Lecture 4

What is Part of Speech?A part of speech is a category of words with different grammatical functions.There are 8 parts of speech in the English Language Noun, Pronoun, Verb, Adjective, Adverb, Preposition, Conjunction and Interjection.Each part of speech explains not what the word is, but how the word is used.

By how word is used? Why? The same word can be of a certain part of speech in one sentence/contextA different part of speech in another context.E.g Noun Verb/Adjective

How the word is used?Same word, different functionExample1: Cook a) Sharon bought a cook book. (Adj) b) My mother is a good cook. (Noun) c) She is trying to cook his favourite dish. (Verb)

Other examples:1. Amy has just bought a book. (Noun) Do you want to book your flight ticket? (Verb)

2. We are swimming in the lake. (verb) Swimming is a good hobby. (Noun)

3. Group 2 will present their topic in front of class today. (verb) Will you be buying her a present for her birthday? (noun)

4. Drink more water. It is good for your body. (verb)Im thirsty. Buy me a drink. (noun)

1. NounFunctions : to name a person, animal, place, thing, idea or concept, emotion and timePerson ~ doctor, smuggler, employerAnimal ~ whale, elephant, horsePlace ~ path, beach, jungleThing ~ flag, clock, flowerIdea / concept ~ democracy, universeEmotion ~ depression, happinessTime ~ year, week, hour

Common & Proper Nouns Common nouns are general names. Proper nouns are the names of specific people, animals, places, publications, movies, things, time. Person ~ Mr Lim, Hamdan, Tony Place ~ Penang, Kedah, Title ~ Readers Digest, Titanic Thing ~ Panasonic, Proton Wira Time ~ Tuesday, February

Concrete & Abstract NounsConcrete nouns - can be measured and perceived. Examples: Car, River, Rainbow

Abstract nouns - emotions, concepts, and qualities. Examples:concept ~ death, religionemotion ~ fear, excitement, joy, lovequality ~ intelligence, beauty, obedience

Compound nouns2 or more words that forms a single unit. The new unit - different meaning from the individual meaning of the words.Can be written as separate words, hyphen or as a single word.

Compound NounExample:key + board = keyboard

Other examples:swimming + pool = swimming poolball + room = ballroom brother + in + law = brother-in-law

Collective NounsUsed to name a number of people, things or animal as a whole.Ex: a) People - a band of musiciansa team of football players

Collective NounsEx: b) Things -a _____________ of picturesa ____________ of beads

Collective NounsEx: c) Animals -a _____________ of chickensa ____________ of bees

More Collective NounsPeople a) a class of: pupils, students b) a company of: actors, soldiers c) a galaxy of: beautiful girls, film stars d) a gang of: prisoners, robbers, thievesThings a) an album of: photographs, stamps b) a book of: exercises, notes c) a bunch of: flowers, bananas, keys d) a bundle of: old clothes, firewood, hay

More Collective NounsAnimals a) a cloud of: fish, insects, flies, locusts b) a flock of: birds, geese, sheep c) a litter of: puppies, kittens, piglets d) a nest of: mice, ants, rabbits e) a herd of: deer, elephants, goats

Countable & Uncountable NounsCountable nouns - nouns that can be counted. Eg. weekend, Monday, tree, dollar, bus Uncountable nouns are those cannot be counted.Eg. rain, oxygen, wind, furniture, money, sand

Try this out Westlakes residential area comes with standard furniture for all students a closet, a bed, a table and a chair.

Proper Noun WestlakeCommon noun area, students, closet, bed, table, chairConcrete noun students, closet, bed, table, chairCountable noun students, closet, bed, table, chairUncountable noun area, furniture

Count the nounsThe Harry Potter novels revolve around Harry Potter, an orphan who discovers that he is a wizard. Wizard ability is inborn, but children are sent to wizarding school to learn the magical skills necessary to succeed in the wizarding world. Harry is invited to attend the boarding school called Hogwarts, School of Witchcraft and Wizardry. Each book chronicles one year in Harry's life, and most of the events happen at Hogwarts. As he struggles through adolescence, Harry learns to overcome many magical, social and emotional hurdles.

2. PronounA word which refers or replaces a noun or another pronoun. must match the number and gender of the nounHave the same functions as nouns: They may act as a) subjects and subject complements b) direct or indirect objects c) objects of prepositions. The noun that a pronoun refers to is called the antecedent of the pronoun. In the sentence George wrote the essay in class and typed it later the noun essay is the antecedent of the pronoun it.

What is Subject The person or thing which performing the verb/action. Example: He complained about his new job.He = Pronoun as subject.

What isSubject complements A noun / adjective / pronoun that follows a linking verb.Example 1: It was he who won the match last night. It = subject; was = linking verb; he = pronoun as subject complement.

Example 2: Remember the amazing guitarist I met? This is she.This = subject; is = linking verb; she = subject complement.

What isObject A noun/pronoun that is being acted on by a verb/preposition. Example: Please pass it to her. it = direct objecther = indirect objectDirect object receives direct action from the subject.Indirect object receives secondary action from the subject.

Identify the direct and indirect object from the sentences:Elsie gave her son a car.

Mrs. Anderson wrote Dave a letter.

Identify the direct and indirect object from the sentences:Elsie gave her son a car.Mrs. Anderson wrote Dave a letter.

Answer:

indirect objectdirect objectElsie gaveher sona car.Mrs. Anderson wroteDavea letter.

Identify the direct and indirect object from the sentences:Elsie gave a car to her son.

Mrs. Anderson wrote Dave a letter.

Identify the direct and indirect object from the sentences:Elsie gave her son a car.Mrs. Anderson sent a letter to Dave.

Answer:

direct objectindirect objectElsie gavea carto her son.Mrs. Anderson senta letterto Dave.

What is The object of preposition The noun/pronoun which follows a preposition. Example: She sits near it. He walked behind them. The boy stands between us.

2. Pronouns Pronouns can replace nouns or other pronouns. It can be classified into several types: personal pronouns, demonstrative pronouns, interrogative pronouns, indefinite pronouns, relative pronouns, and reflexive pronouns.

Personal Pronouns

NumberPersonGenderPersonal pronounsSubjectObjectsingular1stmale/femaleIme2ndmale/femaleyouyou3rdmalehehimfemalesheherneutralititplural1stmale/femaleweus2ndmale/femaleyouyou3rdmale/female/neutraltheythem

Demonstrative PronounsA demonstrative pronoun represents a thing or things:near in distance or time (this, these) far in distance or time (that, those)

Interrogative PronounsWe use interrogative pronouns to ask questions. The interrogative pronoun represents the thing that we don't know (what we are asking the question about). There are four main interrogative pronouns: who, whom, what, whichPossessive pronoun whose can also be an interrogative pronoun.

Interrogative Pronouns

subjectobjectpersonwhowhomthingwhatperson/thingwhichpersonwhose(possessive)

Interrogative PronounsWho, Whom or Whose?________ pencil is this?________ did he talk to when he was in the cinema?________ sent you the invitation card?

Interrogative Pronouns:Who, Whom, WhoseWho subject (do the action)Whom object (receive the action)Whose possessive (tell us the person something belongs to)

Examples:Who invites you to the party?Whom did he invite to his party?Whose camera is this?

Relative PronounsA relative pronoun is a pronoun that introduces a relative clause. It is called a "relative" pronoun because it "relates" to the word that it modifies. Here is an example:The person who phoned me last night is my teacher. In the above example, "who":- relates to "person", which it modifies - introduces the relative clause "who phoned me last night" There are five relative pronouns: who, whom, whose, which, that

Relative PronounsWho (subject) and whom (object) are generally only for people. Whose is for possession. Which is for things. That can be used for people and things and as subject and object in defining relative clauses.

Relative PronounsWho, Whom, Whose, Which, ThatThe girl who is talking to Jason was his course mate. The man whom I met in London last month is one of my business partners. That is my uncle whose son is a lawyer. This is the camera which he bought. This is the camera that I mentioned the other day.

Relative PronounsWho, Whom, Whose, Which, ThatThe doctor ______ is on duty was my fathers classmate. That is my classmate ________ I talked to when I was on my way to Singapore. That is my classmate ________ sister is the Manager of this company.The guy ________ I dated 2 months ago is now my best friends husband. This is the fruit stall ________ I was talking about the other day.

Reflexive Pronouns We use the reflexive pronouns to indicate that the person who realizes the action of the verb is the same person who receives the action.

SubjectReflexiveSingularI You He She It myself yourself himself herself itselfPluralWe You Theyourselvesyourselvesthemselves

Indefinite PronounsAn indefinite pronoun does not refer to any specific person, thing or amount. It is vague and "not definite". Some typical indefinite pronouns are:all, another, any, anybody/anyone, anything, each, everybody/everyone, everything, few, many, nobody, none, one, several, some, somebody/someone

Count the number of indefinite pronounsThis is a little story about four people named Everybody, Somebody, Anybody, and Nobody. There was an important job to be done and Everybody was sure that Somebody would do it. Anybody could have done it, but Nobody did it. Somebody got angry about that because it was Everybody's job. Everybody thought that Anybody could do it, but Nobody realized that Everybody wouldn't do it. It ended up that Everybody blamed Somebody when Nobody did what Anybody could have done.

3. VerbThe most important part in a sentence. Verb - express actions, events, or states of being. The verb is the critical element of the predicate of a sentence. Example 1:Dracula bites his victims on the neck. The verb "bites" describes the action Dracula takes.

Auxiliary VerbThe most common auxiliary verbs (helping verbs) are "be", "do", and "have". Auxiliary verbs are used together with a main verb to give grammatical information. To be:

Examples:1. She is talking to her best friend. (aux)2. We were making apple pie. (aux)3. She is very hardworking. (main)4. We were residents here. (main)

Present tense formPast tense formam/is/arewas/were

Auxiliary VerbTo have:

Examples:1. She has spoken to her brother regarding this. (aux)2. I had waited for 6 hours. (aux)3. She has a brother who is a doctor. (main)4. I had a dream last night. (main)

Present tensePast tensePast participleHas / havehadhad

Auxiliary VerbTo do:

Examples:1. She does realize her mistake. (aux)2. I did make that careless error. (aux)3. She does her homework. (main)4. I did my job well. (main)

Present tensePast tensePast participledo / doesdiddone

Modal Auxiliary VerbsExample: will, would, shall, should, can, could, may, might, must, etc.

SubjectModal auxiliary verbPrimary auxiliary verb(s)Main verbObjectSarahcan-singoperaYoushouldhave beenwatchingthe baby

State of being verbs are often called linking verbs because they link the subject of the sentence with information about it. Examples:is / am / arewas / were SUBJECTPREDICATEState-of-being verbs

The teacher is tall. In this sentence, is links the teacher to the information about her - the fact that she is tall. That is her state of being.

This candy tastes so sweet. In this sentence, tastes links candy to information about it - its sweetness. Did you think taste was an action verb? Well, it is - when the subject is doing the tasting. But here, the candy isn't doing any tasting. The candy itself tastes sweet. That is its state of being.

Action VerbsExplode! Scream! Sneeze! Type! Kick! What are these words doing? They are expressing action, something that a person, animal, force of nature, or thing can do. As a result, we call these words action verbs

Action VerbsExample 1:In the library and at church, Michele giggles inappropriately.Giggling is something that Michele can do.

Example 2: Carlos watched pretty women in skimpy bikinis parading on the beach.Watching is something that Carlos can do.

How many verbs can you spot in this? The Greek sea god, Proteus, was (like the sea) capable of changing form in an instant. In order to get any decent information out of him, you had to grab him and hold on tight while he went through his various forms lion, wild boar, snake, tree, running stream it wasn't easy. The verb To be is said to be the most protean of the English language, constantly changing form, sometimes without much of a discernible pattern. Considering that we use it so often, it is really too bad that the verb To be has to be the most irregular, slippery verb in the language.

4. AdjectiveFunctions : to modify a noun or a pronoun by describing, identifying, or quantifying words. In other words, adjective tells us more about a noun.

Examples: big, heavy, wonderful, sad, delicious, foolish, expensive, imported

Possessive AdjectivesWe use possessive adjectives to show who owns or "possesses" something. The possessive adjectives are:my, your, his, her, its, our, their

Possessive Adjectives

numberpersonpossessive adjectiveexample sentencesingular1stmyThis is my book.2ndyourI like your hair.3rdhisHis name is "John".herHer name is "Mary".itsThe dog is licking its paw.plural1stourWe have sold our house.2ndyourYour children are lovely.3rdtheirThe students thanked their teacher.singular/plural1st/2nd/3rdwhoseWhose phone did you use?

Demonstrative AdjectivesThe demonstrative adjectives "this", "these", "that", "those", and "what" are identical to the demonstrative pronouns, but are used as adjectives to modify nouns or noun phrases.Example:When the librarian tripped over that cord, she dropped a pile of books. In this sentence, the demonstrative adjective "that" modifies the noun "cord" and the noun phrase "that cord" is the object of the preposition "over.

Interrogative AdjectivesAn interrogative adjective ("which" or "what") is like an interrogative pronoun, except that it modifies a noun or noun phrase rather than standing on its own.Examples: 1(a) Which car was involved? (Interrogative Adjective - modifies car)1(b) Which is your favourite? (Interrogative Pronoun) 2(a) What book are they reading? (Interrogative Adjective - modifies book)2(b) What is your hobby? (Interrogative Pronoun)

Indefinite AdjectivesAn indefinite adjective is an adjective formed from an indefinite pronoun. The most common indefinite pronouns are: all, any, anyone, anything, each, everybody, everyone, everything, few, many, nobody, none, one, several, some, somebody, and someone.When used as adjectives, these are known as "indefinite adjectives".

Indefinite AdjectivesExamples: 1(a) There are several in the safe room. (indefinite pronoun) 1(b) There are several people in the safe room. (indefinite adjective) 2(a) I have seen some in the cupboard. (indefinite pronoun) 2(b) I have seen some cartridges in the cupboard. (indefinite adjective)

Indentify the AdjectivesSome people like to watch scary movies. My brother too. This week he plans to watch a Korean horror movie called The Wig. He is not faint-hearted.

Circle the adjectives in the paragraph.

However, if you are using several adjectives to describe facts about the same thing, then use the following sequence:

Comparatives

Superlatives

Telling Pronouns and Adjectives apartPronouns are used to replace a noun. Adjectives are used to describe/modify a nounPronouns are usually followed by be-verbs/auxiliary verbs. Adjectives are usually followed by nouns.

Exercise:Demonstrative (This/that, These/those)This book is the one Ive lost two years ago. This is the book Ive lost two years ago.

Interrogative (What, Which)Which mamak stall is your favourite in Kampar? Which is your favourite mamak stall in Kampar?

Indefinite (all, another, any, each, every, few, many, one, several, some )The exams are really tough. Many have tried. Few lived to tell the tale. The exams are really tough. Many students have tried. Few students lived to tell the tale.

Find the adjectivesThe Harry Potter novels revolve around Harry Potter, an orphan who discovers that he is a wizard. Wizard ability is inborn, but children are sent to wizarding school to learn the magical skills necessary to succeed in the wizarding world. Harry is invited to attend the boarding school called Hogwarts, School of Witchcraft and Wizardry. Each book chronicles one year in Harry's life, and most of the events happen at Hogwarts. As he struggles through adolescence, Harry learns to overcome many magical, social and emotional hurdles.

Just for the fun of itDefense of the Ancients (DotA) is a custom scenario for Warcraft III. The objective of the scenario is for each team to destroy the opponents' ancient, heavily guarded structures at opposing corners of the map. Players use powerful units known as heroes, and are assisted by allied heroes and AI-controlled fighters called "creeps". As in role-playing games, players level up their hero and use gold to buy equipment during the mission.

Indentify the part of speech of the words in blue in the sentencesDon't talk like that. Sally and Tom are coming back soon. Some would like to try. This is a pretty vase. Let's do it. Many customers complained about her attitude. New York is a big city. These students are smart. I want the blue ball. What am I going to do without you? He will come. She is the most intelligent child in the class.Please pass the English textbook to me. This is my favourite song.

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