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PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF CEMENT USING GGBS & NATURAL
SAND USING MANUFACTURED SAND (M-SAND) IN HIGH
PERFORMANCE CONCRETE
Arthika B1, Maheshwari K2, Azhagumuthu M3
1Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering,
Vels Institute of Science, Technology & Advanced Studies, Chennai, Tamilnadu 2Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, St.Joseph’s institute of technology, Chennai, Tamilnadu
3Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Sri Ramanujar Engineering College, Chennai, Tamilnadu
[email protected], [email protected], [email protected]
Abstract
Behavior of concrete when the GGBS and M-sand is partially replaced in place of cement and fine aggregate respectively and compare the
results with conventional concrete. In recent days the demand for river sand is increasing due to its lesser availability. Hence the practice of
replacing river sand with M-Sand is taking a tremendous growth. It is also inferred from the literature that replacement of normal sand with M-
Sand produces no appreciable increase in compressive strength due to the variation in the pore size of concrete at micro level. This paper
presents the optimization of fully replacement of manufactured sand by natural sand with nano silica in high performance concrete. The ordinary
Portland cement is partially replaced with nanosilica by 0.75% and natural sand is fully replaced with manufactured sand. The studies reveal that
the increase in percentage of partial replacement of nano silica increased the compressive, tensile and flexural strength of concrete.
Keywords: Compressive Strength, Tensile Strength, Flexural Strength, Manufacturing Sand, Ground Granuateled Blast Furnace Slag, etc.
I. INTRODUCTION
Communities around the world rely on concrete as a safe, strong and simple building material. It is used in all types of
buildings (from residential to multi-story office blocks) and in infrastructure projects (roads, bridges, etc). Despite its widespread
use, many people are unaware of the considerations involved in providing high quality, strong, durable concrete. Concrete Basics
provides a clear, concise explanation of all aspects of making quality concrete from the Materials and Properties involved through
Planning, Preparation, Finishing and Curing. Concrete Basics addresses the needs of unskilled and semi-skilled persons
undertaking general concreting projects including home and handyman projects. Concrete Basics also assists owner builders in the
supervision of construction a general understanding of these terms will help to facilitate communication within the building
industry. Concrete Basics will help to generate a higher standard of workmanship on site and facilitate better communication
among construction workers, builders, engineers, building surveyors, architects and anyone interested in understanding the
processes involved in making quality concrete.
II. NEED FOR AN ALTERNATIVE MATERIAL
A concrete using cement alone as a binder requires high paste volume, which often leads to excessive shrinkage and large
evolution of heat of hydration, besides increased cost. An attempt is made to replace cement by a mineral admixture like ground
granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) and silica fume in concrete mixes to overcome these problems. Increasing the performance
of concrete with the partial replacement of mineral admixture using GGBS along with chemical admixture eliminates the
drawbacks besides enhancing durability characteristics. High cost is the dominating factor of convectional construction material
which is affecting the housing system. As an alternative method to overcome this drawback which is decreasing the strength of
building, it is necessary to make research on any alternating materials which will decrease the cost and increase the strength of
concrete. Fine aggregate and coarse aggregate are the important ingredients in concrete. Due to demand of aggregates there is a
need of alternative materials. Lot of materials are available that can be used as an alternative material in concrete. Some of the
materials are copper slag, natural fibres, carbon fibre, steel fibre, ceramic tiles, and plastics. Waste materials from industries also
used as an alternative material in concrete. Materials such as GGBS, flyash, silica fumes, quartz RHA (rice husk), coconut fibre
ash also used.
JASC: Journal of Applied Science and Computations
Volume V, Issue XII, December/2018
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III. SCOPE
• To provide an economical concrete.
• Characteristics of M-sand ,grain size distributions
• To be easily adopted in construction field.
• To use the wastes in useful manner.
• To reduce the demand of cement.
• To improve the durability of the concrete.
• To reduce the cost of the construction
IV. OBJECTIVE
• Replace the conventional concrete with the partial replacement of cement by GGBS(ground granulated blast furnace slag)
• 50% replacement of river sand is replaced with M-sand, with reference to (Adams Joe M et al. (2013))
• Finding the optimum level of percentage of usage of GGBS in place of sand
• To effectively use the construction waste.
• To study the effective utilization of pozzolanic material in concrete by conducting the following tests.
Compressive strength
Flexural strength
Split tensile strength
V. EXPERIMENTAL STUDY
5.1 Material Characterization
5.1.1 Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBS)
Ground-granulated blast-furnace slag (GGBS or GGBFS) is obtained by quenching molten iron slag (a by-product of iron and
steel-making) from a blast furnace in water or steam, to produce a glassy, granular product that is then dried and ground into a fine
powder. Iron ore, coke and limestone are fed into the furnace, and the resulting molten slag floats above the molten iron at a
temperature of about 1500ºC to 1600ºC.
The molten slag has a composition of 30% to 40% silicon dioxide (SiO2) and approximately 40% CaO, which is close to the
chemical composition of Portland cement. After the molten iron is tapped off, the remaining molten slag, which mainly consists of
siliceous and aluminous residues, is then rapidly water- quenched, resulting in the formation of a glassy granulate. This glassy
granulate is dried and ground to the required size which is known as ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS). The production
of GGBS requires little additional energy compared with the energy required for the production of Portland cement. The
replacement of Portland cement with GGBS will lead to a significant reduction of carbon dioxide gas emission. GGBS is therefore
an environmentally friendly construction material. It can be used to replace as much as 80% of the Portland cement when used in
concrete. GGBS concrete has better water impermeability characteristics as well as improved resistance to corrosion and sulphate
attack.
Fig 5. 1. Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag Fig 5. 2 Manufactured Sand
JASC: Journal of Applied Science and Computations
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ISSN NO: 1076-5131
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As a result, the service life of a structure is enhanced and the maintenance cost reduced. High volume eco-friendly
replacement slag leads to the development of concrete which not only utilizes the industrial wastes but also saves significant
natural resources and energy. This in turn reduces the consumption of cement. When it used in concrete, it make concrete has
good workability, high strength, and good durability. the tables are presented below for various mixes
Table5. 1. Mix Details of various mixes
Type of mix Binder (%) Fine aggregate (%) Coarse aggregate (%)
Cement GGBS River sand M sand 20 mm 12 mm
Control Mix(M) 100 0 100 0 50 50
M1 90 10 50 50 50 50
M2 80 20 50 50 50 50
M3 70 30 50 50 50 50
M4 50 50 50 50 50 50
M1- GGBS 10%& M-sand 50% ,M2- GGBS 20% & M-sand 50%, M3- GGBS30% & M-sand 50% , M4- GGBS 50% & M-sand
50%
Fig 5.3 Compression test on cube Fig 5.4 Ultimate stage in cube
Table 5.2 Compressive strength for different mixes at 14 days
Type of Mix
Load(KN) Compressive
strength (Mpa) Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3
Average
M(Control Mix) 951.175 837 855
881.05 39
M1 945.9 970.4 990.7
969 43
M2 925 910.7 915
916.9 40.75
M3 832 808 825
815 36.2
M4 698.4 690.3 710.4
699.7 31.09
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Fig 5.5 Compressive Strength for different Mixes at 14 Days
Table 5.3 Compressive strength for different mixes at 28 days
Type of Mix
Load(KN) Compressive
strength (Mpa) Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3
Average
M(Control Mix) 963 1158 932.4 1017.8 45.23
M1 1138 1115.4 1089 1114.1 49.5
M2 1005.7 1112.9 1098
1072.2 47.65
M3 981 1025 990 998.6 44.3
M4 885 925 915 908.3 40.3
Fig 5.6 Compressive Strength for Different Mixes at 28 Days
From the figures, It is understood that the compressive strength of concrete of M1 (GGBS 10% & Msand 50%) has significantly
increased when compared with conventional concrete. The maximum compressive strength at all ages of testing was obtained at
10%GGBS &50% Msand optimum replacement, corresponding to an increase of 10.25%, 8.84% and11.33% compared to the 14-
days, 28-days and 56-days compressive strength of conventional concrete.
Flexural Test
Specimens of size 100x100x500 are casted and are tested for flexural strength. The flexure test is carried out by subjecting
the beam to two point loading. Maximum fibre stress will be under the point of loading where the bending moment is maximum.
The bed of the testing machine should be provided with two steel rollers on which the specimen is supported.
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Control Mix M1 M2 M3 M4
Str
ess
N/m
m2
compressive strength
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
Control Mix M1 M2 M3 M4
Str
ess
N/m
m2
compressive strength
JASC: Journal of Applied Science and Computations
Volume V, Issue XII, December/2018
ISSN NO: 1076-5131
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Fig 5.7 Flexural Test on Beam
Fig 5.8 Flexural Strength for different Mixes at 28 Days
From figure it is understood that Mix 3(30% GGBS & 50% M-sand) shows higher flexural strength when compared to any other
mixes. It is observed that by adding 30% GGBS & 50% M-sand there is an increase in flexural strength by 75.36 %.
Flexural Behaviour of R.C.C Beam:
The beam of size 1000x100x100mm was kept on the UTM and dial gauges were kept at mid span point. The beams were
tested at an interval of 5 KN each (load stage).The beams were loaded till the failure load is reached. The yielding and breaking
load is also noted. Deflection is measured for a load increment of 5 KN up to failure. Static tests were conducts for determining
the load deflection variations with loading in addition to the evaluation of ultimate load carrying capacity of the test beams. The
figure is shown in
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
Control mix M1 M2 M3 M4
Str
ess
N/m
m2
Flexural strength
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ISSN NO: 1076-5131
Page No:1411
Fig 5.9.Beam setup in Universal Testing Machine
Table 5.4 Load Vs deflection results
S.NO
LOAD(KN)
DEFLECTION(MM)
CONTROL MIX BEAM MIX1(10% GGBS
50% M-sand)
1 5 0.11 0.126
2 10 0.258 0.298
3 15 0.408 0.49
4 20 0.574 0.708
5 25 0.784 0.94
6 30 1.008 1.224
7 35 1.226 1.47
8 40 1.48 1.708
9 45 1.674 1.944
10 50 1.91 2.21
11 55 2.16 2.45
12 60 2.02 2.23
13 65 1.87 2.08
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ISSN NO: 1076-5131
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Fig 5.10 Load Vs deflection curve of R.C.C beam
Table 5.5 Load Vs deflection results
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Control Mix
10% Ggbs &50% Msand
S.NO
LOAD(KN)
DEFLECTION
MIX2(20% GGBS
50% Msand)
1 5 0.142
2 10 0.307
3 15 0.397
4 20 0.678
5 25 0.894
6 30 1.034
7 35 1.427
8 40 1.783
9 45 2.11
10 50 2.58
11 55 2.32
12 60 2.10
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ISSN NO: 1076-5131
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Table 5.6 Load Vs deflection results
Table 5.7 Load Vs deflection results
The maximum breaking load is noted and yielding point starts at 32.7 for control beam whereas 35 KN for Mix 1 beam. A graph
is plotted between load and deflection values. From the results it is observed that there is a slight increase in deflection for the
beam M1 (10% GGBS & 50% M-sand) than the conventional beam.
CONCLUSIONS
Based on the results obtained from experiments, following conclusion is drawn
• Based on the compressive strength results, the maximum compressive strength at all ages of testing was obtained at (M1)10%
GGBS & 50% M-sand optimum replacement, corresponding to an increase of 10.25%, 8.84% and11.33% compared to the 14-
days and 28-days compressive strength of conventional concrete.
• While comparing the split tensile strength results, HPC mix containing 10% GGBS & 50% M-sand (M1) achieved greater split
tensile strength when compared with conventional concrete. High performance concrete mix (M1) has achieved 0.85% higher
value than conventional concrete.
• The flexural strength results have shown that high performance concrete with 30 % GGBS & 50% M-sand (M3) has got highest
flexural strength compared with conventional concrete. The percentage increase in flexural strength is 75.36% higher when
compared with conventional concrete.
• Based on the results, it is observed that there is a slight increase in deflection of the beam M1of 13.42 % than the conventional
beam. From the results it is observed that there is a slight increase in deflection for the beam M1 (10% GGBS & 50% M-sand)
than the conventional beam.
S.NO
LOAD(KN)
DEFLECTION
MIX3(30% GGBS
50% M-sand)
1 5 0.328
2 10 0.562
3 15 0.796
4 20 1.180
5 25 1.489
6 30 1.967
7 35 2.348
8 40 2.72
9 45 3.28
10 50 2.87
11 55 2.41
S.NO
LOAD(KN)
DEFLECTION
MIX4(50% GGBS
50% M-sand)
1 5 0.418
2 10 0.662
3 15 0.985
4 20 1.530
5 25 1.879
6 30 2.340
7 35 2.83
8 40 3.09
9 45 3.42
10 50 3.02
11 55 2.72
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ISSN NO: 1076-5131
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FUTURE STUDY
• A much more extensive study on the properties and behavior of concrete with GGBS and M-sand can be made.
• Investigation may be done for higher grades of concrete and with different water cement ratios with same materials.
• Study on concrete with full replacement of M sand as fine aggregate can be done.
• Further investigation on resistance of concrete with GGBS to attack by sulphates, chlorides, alkali silica reactions, carbonation,
harmful chemicals and resistance to high temperatures can be carried out.
• A broad study can be done on durability characteristics of concrete with GGBS and Manufacturing sand as cement and fine
aggregate replacements.
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ISSN NO: 1076-5131
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