Paradigmas en Sistemas Eléctricos de Potencia
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Transcript of Paradigmas en Sistemas Eléctricos de Potencia
Paradigmas en Sistemas Eléctricos de Potencia
Claudio Fuerte EsquivelCésar Angeles-Camacho
Instituto de Ingeniería, UNAM
[email protected]@iingen.unam.mx
Power systems: How they work
Nuclear
Gas or CC
Hydro
Coal
• Basics• Generation &
transmission• Substations &
transformers• Control centers
Red eléctrica Europea
Interconnected Mexican System
551MW
MIGUEL(SDG & E)IMPERIAL VALLEY(SCE)MEXICALI853MWSAN LUISRIO COLORADO168MW
CPU
220MW
220MW
CPD
CPT
( 2 )ROSARITO1326MW
CAÑONSN. FELIPE
SN. QUINTIN
TIJUANA559MW
ENSENADA157MW
VILLACONSTITUCION39MW
STO.DOMINGO
AGUSTIN OLACHEA
SANTIAGO
CABO SAN LUCAS II38 MW85 MW
104MW
HERMOSILLO V646MW132MW
AVALOS
FCO. VILLA
135MW
CANANEA
NVO. CASASGRANDES140MW
SANTIAGO58 MW
BLEDALES
LA PAZ I
SAN JOSEDEL CABO
P. PRIETA II
LA PAZ90MW
113MW
LORETO6MW
( 2 )
SASABE
( 2 )
( 2 )
( 2 )
( 2 )
NACOZARI161MW
CD. JUAREZ652MW
( 3 )
( 2 )
( 3 )
( 2 )
STA. CRUZ
GUAYMAS134MW
CAMARGO220MW
1098MWSAMALAYUCA
( PTECI )( PEEECo)
( EPECO)AZCARATE ( EPECO)
P. E. CALLES
MOCTEZUMA
HERCULES POT.
632MW
PTO.LIBERTAD
6 DE ABRIL156MWSANTA ANA25MW
( 2 )
( 2 )
( 2 )
CD. OBREGON275MW
TOPOLOBAMPO360MW( 2 )
( 2 )
GUAMUCHIL128MW
CULIACAN412W
CUAUHTEMOC181MW
( 2 )399MW
LA AMISTAD66MWPIEDRAS NEGRAS190MW
NAVA( 2 )
( 2 )
( 2 )
( 2 )
( 2 )( 2 )
( 2 )
( 2 )( 2 )( 2 )
NVA. ROSITA
RIO ESCONDIDO1200MWCARBON II1400MWLAREDO(CPL)
NVO. LAREDO208MWPRESA FALCON(CPL)
BROWNSVILLE(CPL)
MATAMOROS284MWRIOBRAVO520MW
FALCON24MW
320MW
295MW
G. PALACIO861MW
LERDO
ANDALUCIA
TORREONSUR
LAMPAZOS
V. GARCIA
HUINALA
1075MW
MONTERREY2798MW
REYNOSA376MW
CD. VICTORIA150MW
MATEHUALA70MWZACATECAS342MWTAMPICO
420MW
ALTAMIRA800MW
700MW
SN. L. POTOSI544MW
2100MWTUXPAN
( 2 )
( 2 )
( 2 )
( 2 )
MERIDA361MW
KOPTE33MW
CANCUN251MW102MW
NIZUC88MW
PLAYA DEL CARMEN 79MW COZUMEL34MW52MW
VALLADOLID295MWTICUL33MW
( 2 )
( 2 )
CHAMPOTON
CAMPECHE120MW
CHETUMAL71MW14MW
SABANCUY
ESCARCEGA120MW
CD. CARMEN
VILLAHERMOSA311MW
( 2 )
CARDENAS162MW
ANGOSTURA900MW
CHICOASEN1500MW
PEÑITAS420MW( 2 )
1080MWJUCHITAN175MW
JUILE
( 2)
MINATITLAN
OAXACA149MW
TEMASCAL II187MW354MW
ORIZABA367MW( 2 )
TECALI
MEZCALACARACOL600MW
ACAPULCO 350MW
INFIERNILLO1000MW( 2 )
L. CARDENAS859MW2100MW
LA VILLITA295MW
180MW
LOS MOCHIS220MW
1365MW
HUATULCO55MW
DURANGO
TEPIC149 MW
AGUASCALIENTES497MW
( 2 )
( 2 )
PTO.VALLARTA132MW
( 2 )( 2 )
( 3 )
( 3 )
LEON573MW
IRAPUATO376MW
A. PRIETA240MWCELAYA573MW
GUADALAJARA1645MW
QUERETARO545MW
( 2 )( 2 )
MAZAMITLAMORELIA193MW
SALAMANCA223MW
CD. GUZMAN115MW
COLIMA69MW
MANZANILLO151MW1900MW
( 2 )
( 2 )
CUERNAVACA116MW
( 2 )
117MW
POZA RICA201 MW
220MWMAZATEPECTEZIUTLAN130MWJALAPA129MW
LAGUNA VERDE
VERACRUZ576MW
TLAX. 318MW
PTO. PEÑASCO
SONOYTA
( 2 )
NOGALES97MW
DIABLO
EAGLE PASS(CPL)
( 2 )
ESCOBEDO303MW( 2 )
( 2 )59MWEL FUERTE
BACURATO
92MW( 2 )
( 2 )( 2 )90MW
PLAZA
( 2 )( 2 )
( 2 )
616MW
( 3 )( 2 )
452MW AZUFRES
COATZACOALCOS522 MW
( 3 )
TUXTLA191MW( 2 )
TAPACHULA140MW
14MW
SUBDIRECCIÓN DE PROGRAMACIÓNGERENCIA DE PROGRAMACIÓN DE SISTEMAS ELÉCTRICOS
( 2 )
AGUAMILPA960MW
( 2 ) ( 2 )
( 2 )
EL SAUZ 1044MW
( 2 )
( 2 )
868MW
190MW
( 2 )
CARAPAN226MW
D. GUERRA 529 MW
8
9
7
6
5
2
1
3
4
MAZATLAN228MW
( 2 )
BELICE40MW
( 2 )
( 2 )
( 2 )( 2 )
MALPASO
( 2 )
TEC
EL HABAL
( 2 )
ZAPATA
IXTAPA
MONCLOVA
237MW
63MW
74MW
347MW
814MW
108MW
HUITES422MW( 2 )( 3 )P. NUEVO
A POZA RICA IIA H. CARRANZA
A QUERETARO
TULA
APASCO
TIZAYUCA
A NECAXA
A TUXPAN
TEXCOCO
A SAN LORENZO
AYOTLA
STA. CRUZ
A YAUTEPECA ZAPATA
TOPILEJO
SAN BERNABE
A PITIRERA
DONATOGUERRA
NOPALA
VICTORIA
A LA MANGA
NOCHISTONGO
DETALLE DEL AREA METROPOLITANA
1989MW
(2)
(2)
1087MW(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)(2)
(2)
(2)
(3)
6930 MW
DETALLE
SAN LUIS POTOSI
CAPACIDAD INSTALADA CON DATOS AL 31 DIC. 2003
544MW : DEMANDA MÁXIMACOINCIDENTE DE ZONA 2003( FUENTE: PRONÓSTICODE LA DEMANDA POR SUBESTACIONES 1998 - 2012 NOV. 2003 11 EDICION
V
G
HC
N
VAPOR CONVENCIONAL
NUCLEOELECTRICA
CARBOELECTRICA
HIDROELECTRICA
GEOTERMOELECTRICA
S I M B O L O S
9
8SISTEMA BAJA CALIFORNIA
SISTEMA BAJA CALIFORNIA SUR
SISTEMA INTERCONECTADO NACIONAL
700 MW.
FILE: MAPDKJ2.PRE 12/03/04 V1
ENLACES A 400 kVENLACES A 230 kVENLACES A 115 kVENLACES A 161 kV , 138kV , 69 kV , 34.5 kV ó 13.8 KV
SISTEMA ELÉCTRICO NACIONAL RED PRINCIPAL DEINTERCONEXIÓN
( 2 )ZIMAPANDAÑUQRO.POT
S. CRUZ
105 MWW
NTE.
V. GUERRERO
292MW
A LAZARO CARDENAS
OP.INC. 230kV
( 2 )
OP. INC. 115kV
( 2 )
SALTILLO CC478MW
PUEBLA
AL 1o DE ENERO DE 2004
ACATLAN
KANASIN
MAXCANU
ATEQUIZA
554MW
C.D. LOS CABOS30 MW
( 2 )
( 2 )
( 2 )
MERIDA III
(2)
( 2 )
TULUM
YAUTEPEC
TAPEIXTLES
SAN JERONIMO
ALMOLOYA
METROPOLI
HERMOSILLO III
HERMO SILLO CC
SN. J. DEL RIO 383MW
238MW
CHIHUAHUA369MW618MW
( 2 )
POCHUTLA
( 2 )
MACUSPANA
KM. 20
OP. INC. 230 kV
TESISTAN
( 2 )
COLOMO
URUAPAN85MW
ATLACOMULCO
A ZOCAC
MORELOS
CPC( 2 )100MW
EL TRIUNFO
HERMOSI LLO IV
LOMA
( 2 )
HERCULESLA PAZ
( 2 )
ROAMXI
( 2 )( 2 )
LOMAS
( 2 )
( 2 )( 2 )
( 2 )( 2 )
28MW
10MW
VILLA INSURGENTES
43MW
CABO REALCABO BELLO
( 2 )
( 2 )
248MWANAHUAC495MW
PTO. ALTAMIRA1531MW
( 2 )
FRESNILLO
CAÑADA
POTRERILLOS
SLM II
DELICIAS592MW
CHINAMECAC.C. DOS BOCAS
1478MWTRES ESTRELLAS
JASSO
JOROBAS
VIDRIO
(2)
AGUA PRIETA42 MW
PANTEPEC383 MW
OP.INIC. 161KV
OP. INC. 230 kV
OP. INC. 230 kV
OP. INC. 230 kV
OP. INC. 230 kV
( 2 )
( 2 )
J.LBATES
NOGALES258MW
( 2 )
HUMAYA
REFORMA
TERRANOVA
NAZAS
PRIMERO DE MAYO
( 2 )
OP.INC. 230kV
CALERA II
( 2 )
( 2 )
CAMPECHE C.C.
A TRES ESTRELLAS
TEOTIHUACAN
PANAMERICANA POTENCIA
( 2 ) BALAM
( 2 )
VALLE DE JUAREZ
( 2 )
( 2 )
( 2 )
CIPRES
CTY
( 2 )
PARQUE IND.SAN LUIS
( 2 )( 2 )
CHAMPAYAN( 2 )
RZC
OP.INC. 230kV
(2)
( 2 )
265MW
( 2 )
( 2 )
PASO DEL NORTE
30MW
A ZAPATA
DEPORTIVA
(2)
43MW
COMEDERO100MW
198MW
484MW
150MW
252MW
SISTEMAS AISLADOS
a
TUL
NOPTOPTEX
CERRO DE ORO
MERIDA II
1 AREA CENTRAL
2 AREA OCCIDENTAL
3 AREA ORIENTAL
4 AREA PENINSULAR
5 AREA NORESTE
6 AREA NORTE
7 AREA NOROESTE
31MW
PIE DE LA CUESTAEL QUEMADO
59MW
CCCICLO COMBINADO
55MW
967MW
CHIHUAHUA NORTE
( 2 )
(EL ENCINO)
DIV.DELNORTE
GÜEMEZ
( 2 )
TAMOSANAHUAC
LAJA
OP.INC. 230kV
( 2 )( 2 )
POZA RICA II LERMA
ZAACHILA
Electric Energy Balance
Unit commitment
Nowadays, environmental impact is a major factor in the consideration of any new electrical power scheme.
In Europe, most governments have programmes to support the generation of electricity using primary energy resources which are benign to the environment, such as
Wind Solar - photo-voltaic Micro-hydro Ocean energy Energy from municipal waste Biomass
Integración de energías renovables a SEP
Wind Generation Embedded generation plants requires a power electronic systems that is capable of adjusting the generator frequency and voltage to the grid.
Generatorcontroller
Pitchcontroller
Grid sidecontroller
Synchronous or inductiongenerator
IGBT PWMconverters
AC DC AC
Resultant Vector
181 deg - 27%
NORTH
SOUTH
WEST EAST
4%
8%
12%
16%
20%
WIND SPEED (m/s)
>= 23.0
20.0 - 23.0
17.0 - 20.0
14.0 - 17.0
11.0 - 14.0
8.0 - 11.0
5.0 - 8.0
2.0 - 5.0
0.5 - 2.0
Calms: 5.41%
Photovoltaic Photovoltaic means electricity from light.
The photovoltaic (PV) process converts free solar energy - the most abundant energy source on the planet - directly into electricity.
Photovoltaic systems use daylight to power ordinary electrical equipment, e.g., household appliances, computers and lighting.
Fuel Cells
A fuel cell converts the chemical energy of hydrogen and oxygen directly to produce water, electricity, and heat.
They are therefore inherently clean and efficient and are uniquely able to address the issues of environmental degradation and energy security.
They are also safe, quiet and very reliable.
Fuelled with pure hydrogen, they produce zero emissions of carbon dioxide, oxides of nitrogen or any other pollutant.
Even if fuelled with fossil fuels as a source of hydrogen, noxious emissions are orders of magnitude below those for conventional equipment.
Ocean PowerWave and Tidal Power Generation
Mexican System’s Control Areas
SubstationRemote terminal
unit
SCADA Master Station
Com
mun
icat
ion
link
Energy control center with EMS
EMS alarm displayEMS 1-line diagram
State Estimation
Analog MeasurementsPi , Qi, Pf , Qf , V, I, θkm
Circuit Breaker Status
State Estimator
Bad DataProcessor
NetworkObservability
Check
Topology Processor
V, θ
• Centralized– Raw measurements processed at the RTO– Very large scale system model and solution– Rely heavily on the system wide communication
• Distributed– Each SC executes its own SE– Exchange and coordination of processed data– Topology / Analog errors are processed locally
State Estimation for RTOs
RTO
Control Area 1
Control Area 2
Control Area 3
Boundary MeasurementsEstimated States
GPS
SubstationProcessors
SubstationProcessors
SubstationProcessors
Distributed State Estimation
State Estimation of Systems with FACTS devices
• Modified SE formulation– Network model is modified to include FACTS device
models– Estimation is formulated as a constrained optimization
problem to incorporate the FACTS device operation constraints
– FACTS device parameters may be estimated as part of the state vector or they may be assumed to be known
Voltage stability region
0
crit
x0(1)
x0(2)
xcrit
f(x,) = 0
espacio de estado, x
espacio paramétrico,
Voltage Stability Region
1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 18001800
2000
2200
2400
2600
2800
3000
P d9 (M
W)
Pd7 (MW)
Stability BoundarySecurity Boundary
3'
1'
1
2' 3
4
2
4' 55'
Power Electronics Applications in Electrical Power Systems
Power Electronics
It deals with the processing of electric power
It implies the interaction of three elements: copper (I), Iron (f) and principally Silicón used to control the conversion.
It has revolutionized the way of designing and operate the electrical systems, the final goal is to have intelligent systems.
It is one of the fields with major growth: It estimates that at the end of this century, 90 % of the electric power will be processed before his final use.
High-voltage transmission: FACTS
Benefits Increase the capacity of existing transmission networks
Increase the transmission system reliability and availability
Increase dynamic and transient grid stability
Enhancement in the quality of the electric energy delivered to customers
Environmental benefits
High-voltage transmission: FACTS
The ability of the transmission system to transmit power becomes impaired by one or more of the following steady-state and dynamic limitation
Angular stability
Voltage magnitude
Thermal limits
Transient stability
Dynamic stability
Gracias