Part 8
description
Transcript of Part 8
![Page 1: Part 8](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062808/568152c4550346895dc0e43a/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Part 8Visceral Function
Regulated by Nervous System
![Page 2: Part 8](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062808/568152c4550346895dc0e43a/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Autonomic Nervous System(ANS) Sympathetic
nervous system Parasympathetic
nervous system
![Page 3: Part 8](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062808/568152c4550346895dc0e43a/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Function of Autonomic Nervous System---Change Visceral Functions
![Page 4: Part 8](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062808/568152c4550346895dc0e43a/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
T1- L2-3
![Page 5: Part 8](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062808/568152c4550346895dc0e43a/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Sympathetic Nerve Preganglionic fiber Postganglionic fiber
![Page 6: Part 8](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062808/568152c4550346895dc0e43a/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Ⅲ、Ⅶ、
Ⅸ、Ⅹ
cranial
nerve
S2-4
Parasympathetic Nerve
![Page 7: Part 8](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062808/568152c4550346895dc0e43a/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Parasympathetic Nerve Preganglionic fiber Postganglionic fiber
![Page 8: Part 8](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062808/568152c4550346895dc0e43a/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Function of autonomic nervous systemSympathetic nervous system
Parasympathetic nervous system
![Page 9: Part 8](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062808/568152c4550346895dc0e43a/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Functional properties of autonomic nervous system
Tonic innervation
Dual innervation to the same effector
Influence by the functional status of effector
Significance to the regulation of physiological function
![Page 10: Part 8](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062808/568152c4550346895dc0e43a/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Central Nervous System Regulation to Visceral Activity
Spinal cord
Lower brain stem
Hypothalamus
Limbic cortex
![Page 11: Part 8](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062808/568152c4550346895dc0e43a/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Spinal Cord Visceral reflexes
Micturition reflexDefecation reflex
![Page 12: Part 8](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062808/568152c4550346895dc0e43a/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Lower Brain Stem Autonomic centers
Cardiovascular
regulatory center
Respiratory center
Pneumotaxic center
![Page 13: Part 8](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062808/568152c4550346895dc0e43a/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Hypothalamus
![Page 14: Part 8](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062808/568152c4550346895dc0e43a/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Vegetative and Endocrine Control Functions of Hypothalamus
Regulation of body temperature
PO/AH (the preoptic area)
Regulation of body waterThirst centerSupraoptic nucleus: ADH
Cardiovascular regulation
![Page 15: Part 8](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062808/568152c4550346895dc0e43a/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Gastrointestinal and feeding regulation
Ventromedial nucleus: satiety center
Lateral hypothalamic area: feeding center
![Page 16: Part 8](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062808/568152c4550346895dc0e43a/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Hypothalamic control of endocrine hormone secretion by the anterior pituitary gland
![Page 17: Part 8](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062808/568152c4550346895dc0e43a/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Controlling biorhythmSuprachiasmatic nucleus
Circadian rhythm
![Page 18: Part 8](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062808/568152c4550346895dc0e43a/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Limbic lobe and limbic system
![Page 19: Part 8](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062808/568152c4550346895dc0e43a/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
What is instinctual behavior?
What is emotion?
Neural Basis of Instinctual Behavior and Emotion
![Page 20: Part 8](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062808/568152c4550346895dc0e43a/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Instinctual behavior
Feeding behavior
Drinking behavior Sexual behavior
![Page 21: Part 8](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062808/568152c4550346895dc0e43a/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Importance of Reward and Punishment in Behavior
Controllers of bodily activities, drives,
aversions and motivations
Habituation versus reinforcement (for
learning and memory)
Selecting the information that we learn1% retention
![Page 22: Part 8](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062808/568152c4550346895dc0e43a/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Part 9
Learning and Memory
![Page 23: Part 8](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062808/568152c4550346895dc0e43a/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Learning and Memory
1. Learning: Acquisition
and formation of new
information.
2. Memory: Retention and
retrieval of learned
information.(Hebb,1949)
![Page 24: Part 8](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062808/568152c4550346895dc0e43a/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Types of Learning
Non-associative learning
Habituation
Sensitization
Associative learning
Classical Conditioned reflex
Operated conditioned reflex
Second signaling system
![Page 25: Part 8](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062808/568152c4550346895dc0e43a/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Types of Memory
Declarative memory for facts
Easy to acquire
Easy to lose
Procedural memory (reflexive memory) for
skills or behaviour
Hard to acquire
Hard to lose
![Page 26: Part 8](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062808/568152c4550346895dc0e43a/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Processes of Memory Sensory memory
seconds
Short-term memory (working memory) seconds-mins
Long-term memoryIntermediate-term memory mins-hoursThe second memory mins-years The third memory for ever
![Page 27: Part 8](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062808/568152c4550346895dc0e43a/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Transfer of Memory
![Page 28: Part 8](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062808/568152c4550346895dc0e43a/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Mechanisms of Learning
“Sensitization” of synaptic transmission-
Positive memory
“Habituation” of synaptic transmission-
Negative memory
![Page 29: Part 8](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062808/568152c4550346895dc0e43a/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Mechanisms of Memory Synaptic plasticity
Memories are caused by changes in the sensitivity
of synaptic transmission between neurons as a
result of previous neural activity
The changes cause new pathways (memory traces)
or facilitated pathways to develop for transmission
of signals through the neural circuit of the brain
![Page 30: Part 8](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062808/568152c4550346895dc0e43a/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Synaptic Plasticity
Function plasticity
Long-term potentiation, LTP
Long-term depression, LTD
Structure plasticity
![Page 31: Part 8](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062808/568152c4550346895dc0e43a/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Role of Hippocampus in Memory Process
Promoting storage of memories
![Page 32: Part 8](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062808/568152c4550346895dc0e43a/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Functional Plasticity in Hippocampus
LTP
LTD
NMDA receptor and “smart mouse”
Normal synapse LTP
Ca/CaMPKC
c-Fosc-Jun
![Page 33: Part 8](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062808/568152c4550346895dc0e43a/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Astro
Astro
Astro
DendriticSpine Dendritic
SpineDendritic
Spine
Axon Terminals
![Page 34: Part 8](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062808/568152c4550346895dc0e43a/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Location Receptor Before After
DG/CA1 NMDA
CA3 Adrenergic
a larger spine head, shorter neck
![Page 35: Part 8](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062808/568152c4550346895dc0e43a/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Amnesia Loss of memory
Amnesia
Anterograde amnesia-
hippocampal lesions
Retrograde amnesia-
Who Am I?
![Page 36: Part 8](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062808/568152c4550346895dc0e43a/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Part 10
Language Function of the Brain
![Page 37: Part 8](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062808/568152c4550346895dc0e43a/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Dominant Hemisphere Definition
The general interpretative function of Wernicke’s area and the angular gyrus as well as the functions of the speech and motor control areas are usually much more highly developed in one cerebral hemisphere than in the other.
This hemisphere is called the dominant hemisphere ---left (95%)
![Page 38: Part 8](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062808/568152c4550346895dc0e43a/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Left hemisphere
Broca’s area: speech and motor control areas
Wernicke’ area: for language comprehension
Angular gyrus: for initial processing of visual
language (reading), i.e., interpretation of visual
information
Language-based intellectual functions: basal
ganglia
![Page 39: Part 8](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062808/568152c4550346895dc0e43a/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Left hemisphere
![Page 40: Part 8](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062808/568152c4550346895dc0e43a/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Disorders of Language Function
Motor aphasiaBroca area (S)
Sensory aphasiaH area
AlexiaV area
AgraphiaW area
![Page 41: Part 8](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062808/568152c4550346895dc0e43a/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Part 11
Electric Activity of the Brain
![Page 42: Part 8](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062808/568152c4550346895dc0e43a/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Spontaneous electric activity of the brain (EEG) Non-specific projection system
Evoked cortical potential An evoked potential is any change in the voltages of a subject's
scalp induced by a change in their sensory input
Specific projection system
![Page 43: Part 8](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062808/568152c4550346895dc0e43a/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Electroencephalogram (EEG)
Electrocorticogram (ECoG)
![Page 44: Part 8](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062808/568152c4550346895dc0e43a/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Measurement of EEG
The international 10-20 system (Jasper, 1958)
![Page 45: Part 8](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062808/568152c4550346895dc0e43a/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Measurement of EEG
![Page 46: Part 8](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062808/568152c4550346895dc0e43a/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Mechanism of EEG
Summation of post-synaptic potentials Synchronization or desynchronization
Non-specific projection system
![Page 47: Part 8](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062808/568152c4550346895dc0e43a/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Part 12
Wakefulness and Sleep
![Page 48: Part 8](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062808/568152c4550346895dc0e43a/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Sleep DefinitionUnconsciousness from which the person can be
aroused by sensory or other stimuli
![Page 49: Part 8](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062808/568152c4550346895dc0e43a/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Time Needed for Sleep
Adult--7~9h
Infant--18~20h
Children--12~14h
Senior--5~7h
![Page 50: Part 8](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062808/568152c4550346895dc0e43a/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Types of Sleep 1. Slow wave sleep (SWS)
The brain waves are large and slow
2. Fast wave sleep (FWS)
Paradoxical sleep (PS)
Rapid eye movements (REM)---rapid movements of eyes when
one is asleep
![Page 51: Part 8](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062808/568152c4550346895dc0e43a/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
Slow-wave Sleep EEG
Low-frequency, highly synchronized neural activity
Heart rate and blood pressure
Gastrointestinal motility
The muscles relax
The sleeper can easily be awakened
![Page 52: Part 8](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062808/568152c4550346895dc0e43a/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
REM EEG
Desynchronized activity
Muscle tone is completely absent Irregular changes
HR, BP, respiratory rate, muscle movements
Difficult to arouse Dreaming Rapid movements of the eyes
![Page 53: Part 8](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062808/568152c4550346895dc0e43a/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
![Page 54: Part 8](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062808/568152c4550346895dc0e43a/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
Basic Theories of sleep and wakefulness
Wakefulness --Ascending reticular activating
system
Sleep -- The Passive theory:
Sleep is caused by
an inhibition of the
reticular activating system.
![Page 55: Part 8](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062808/568152c4550346895dc0e43a/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
2. Sleep is Caused by an Active Inhibitory Process
Sleep-promoting centers:
The raphe nuclei
The nucleus of the tractus solitarius
Hess regions in the diencephalon
Preoptic area of hypothalamus
Pon
Endogenous sleep-inducing factors: Factor S, DSIP,
SPS, etc.
![Page 56: Part 8](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062808/568152c4550346895dc0e43a/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
A: (+) Reticular activating system: SleepawakeB: (+) Thalamus: Awakesleep
![Page 57: Part 8](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062808/568152c4550346895dc0e43a/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
Physiologic Effect of Sleep
The principle value of sleep is to restore the
natural balance among the neuronal center
Role of slow wave sleep
Role of fast wave sleep
![Page 58: Part 8](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062808/568152c4550346895dc0e43a/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
Disorders of sleep
Insomnia
Sleep apnea syndrome
Narcolepsy