)(4)(
2
R
tvRt o
Received frequency:
tR
v
dt
tdtf
22)(
2
1)(
LFM signal
)(trtv
targ
et
flig
ht
path
match filter
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Present and Future Perspectives of Passive Radar, 13 October 2017, Nuremberg, Germany
Pionner work in passive ISAR imaging:• Martorella, M.; Palmer, J.; Homer, J.; Littleton, B.; Longstaff, I.D., "On Bistatic Inverse Synthetic
Aperture Radar," in Aerospace and Electronic Systems, IEEE Transactions on , vol.43, no.3, pp.1125-1134, July 2007
• D. Olivadese, E. Giusti, D. Petri, M. Martorella, A. Capria, F. Berizzi, R. Soleti, “Passive ISAR imaging of ships by using DVB-T signals”, in Proc. of IET International Conference on Radar Systems 2012
• Olivadese, D.; Giusti, E.; Petri, D.; Martorella, M.; Capria, A.; Berizzi, F., "Passive ISAR With DVB-T Signals," in Geoscience and Remote Sensing, IEEE Transactions on , vol.51, no.8, pp.4508-4517, Aug. 2013
• Martorella, M.; Giusti, E., "Theoretical foundation of passive bistatic ISAR imaging," in Aerospace and Electronic Systems, IEEE Transactions on , vol.50, no.3, pp.1647-1659, July 2014
• M. K. Bączyk, P. Samczyński and K. Kulpa, "Passive ISAR imaging of air targets using DVB-T signals," 2014 IEEE Radar Conference, Cincinnati, OH, 2014, pp. 0502-0506
Next step – use an autofocus techniques in passive ISAR imaging
Passive ISAR - Introduction
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Present and Future Perspectives of Passive Radar, 13 October 2017, Nuremberg, Germany
Passive ISAR -System geometryGeometry No. 2
int
0
2* )(
)(),(
tt
c
vf
RM dtec
trtXtXvry
C
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Present and Future Perspectives of Passive Radar, 13 October 2017, Nuremberg, Germany
• Signal acquisition using Commercial-Off-The-Shelf devices
• Seperation of signals from different transmitters
• Clutter cancellation
• Crossambiguity calculation
• CFAR detection
• Bistatic tracking
• Target localization in Cartesian coordinates
and target trajectory estimation
• ISAR processing
Processing Stages
(*) M. K. Bączyk, P Samczyński, K. Kulpa, “Passive ISAR Imaging of air targets using DVB-T signals”, in Proceedings of 2014 IEEE Radar Conference, May 19th-23rd, 2014, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
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Present and Future Perspectives of Passive Radar, 13 October 2017, Nuremberg, Germany
Verifications via SimulationsSimulated targets
MIG-29 A-380
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Present and Future Perspectives of Passive Radar, 13 October 2017, Nuremberg, Germany
Verifications via SimulationsSimulated targets
MIG-29
(B=400MHz)
A-380
(B=400MHz)
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Present and Future Perspectives of Passive Radar, 13 October 2017, Nuremberg, Germany
Verifications via SimulationsSimulated targets
MIG-29
DVB-T illuminator (B=7.8MHz)
A-380
DVB-T illuminator (B=7.8MHz)
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Present and Future Perspectives of Passive Radar, 13 October 2017, Nuremberg, Germany
Passive ISAR image of MIG-29
(real data)
Passive ISAR image of MIG-29
(simulated data)
Passive ISAR – Measured Results
M. K. Bączyk, P. Samczyński and K. Kulpa, "Passive ISAR imaging of air targets using DVB-T signals," 2014 IEEE Radar Conference, Cincinnati, OH, 2014, pp. 0502-0506
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Present and Future Perspectives of Passive Radar, 13 October 2017, Nuremberg, Germany
Autofocusing in Passive ISAR imaging
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Present and Future Perspectives of Passive Radar, 13 October 2017, Nuremberg, Germany
Parametric autofocus
C(ω, R𝑐𝑟𝑣 , δ) = max𝑡
| 𝐼 𝑡, ω, R𝑐𝑟𝑣 , δ |
)𝐼(𝑡, ω, R𝑐𝑟𝑣 , δ) = 𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑣 𝑡 ∗ ℎ(𝑡, ω, R𝑐𝑟𝑣 , δ
𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑣 𝑡 = 𝐴𝑠𝑇(𝑡 − (𝑟𝑅 𝑡 + 𝑟𝑇 𝑡
𝑐))𝑒𝑥𝑝 𝑗
2𝜋
𝜆(𝑟𝑅 𝑡 + 𝑟𝑇 𝑡
ℎ 𝑡 = 𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑣∗ −𝑡
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Present and Future Perspectives of Passive Radar, 13 October 2017, Nuremberg, Germany
Simulations & verifications
Simulated parameterRadius of curvature:R𝑐𝑟𝑣 = 3000 𝑚
target radial speed: ω = 0.02rad
s
center angle: δ0 = −𝑝𝑖/2
estimated initial parameters from Kalman Tracker
ω𝑖 = 0.026 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠,R𝑐𝑟𝑣_𝑖 = 2294 𝑚,
δ𝑖 = −1.5681 𝑟𝑎𝑑.
simulation time - 30 sec.
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Present and Future Perspectives of Passive Radar, 13 October 2017, Nuremberg, Germany
Results
fi
-1.58 -1.575 -1.57 -1.565 -1.56 -1.555 -1.55 -1.545
0.017
0.0175
0.018
0.0185
0.019
0.0195
0.02
0.0205-260
-255
-250
-245
-240
-235
Real parameters:Radius of curvature:R𝑐𝑟𝑣 = 3000 𝑚
target radial speed: ω = 0.02rad
s
center angle: δ0 = −𝑝𝑖
2≈ 1,5708
estimated initial parameters
R𝑐𝑟𝑣_𝑖 = 2294 𝑚
ω𝑖 = 0.026 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠,δ𝑖 = −1.5681 𝑟𝑎𝑑
δ
max𝑡
| 𝐼 𝑡, ω, R𝑐𝑟𝑣 , δ |
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Present and Future Perspectives of Passive Radar, 13 October 2017, Nuremberg, Germany
Next steps: use MapDrift Autofocus
𝑓𝑑(𝑡) ≈1
𝜆𝑣 [cos 𝛿 + cos(α)] + 𝑣2𝑡
sin2 𝛼
𝑅𝑅+sin2 𝛿
𝑅𝑇+3𝑣3𝑡2
2cos 𝛼
sin2 𝛼
𝑅𝑅2 +
sin2 𝛿
𝑅𝑇2
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Present and Future Perspectives of Passive Radar, 13 October 2017, Nuremberg, Germany
Next steps: use MapDrift Autofocus
ISAR image – unfocus image
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Present and Future Perspectives of Passive Radar, 13 October 2017, Nuremberg, Germany
Next steps: use MapDrift Autofocus
Autofocusing and velocity estimation
𝑓𝑑(𝑡) ≈1
𝜆𝑣 [cos 𝛿 + cos(α)] + 𝑣2𝑡
sin2 𝛼
𝑅𝑅+sin2 𝛿
𝑅𝑇+3𝑣3𝑡2
2cos 𝛼
sin2 𝛼
𝑅𝑅2 +
sin2 𝛿
𝑅𝑇2
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Present and Future Perspectives of Passive Radar, 13 October 2017, Nuremberg, Germany
Next steps: use MapDrift Autofocus
Autofocusing and velocity estimationISAR image – after autofocus
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Present and Future Perspectives of Passive Radar, 13 October 2017, Nuremberg, Germany
Summary
• Passive SAR/ISAR – still a lot of challenging have to be solvedAn autofocus is one of such a challange…
• Successful verification of the passive SAR/ISAR imaging
• Potential possibility of ground, sea and air target classification
• Enhance functionality - cooperation of active and passive sensors
• Further research is required
• Multiple receivers for passive SAR/ISAR imaging purposes…
and narrowband passive SAR/ISAR imaging
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Present and Future Perspectives of Passive Radar, 13 October 2017, Nuremberg, Germany
Thank you for your attention!!