Part 7

Types of Speeches

INFORMATIVE SPEAKING

Speech to inform: Sharing information

with others to enhance their knowledge

for and understanding about something.

To inform is to teach others new

information, ideas, concepts, principles, or

processes.

Goals of informative speaking:

Speaking to enhance understanding- understanding occurs when the listener accurately interprets your intended meaning of a message.

Speaking to maintain interest- people listen to what affects them directly, adds to their knowledge,

Satisfies their curiosity, or entertains them. Speaking to be remembered- your audience

will only remember half of what was said.

Types of informative speaking:

Speeches about objects- a speech about anything tangible- anything you can see or touch.

Speeches about procedures- a speech about how something works, or describes a process that produces a particular outcome. At the end of your speech the audience should know how to perform the procedure.

Speeches about people- A biographical speech could be about someone famous or about someone you know personally.

Speeches about events- a speech about an event that you have witnessed or researched.

Speeches about ideas- a speech that is more abstract. Ex: principles of comm., evolution, etc.

Conveying Information

By DefinitionDefine ideas clearlyDefine by example- use concrete

examples to show the audience what the term or concept means.

Define by SynonymDefine by EtymologyDefine by Negation

Conveying Information

By DescriptionDetails

Details Details

For Example a virtual tour

Conveying Information

By ExplanationReasons & Causes InterpretationAnalysis

For example Classroom Lecture

Conveying Information

By DemonstrationHow to

Conveying Information

Operational definition- focuses on a particular procedure for observing or measuring the concept that is being defined.

Helpful advice…

Use principles and techniques of adult learning

Pedagogy- the art and science of teaching children to learn

Andragogy

Cont’d

Andragogy- the art and science of teaching adults to learn

Adults like to be given information they can use immediately

Adult learners like to be actively involved in the learning process.

Adult learners like to connect their life experiences with the new information they learn

Adult learners like to know how the new information is relevant to their needs and their busy lives.

Strategies to enhance audience understanding, Cont’d

Clarify Complex processes Form a clear mental image of the person, place, and

object before to try to describe it. Describe the appearance of the person, place, or

object Describe what your listeners would hear Describe smells Describe how an object feels when touched Describe taste Describe the emotion that the listener might feel if

they were in the experience

Strategies to enhance audience understanding, Cont’d

Use effective visual reinforcement a. Use multiple comm. channels

Strategies to Enhance audience interest

Establish a motive for your audience to listen to

Tell a story Present information that relates to your

listeners Strategies to enhance audience recall Build in redundancy Pace your information flow Reinforce key ideas verbally Reinforce key ideas nonverbally

Strategies to Enhance audience interest, Cont’d

Briefings- are short talks that inform a generally knowledgeable audience about a specific area in which new knowledge has been gleaned.

Explanations- increase listeners’ understanding of a subject

Training- teaches listeners how to do something

Persuasive Speaking

Persuasion- is the act of motivating an audience, through communication, to voluntarily change a particular belief, attitude, or behavior.

How to motivate listeners

Cognitive dissonance- the sense of disorganization that prompts a person to change when new information conflicts with previously organized thought patterns

Types of persuasive presentations

Sales Presentations Proposals- to persuade higher

management Motivational speeches Goodwill Speeches-to support interest

and support

Propositions Proposition- a statement that summarizes

the ideas with which you want your audience to agree

Proposition of fact- focuses on whether something is true or false; on whether it did or did not happen

Proposition of value- calls for the listener to judge the worth or importance of something

Proposition of policy- advocates a specific action-changing of policy, procedure, or behavior

Organizing persuasive message Problem – Solution: persuades the audience that

something is wrong with the present situation and then suggests how to remedy the situation

Comparative Advantages: puts several alternatives side by side to show why yours is the best

Criteria Satisfaction: sets up criteria that the audience will accept and then shows how your idea or product meets them

Motivated Sequence: a five step scheme designed to boost the involvement and interest of the audienceAttention- introduces info. In an interesting mannerNeed- make your audience believe the problem affects them in some waySatisfaction- present your solution to the problemVisualization- describe clearlyAction- call for a response by your audience

Strategies for effective persuasion Appeal to the need of your audience Have a realistic goal Anchor- listeners preexisting position Latitude of acceptance- positions the

listener would accept with little or no persuasion

Latitude of rejection- arguments that the listeners opposes

Latitude of non-commitment- argument that the listener neither accepts or rejects

Focus appeals on the critical audience segment

Strategies for effective persuasion Defer the thesis with a hostile audience Present ample evidence to support claims Consider citing opposing ideas When the audience disagrees with your

position When the audience knows both sides of the

issue When the audience will soon hear your

viewpoint criticized or another promoted Adapt to the cultural style of your audience Credibility- the persuasive force that comes

from the audience’s belief in and respect for the speaker

Ethos- refers to a speaker’s character, credibility, and ethics

Pathos- refers to a speaker’s appeal to human emotion

Logos- a formal system of using rule to reach a conclusion

Syllogism- a 3 part way of developing an argument; it has a major premise, and a minor premise, and a conclusion.

Major premise- a general statement that is the 1st element of syllogism

Minor premise- a specific statement about an example that is linked to the major premise

Conclusion- the logical outcome of an argument

Maximize your credibility Demonstrate your competence- listeners will

be most influenced by a speaker who they believe is qualified on the subject.

Demonstrate your knowledge of the subject Make your credentials known Demonstrate your ability Earn the trust of your audience- through

honesty Emphasize your similarity to the audience Increase your appeal to the audience-

Appearance Demonstrate your sincerity

What Is A Mission Statement?

A mission statement is a written, easy-to-remember sentence, or paragraph illustrating a business' purpose. It has one common function: to guide you and your employees in making critical decisions that effect the direction of your company.

A mission statement identifies your company to its customers, vendors, the media and others that will be using or requiring its services or products. It is about providing solutions and adding value to your customers and market.

How-To Create a Mission Statement

1. Pick One Central Theme. The theme should be easy to understand, non-controversial, and translate into behavior that can gain support.

2. Communicate With Action. Demonstrate your commitment and follow through with conviction.

3. Focus On A Few Key Attributes Of Your Service Or Product. 

4. Don't Rush The Process. 

Key Points to Include:

Statement of Purpose. What inspirational purpose appeals to higher values in both your employees and customers?

Statement of Strategy. What is your business strategy, and how does it appeal to your employees and customers?

Statement of Value. Identify values that form a link to the organization's strategy that employees can be proud of.

Statement of Behavioral Standards. How does employee behavior relate to customer perception and value?

Statement of Character. What is the organizational culture?

Examples:

Disney – "To make people happy“

Boeing – "To push the leading edge of aviation, taking huge challenges doing what others cannot do"

3M – "To solve unsolved problems innovatively"

Organizational Goals

Where do you see your company at the end of the year?

Where do you see your company in five years?

Your goal should be a short bulleted list that identifies the short and long term aspirations of your organization.