PASS Objectives Content Standard 2.2 A sorting and recombination of genes in reproduction results in...
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![Page 1: PASS Objectives Content Standard 2.2 A sorting and recombination of genes in reproduction results in a great variety of possible gene combinations from.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062320/56649d0c5503460f949df977/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
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PASS Objectives Content Standard 2.2
A sorting and recombination of genes in reproduction resultsin a great variety of possible gene combinations from the offspring of any two parents.
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Gregor Mendel - 8 min
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Mendel studied 7 characteristics
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A segment of DNA controlling a trait
Any of severalalternative formsof a gene
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A segment of DNA controlling a trait
Any of severalalternative formsof a gene
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A gene that masksthe effects of another
A gene whose effectis masked by the dominant gene
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A gene that masksthe effects of another
A gene whose effectis masked by the dominant gene
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A trait for which thegenes of the pairare identical
A trait for which thegenes of the pairare different
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A trait for which thegenes of the pairare identical
A trait for which thegenes of the pairare different
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The genetic makeupof an organism
The external appearance of an organism
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The genetic makeupof an organism
The external appearance of an organism
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An offspring from parentswith different traits.
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The traits of the offspringare a combination of the
traits of the parents.
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DIFFERENT
SAME
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DIFFERENT
SAME
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DIFFERENT
SAME
genes are different -what kind of trait?
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DIFFERENT
SAME
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DIFFERENT
SAME
genes are alike -what kind of trait?
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DIFFERENT
SAME
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The 64 words of the language of genetics
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Which color is dominant - Red or White?
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pink is a BLENDof red & white
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Probability - 7 min
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Humans reproduce in
relatively small numbers.
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Most plantsand animalsreproduce in LARGE numbers.
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If you flip a coinonly 4 times - you may getfour heads.
heads - 100%tails - 0%
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If you flip a coin400 times - you WILL getvery close to:
heads - 50%tails - 50%
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A Punnett Squareis a tool usedto predict thepossible offspringof a genetic cross.
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Use a capital case first letter of the dominant trait torepresent the dominant gene
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Use a capital case first letter of the dominant trait torepresent the dominant gene
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Use a small case of theSAME letter to represent the recessive gene
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Use a small case of theSAME letter to represent the recessive gene
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Heterozygous Red Parent
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The possible genesfrom one parentgo here.
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The possible genes from theother parent go here.
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Drawthe
squares.
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Fill inthe
letters.
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These arethe genes
(genotypes)
possiblein the
offspring.
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1 out of 4are RR
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2 out of 4are Rr
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1 out of 4are rr
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Gametes
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Gametes
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GameteCombinations
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1/4 are RR
1/2 are Rr
1/4 are rr
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3/4 are Red
1/4 are white
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3/4 are Red
1/4 are white
Remember, it only takes ONE dominant gene for that trait to show...
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3/4 are Red
1/4 are white
but BOTH genes must be recessive for thattrait to show.
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In certain trees, smooth barkis dominant over wrinkled.
Cross two trees that are heterozygous for smooth bark.
If there are 100 offspring produced, how many will have wrinkled bark?
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What are the genotypes of the parents?
In certain trees, smooth barkis dominant over wrinkled.
Cross two trees that are heterozygous for smooth bark.
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In certain trees, smooth barkis dominant over wrinkled.
Cross two trees that are heterozygous for smooth bark.
S s X S s
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How do we begin to draw the Punnettsquare?
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S s
S
s
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S s
S
s
SS Ss
Ss ss
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S s
S
s
SS Ss
Ss ss
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S s
S
s
SS Ss
Ss ss
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S s
S
s
SS Ss
Ss ss
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S s
S
s
SS Ss
Ss ss
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S s
S
s
SS Ss
Ss ss
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S s
S
s
SS Ss
Ss ss
This is the Punnett squarefor the cross.
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S s
S
s
SS Ss
Ss ss
What do we need to know?
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S s
S
s
SS Ss
Ss ss
Which square is wrinkled bark?
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S s
S
s
SS Ss
Ss ss1/4
wrinkled
How do we use this to answer the question?
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S s
S
s
SS Ss
Ss ss1/4
wrinkled
25 out of 100 will havewrinkled bark.
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In flying purple people eaters, one-horn is dominant and no-horn is recessive.
Draw a Punnett square showing the cross between two heterozygous one-horn flying purple people eaters.
Use H for one-horn and h for no-horn.
![Page 95: PASS Objectives Content Standard 2.2 A sorting and recombination of genes in reproduction results in a great variety of possible gene combinations from.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062320/56649d0c5503460f949df977/html5/thumbnails/95.jpg)
What are the genotypesof the parents?
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What are the genotypesof the parents?
H h X H hNow draw the Punnett square.
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H h
H
h
HH Hh
Hh hh
H = one-horn h = no-horn
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In flying purple people eaters, one-eye is dominant and no-eye is recessive.
Draw a Punnett square showing the cross between two heterozygousone-eye flying purple people eaters.
Use E for one-eye and e for no-eye.
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What are the genotypesof the parents?
![Page 100: PASS Objectives Content Standard 2.2 A sorting and recombination of genes in reproduction results in a great variety of possible gene combinations from.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062320/56649d0c5503460f949df977/html5/thumbnails/100.jpg)
What are the genotypesof the parents?
E e X E eNow draw the Punnett square.
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E e
E
e
EE Ee
Ee ee
E = one-eye e = no-eye
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The probability of independent events occurring together is the PRODUCT of the probabilities of the individual events.
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If two heterozygous one-eye, one-horn flying purple people eaters are crossed, what fraction of the offspring will be no-horn, no-eye flying purple people eaters?
![Page 104: PASS Objectives Content Standard 2.2 A sorting and recombination of genes in reproduction results in a great variety of possible gene combinations from.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062320/56649d0c5503460f949df977/html5/thumbnails/104.jpg)
If two heterozygous one-eye, one-horn flying purple people eaters are crossed, what fraction of the offspring will be no-horn, no-eye flying purple people eaters?
Use the 2 squares you have and the product rule to answer the question.
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How manyare no-horn?
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1/4 will be no-horn
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1/4 will be no-horn
How many areno-eye?
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1/4 will be no-horn
1/4 will be no-eye
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1/4 will be no-horn
1/4 will be no-eye
Using the product rule - 1/4 X 1/4 = 1/16
1 out of 16 will be no-horn, no-eyeflying purple people eaters.
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r w
r
w
rr rw
rw ww
What's wrong with this Punnett square?
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r w
r
w
rr rw
rw ww
A Punnett square with no capitalletters show incomplete dominance.
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Dominance is incomplete in tulips.
What color are the offspringwhen a homozygous red tulipis crossed with a homozygous white tulip?
![Page 114: PASS Objectives Content Standard 2.2 A sorting and recombination of genes in reproduction results in a great variety of possible gene combinations from.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062320/56649d0c5503460f949df977/html5/thumbnails/114.jpg)
Use the small case firstletter of each trait torepresent the genes.
r = redw = white
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r r
rr X ww w
w
rw rw
rw rw
All the offspring are PINK.
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What color are the offspring when two pink tulips are crossed?
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r w
rw X rw r
w
rr rw
rw ww
1/4 red1/2 pink1/4 white
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QuickTime™ and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
![Page 122: PASS Objectives Content Standard 2.2 A sorting and recombination of genes in reproduction results in a great variety of possible gene combinations from.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062320/56649d0c5503460f949df977/html5/thumbnails/122.jpg)
QuickTime™ and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
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Genes for sex-linkedGenes for sex-linked
traits are located on traits are located on
the the X chromosomeX chromosome..
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Colorblindness is aColorblindness is a
sex-linked trait -sex-linked trait -
located on the Xlocated on the X
chromosome.chromosome.
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The gene for normalThe gene for normal
color sight is Xcolor sight is XCC..
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The recessive gene for The recessive gene for
colorblindness is Xcolorblindness is Xcc..
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What would be theWhat would be the
genotype for a genotype for a
colorblind female?colorblind female?
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What would be theWhat would be the
genotype for a genotype for a
colorblind female?colorblind female?XXccXXcc
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What would be theWhat would be the
genotype for a genotype for a
colorblind male?colorblind male?
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What would be theWhat would be the
genotype for a genotype for a
colorblind male?colorblind male?XXccYY
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This female would haveThis female would have
normal vision but normal vision but
would be a "carrier"would be a "carrier"
of the colorblind gene.of the colorblind gene.
XXCCXXcc
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A S e x - L i n k e d T r a i t
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Traits are influenced Traits are influenced
by sex hormones...by sex hormones...
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but located on abut located on a
chromosome otherchromosome other
than a sex than a sex
chromosome.chromosome.
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QuickTime™ and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
"Male-pattern baldness"Male-pattern baldnessis a sex-influenced trait.is a sex-influenced trait.
![Page 136: PASS Objectives Content Standard 2.2 A sorting and recombination of genes in reproduction results in a great variety of possible gene combinations from.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062320/56649d0c5503460f949df977/html5/thumbnails/136.jpg)
QuickTime™ and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
Hair loss in women is usually aHair loss in women is usually ageneral thinning all over the scalp.general thinning all over the scalp.
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Traits controlled by
the additive effect of
multiple alleles.
![Page 140: PASS Objectives Content Standard 2.2 A sorting and recombination of genes in reproduction results in a great variety of possible gene combinations from.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062320/56649d0c5503460f949df977/html5/thumbnails/140.jpg)
It IS even possible for
more than one pair of
genes to have an
effect on the same trait.
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Bell Curve
Average Value
Extreme
Value
Extreme
Value
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Average Height
Short Tall
![Page 143: PASS Objectives Content Standard 2.2 A sorting and recombination of genes in reproduction results in a great variety of possible gene combinations from.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062320/56649d0c5503460f949df977/html5/thumbnails/143.jpg)
Shorter LongerSame
short or long index finger
![Page 144: PASS Objectives Content Standard 2.2 A sorting and recombination of genes in reproduction results in a great variety of possible gene combinations from.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062320/56649d0c5503460f949df977/html5/thumbnails/144.jpg)
Fold your hands together by interlocking your fingers.
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Which thumb is on top?
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Dominant - L_ Recessive - ll
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Dominant - S_ Recessive - ss
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Dominant - T_ Recessive - tt
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Dominant - W_ Recessive - ww
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unattached attachedDominant - E Recessive - ee
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Dominant - D_ Recessive - dd
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Dominant - F_ Recessive - ff
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Male
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Male
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Female
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Marriage Line
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Offspring Line
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Sibling Line
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Oldest child
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Oldest child
Youngest child
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Shows the trait in question
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Does not show the trait in question
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Carries the trait butdoes not show it
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QuickTime™ and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
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No Widow's Peak
No Tongue-rolling
Attached Ear Lobes
Hitch-hiker'sThumb
Pick a RECESSIVE trait that YOU have
Right-thumbed
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Write your name and the trait you are using at the top of
the paper.
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Color in YOUR square or circle on the chart
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Take your pedigree chart home tonight and check the people on the
chart that you can actually see.
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Put a question mark in the squares or circles for those you do not see.
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Bring your completed pedigree chart to class tomorrow.
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Does A food taste the same to everyone?
QuickTime™ and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
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QuickTime™ and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
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WHY?
QuickTime™ and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
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QuickTime™ and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
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1. Taste plain paper the control
2. Taste PTC paper describe the taste
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Phenylthiocarbamide (PTC)is a chemical produced by plants like cabbage, broccoli,Brussel sprouts, turnips,and kale.
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70% of the U.S. populationdetects at least some bitterness when they taste PTC.
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TT - very bitter
Tt - slightly bitter
tt - non-taster
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Tasters show a greatersensitivity to a widerange of tastes...
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including bitter, sweet,and oral irritants such as capsaicin in chili pepper
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Non-taster and tasterstatus has clearimplications for one'sperception of taste of a wide range of foods.
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Genetic Engineering
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Genetic Engineering
the application of molecular genetics for a practical purpose.
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Recombinant DNA is a combination of DNA from two or more sources.
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One of the best applicationsof recombinant DNA todayis the production of insulin.
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The human gene forinsulin productionis isolated from a human cell.
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The human gene isthen inserted intobacteria DNA.
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The recombinant DNAis inserted into abacterial cell.
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When the bacteria cellreproduces, all of itsoffspring will havethe human gene.
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Eventually, Trillions of bacteria cells are producing human insulin.
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Vats of bacteria producing insulin
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You want another one just like HIM?!!
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The nucleus (DNA) is removed froman egg cell.
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The nucleus (DNA) from abody cell isinserted intothe empty egg cell.
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A structuresimilar to a fertilized egg cell isproduced.
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The cell beginsto divide and produce an embryo.
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Eventually producinga complete organism.
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QuickTime™ and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
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Doctor,I believe your
cloning protocols are wrong!
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Eugenics, altering gene pools to improve the traits in human populations, was a thriving science inthe 1930's.
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Why isn't eugenicsaround today?
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Why isn't eugenicsaround today?
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Who is the father of modern genetics?
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Who is the father of modern genetics?
Gregor Mendel
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How many pea traits did he follow?
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How many pea traits did he follow?
7
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What theory did WalterSutton propose in 1903that supported Mendel'sideas about traits?
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chromosome theory
What theory did WalterSutton propose in 1903that supported Mendel'sideas about traits?
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A ___ is a segment ofDNA controlling a trait.
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gene
A ___ is a segment ofDNA controlling a trait.
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A gene that masks theeffect of another is ___
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dominant gene
A gene that masks theeffect of another is ___
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A gene whose effect ismasked is ___
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recessive gene
A gene whose effect ismasked is ___
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A trait for which thegenes of the pair areidentical
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homozygous trait
A trait for which thegenes of the pair areidentical
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A trait for which thegenes of the pair aredifferent
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heterozygous trait
A trait for which thegenes of the pair aredifferent
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The genetic makeupof an organism
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genotype
The genetic makeupof an organism
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The external appearanceof an organism
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phenotype
The external appearanceof an organism
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An offspring fromparents with different traits
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hybrid
An offspring fromparents with different traits
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Genes are combination of___ (a number) DNA basescalled codons.
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3
Genes are combination of___ (a number) DNA basescalled codons.
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The passing of traits fromone generation to the next
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heredity
The passing of traits fromone generation to the next
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A Punnett square is basedon mathematical ___
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probability
A Punnett square is basedon mathematical ___
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Capital letters on aPunnett square represent
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dominant genes
Capital letters on aPunnett square represent
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A Punnett square withno capital letters tells you
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neither gene is dominant
A Punnett square withno capital letters tells you
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What is the name of across involving onlyone trait?
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monohybrid cross
What is the name of across involving onlyone trait?
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What letters go here?
X
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What letters go here?
rr
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Genes for sex-linked traitsare located on the ___chromosome.
![Page 245: PASS Objectives Content Standard 2.2 A sorting and recombination of genes in reproduction results in a great variety of possible gene combinations from.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062320/56649d0c5503460f949df977/html5/thumbnails/245.jpg)
X
Genes for sex-linked traitsare located on the ___chromosome.
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Sex-influenced traits aredifferent in each sexbecause of ___
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sex hormones
Sex-influenced traits aredifferent in each sexbecause of ___
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Traits controlled by theadditive effects ofmultiple alleles are called ___ traits.
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polygenic
Traits controlled by theadditive effects ofmultiple alleles are called ___ traits.
![Page 250: PASS Objectives Content Standard 2.2 A sorting and recombination of genes in reproduction results in a great variety of possible gene combinations from.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062320/56649d0c5503460f949df977/html5/thumbnails/250.jpg)
A chart tracing the historyof a trait through severalgenerations.
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pedigree chart
A chart tracing the historyof a trait through severalgenerations.
![Page 252: PASS Objectives Content Standard 2.2 A sorting and recombination of genes in reproduction results in a great variety of possible gene combinations from.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062320/56649d0c5503460f949df977/html5/thumbnails/252.jpg)
Males are represented by
![Page 253: PASS Objectives Content Standard 2.2 A sorting and recombination of genes in reproduction results in a great variety of possible gene combinations from.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062320/56649d0c5503460f949df977/html5/thumbnails/253.jpg)
Males are represented by
![Page 254: PASS Objectives Content Standard 2.2 A sorting and recombination of genes in reproduction results in a great variety of possible gene combinations from.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062320/56649d0c5503460f949df977/html5/thumbnails/254.jpg)
females are represented by
![Page 255: PASS Objectives Content Standard 2.2 A sorting and recombination of genes in reproduction results in a great variety of possible gene combinations from.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062320/56649d0c5503460f949df977/html5/thumbnails/255.jpg)
females are represented by
![Page 256: PASS Objectives Content Standard 2.2 A sorting and recombination of genes in reproduction results in a great variety of possible gene combinations from.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062320/56649d0c5503460f949df977/html5/thumbnails/256.jpg)
Why is this square colored in?
![Page 257: PASS Objectives Content Standard 2.2 A sorting and recombination of genes in reproduction results in a great variety of possible gene combinations from.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062320/56649d0c5503460f949df977/html5/thumbnails/257.jpg)
He has the trait in question.
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Why is this circle half-colored in?
![Page 259: PASS Objectives Content Standard 2.2 A sorting and recombination of genes in reproduction results in a great variety of possible gene combinations from.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062320/56649d0c5503460f949df977/html5/thumbnails/259.jpg)
She is a carrier.
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Which is the oldest child?
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The first one on the leftis always oldest.
![Page 262: PASS Objectives Content Standard 2.2 A sorting and recombination of genes in reproduction results in a great variety of possible gene combinations from.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062320/56649d0c5503460f949df977/html5/thumbnails/262.jpg)
The application ofmolecular genetics fora practical purpose.
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genetic engineering
The application ofmolecular genetics fora practical purpose.
![Page 264: PASS Objectives Content Standard 2.2 A sorting and recombination of genes in reproduction results in a great variety of possible gene combinations from.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062320/56649d0c5503460f949df977/html5/thumbnails/264.jpg)
A combination of DNAfrom two or more sources.
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recombinant DNA
A combination of DNAfrom two or more sources.
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Who is the father of modern genetics?
![Page 267: PASS Objectives Content Standard 2.2 A sorting and recombination of genes in reproduction results in a great variety of possible gene combinations from.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062320/56649d0c5503460f949df977/html5/thumbnails/267.jpg)
Who is the father of modern genetics?
Gregor Mendel