Part II SplanchnologyPart II Splanchnology

Chapter 6 RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

Ⅰ. General Description: * Constituents:

1.Respiratory tract:

nose, pharynx, larynx,

trachea, bronchus, and

its branches

2. Lungs

3. Pleura and plural cavity

* Function:

exchange O2 and CO2

mainly

* (Mediastinum)

Ⅱ. Nose:

1. External nose—

2. Nasal cavity— limen nasi

nasal vestibule

proper nasal cavity

• nasal septum

• lateral wall of nasal cavity

3. Paranasal Sinuses— frontal sinus maxillary sinus sphenoidal sinus ethmoidal sinus

The formation of the nasal septum

The cartilage of nasal septum

The longitudinal plate of ethmoid bone

The vomer

2 Bones,

1 Cartilage,

Nasal mucous membrane:

olfactory region

respiratory region

Ⅱ. Nose: 1.Nasal cavity—

nasal vestibule proper nasal cavity limen nasi

• nasal septum• lateral wall of nasal cavity ---superior, middle and inferior nasal conchae ---superior, middle and inferior nasal meatuses ---the openings of the paranasal sinuses and the nasolacrimal duct

2. paranasal sinuses: frontal sinus maxillary sinus sphenoidal sinus ethmoidal sinus

The openings of the paranasal sinuses

Ⅲ. Larynx 1. Position: It is located at anterior part of neck, in

front of 4~6 cervical vertebrae

2. Framework: It is formed by laryngeal cartilages and

their articulations

Cartilages:

thyroid cartilage

cricoid cartilage

epiglottic cartilage

arytenoid cartilage (paired)

Anterior view posterior view

Thyroid cartilageThyroid cartilage

sup. cornu

inf. cornu

sup. thyroid notch

lamina

anterior angle

Laryngeal prominence

Laminae of thyroid cartilage

Anterior view posterior view

Cricoid cartilage

Arytenoid cartilages

Cricoid arch Cricoid lamina

Muscular processVocal processMuscular process

Vocal process

Epiglottic cartilage

Anterior view posterior view

Articulation: 1. cricothyroid joint: rotate around the coronary axis

2. cricoarytenoid joints: rotate around the vertical axis

3. conus elasticus: free and thicked upper border formed the vocal ligament

4. quadrangular membrane: free lower border formed vestibular ligament

5. thyrohyoid membrane

1

2

5

3

4

Thyrohyoid membrane

Lateral view Lateral view

Quadrangular membrane

Conuselasticus

3. Laryngeal cavity 3 parts: laryngeal vestibule intermediate cavity of larynx infraglottic cavityby 2 fissures— vestibular fissure fissure of glottis

laryngeal inlet vestibular foldvocal foldventricle of larynx

4. Laryngeal muscles: • Posterior cricoarytenoid:

It can open the glottis• Transverse arytenoid, • Oblique arytenoid,• Lateral cricoarytenoid:

They can close the glottis• Cricothyroid,• Posterior cricoarytenoid:

They can lengthen and tense the vocal fold

• Thyroarytenoid: It can relax and shorten the vocal fold

4. Laryngeal muscles: • Posterior cricoarytenoid:

It can open the glottis• Transverse arytenoid, • Oblique arytenoid,• Lateral cricoarytenoid:

They can close the glottis• Cricothyroid,• Posterior cricoarytenoid:

They can lengthen and tense the vocal fold

• Thyroarytenoid: It can relax and shorten the vocal fold

4. Laryngeal muscles: • Posterior cricoarytenoid:

It can open the glottis• Transverse arytenoid, • Oblique arytenoid,• Lateral cricoarytenoid:

They can close the glottis• Cricothyroid,• Posterior cricoarytenoid:

They can lengthen and tense the vocal fold

• Thyroarytenoid: It can relax and shorten the vocal fold

Ⅳ.The trachea and main bronchus:

Bifurcation of trachea