Paradigm change in drinking water management to achieve

Paradigm Change in Drinking Water Management to Achieve Vision 2030

Content

• Title “Is drinking water the correct term”• Do we ensure complete health with that?• Is it to enough to provide water for drinking

purposes to achieve Vision 2030?• Should we change the term “Drinking Water”

for the term “Vitamin G Water”?• Have we achieved the Millennium

Development Goals for Water

Vision 2030

To make “Jamaica the place of choice to raise families, live, work and do business”

National Outcome Outcome 1 A Healthy and Stable

Population Improve the quality of life Increase average life expectancy Encourage healthy lifestyles Primary Health Care

2 World-Class Education and Training

Creative and productive individuals Holistic development of the child Training of under-trained population

3 Effective Social Protection Identify and create employment and business opportunities 5 Security and Safety Reducing the level of crime and violence in our country

Empowering communities to participate fully in mainstream society 6 Effective Governance Equity, tolerance and respect for human rights and freedoms. 7 A Stable Macroeconomy Financial system stability

Price stability over the long term. 8 An Enabling Business

Environment Improve labour productivity and worker satisfaction; Promote and develop entrepreneurship

9 Strong Economic Infrastructure

W&S that contributes competitiveness producers and ↑ quality of life W&S services for economic and social uses.

10 Energy Security and Efficiency

Reduce dependency on imported petroleum Provide a secure and sustainable energy supply Diversify energy supply, and increase use of renewable energy Take advantage of emerging technologies

11 A Technology-Enabled Society

Deepen application of S&T to benefit all aspects national dev Build our capacity for undertaking research and development, Applying S&T to practical and productive uses.

12 Internationally Competitive Industry Structures

Environmental sustainability and food security Promote use of clean technology Adopt and adapt new construction technologies Compliance relevant environmental standards and reg Reduce sector’s carbon footprint and waste generation Increase growth of sport Increase use of Jamaican inputs in tourism

13 Sustainable Management and Use of Environmental and Natural Resources

Env considerations integral factors socio-econ decision making Green economy Conserve NR; incorporating environ consider dec mak processes;

14 Hazard Risk Reduction and Adaptation Climate Change

Haz risk manag activ/progr for reducing vulnerability Incorporate climate change future economic and land use planning

15 Sustainable Urban and Rural Development

Rundown town centres, urban sprawl, environmental degradation, unsafe and dilapidated housing, planned and unplanned development in ecologically-sensitive areas, crime and disorder, rural-urban migration, and poverty

Create framework urb & rur dev that supports econ and soc devpmnt A spatial arrangement of land use that facilitates social and economic development,

respects the environment and satisfies the need for safety, efficiency, aesthetics and social justice

Water Related Expected Results(39) Vision 2030

Expected Result

National Outcome Outcome DrinkingWater

Vitamin G

Water Improve the quality of life

Increase average life expectancy

Encourage healthy lifestyles

Primary Health Care

Creative and productive individuals

Holistic development of the child

Training of under-trained population

3 Effective Social Protection Measures to identify and create employment and businessopportunities for the unemployed and underemployed poor


Vitamin G

Water Reducing the level of crime and violence in our country Empowering communities to participate fully in mainstreamsociety

6 Effective Governance Equity in all spheres of society; and tolerance and respect forhuman rights and freedoms. Financial system stability

Price stability over the long term.

Improve labour productivity and worker satisfaction;

Promote and develop entrepreneurship Water supply and sanitation infrastructure that contributes tothe competitiveness of our producers and improved quality of lifefor our people Provide adequate and safe water supply and sanitation servicesfor economic and social uses.


Vitamin G

Water Reduce dependency on imported petroleum as its primarysource of energy Provide a secure and sustainable energy supply Diversify our energy supply, and increase use of renewableenergy Take advantage of emerging technologies Deepen the application of science and technology to benefit allaspects of national development

Build our capacity for undertaking research and development,

Applying science and technology to practical and productiveuses.


Vitamin G

Water Environmental sustainability and food security

Promote the use of clean technology

Adopt and adapt new construction technologies Compliance with relevant environmental standards andregulations Reduce the sector’s carbon footprint and waste generation

Increase the growth of sport

Increase the use of Jamaican inputs in tourism Environmental considerations become integral factors in socio-economic decision making Green economy Providing an effective regulatory framework for theconservation of our natural resources; incorporatingenvironmental considerations into decision making processes;


Vitamin G

Water Hazard risk management activities and programmes forreducing our existing and future vulnerability Incorporate climate change scenarios in future economic andland use planning Rundown town centres, urban sprawl, environmentaldegradation, unsafe and dilapidated housing, planned andunplanned development in ecologically-sensitive areas, crime anddisorder, rural-urban migration, and poverty Create a framework for urban and rural development thatsupports the economic and social development A spatial arrangement of land use that facilitates social andeconomic development, respects the environment and satisfies the need for safety, efficiency, aesthetics and social justice

13Sustainable Management and Use of Environmental and Natural Resources

14Hazard Risk Reduction and Adaptation to Climate Change




12Internationally Competitive Industry Structures

7 A Stable Macroeconomy

8 An Enabling Business Environment


1 A Healthy and Stable Population


5 Security and Safety

Comparison

10

National Outcome Expected Result DrinkingWater

Vitamin G

Water Improve the quality of life

Increase average life expectancy

Encourage healthy lifestyles

Primary Health Care

Creative and productive individuals

Holistic development of the child

Training of under-trained population

3 Effective Social Protection Measures to identify and create employment and businessopportunities for the unemployed and underemployed poor

1 A Healthy and Stable Population


11


Vitamin G

Water Reducing the level of crime and violence in our country Empowering communities to participate fully in mainstreamsociety

6 Effective Governance Equity in all spheres of society; and tolerance and respect forhuman rights and freedoms. Financial system stability

Price stability over the long term.

Improve labour productivity and worker satisfaction;

Promote and develop entrepreneurship Water supply and sanitation infrastructure that contributes tothe competitiveness of our producers and improved quality of lifefor our people Provide adequate and safe water supply and sanitation servicesfor economic and social uses.

7 A Stable Macroeconomy

8 An Enabling Business Environment


5 Security and Safety

12


Vitamin G

Water Reduce dependency on imported petroleum as its primarysource of energy Provide a secure and sustainable energy supply Diversify our energy supply, and increase use of renewableenergy Take advantage of emerging technologies Deepen the application of science and technology to benefit allaspects of national development

Build our capacity for undertaking research and development,

Applying science and technology to practical and productiveuses.



13


Vitamin G

Water Environmental sustainability and food security

Promote the use of clean technology

Adopt and adapt new construction technologies Compliance with relevant environmental standards andregulations Reduce the sector’s carbon footprint and waste generation

Increase the growth of sport

Increase the use of Jamaican inputs in tourism Environmental considerations become integral factors in socio-economic decision making Green economy Providing an effective regulatory framework for theconservation of our natural resources; incorporatingenvironmental considerations into decision making processes;

13Sustainable Management and Use of Environmental and Natural Resources

12Internationally Competitive Industry Structures

14


Vitamin G

Water Hazard risk management activities and programmes forreducing our existing and future vulnerability Incorporate climate change scenarios in future economic andland use planning Rundown town centres, urban sprawl, environmentaldegradation, unsafe and dilapidated housing, planned andunplanned development in ecologically-sensitive areas, crime anddisorder, rural-urban migration, and poverty Create a framework for urban and rural development thatsupports the economic and social development A spatial arrangement of land use that facilitates social andeconomic development, respects the environment and satisfies the need for safety, efficiency, aesthetics and social justice

14Hazard Risk Reduction and Adaptation to Climate Change


Millennium Development Goals

15

Table Drinking water coverage estimates

Urban (%) Rural (%) Total (%)

1990

2010

1990

2010

1990 2010

Piped onto premises

89 91 34 47 61 70

Other improved source

9 7 54 41 32 23

Other unimproved 2 2 1 8 1 5

Surface water 0 0 11 4 6 2

Target 7.C:Halve, by 2015, the proportion of the population without sustainable access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation.Jamaica Goal was to reach 97.5% (in 1990 95%)

Joint Monitoring Programme UNICEF/WHO

• Improved Water– An improved drinking-water source is

defined as one that, by nature of its construction or through active intervention, is protected from outside contamination, in particular from contamination with faecal matter.

16

• "Improved" sources of drinking-water:

• Piped water into dwelling [ v ]• Piped water to yard/plot [ v ]• Public tap or standpipe [ v ]• Tubewell or borehole [ v ]• Protected dug well [ v ]• Protected spring [ v ]• Rainwater [ v ]

• "Unimproved" sources of drinking-water:

• Unprotected spring [ v ]• Unprotected dug well [ v ]• Cart with small tank/drum [ v

]• Tanker-truck [ v ]• Surface water [ v ]• Bottled water [ v ]

17

http://www.wssinfo.org/













Census 2011

18

Water Supply by Source

19

57.316.0

5.9

11.1 3.6 2.2

Piped into Dwelling

Piped into Yard

Standpipe

Catchment

Spring or River

Trucked Water/Water Truck

Protected Source = 94.2%Unprotected Source = 5.8%

7.6

23.9

66.8

BottledTreatedNo Treated

Census: Water Treatment

21

7.6

23.9

66.8

Bottled

Treated

No Treated% Protected Source = 23.9%? Or 92.4%?

22

St Thomas

Hanover

Trelawny

Clarendon

Portland

St Mary

St Eliza

beth

Mancheste

r

Westm

oreland

St James

St Ann

St Andrew

St Catherin

e

Kingston

0.0

2.0

4.0

6.0

8.0

10.0

12.0

14.0

16.0

14.5 14.1

12.8

11.5

9.9 9.9

8.7

7.2

5.6 5.4 5.2

2.51.8 1.5

% Households with Standpipe (Census 2011)

23

Mancheste

r

St Eliza

beth

Trelawny

St Ann

Westm

oreland

Clarendon

Portland

Hanover

St Mary

St James

St Catherin

e

St Thomas

St Andrew

Kingston

0.0

5.0

10.0

15.0

20.0

25.0

30.0

35.0

40.0

36.6

32.1

29.5 28.7

16.5

13.6

9.5 8.9

6.15.0 4.4

3.11.6 1.3

% Households with Water Catchment, Per ParishCensus 2011

24

St Mary

Portland

Clarendon

Trelawny

St James

St Thomas

Hanover

St Ann

St Catherin

e

Westm

oreland

St Andrew

Mancheste

r

St Eliza

beth

Kingston

0.0

1.0

2.0

3.0

4.0

5.0

6.0

7.0

8.0

9.0

10.0

9.1 8.8

7.6

6.8

6.0 5.8

4.3

3.53.1

2.4

1.2 1.0 0.8

0.0

% Households Spring/River Water SourceCensus 2011

25

Kingston

St Andrew

St Thomas

Portland

St Mary

St Ann

Trelawny

St James

Hanover

Westm

oreland

St Eliza

beth

Mancheste

r

Clarendon

St Catherin

e0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

4.0

4.5

4.1

3.7

3.22.9 2.9 2.8

1.8 1.8 1.8

1.41.1

1.0

0.50.3

% Households Receiving Water by Truck by ParishCensus 2011

Are we meeting the MDGs?

No, We don’t

26

Health Definition

•The World Health Organization (WHO) states health is ‘A state of complete physical, mental, and social wellbeing, and not merely the absence of disease

or infirmity’

28

Epidemiological-Demographic and Socio-economic transitions

Top five leading causes of death in Jamaica 1945-2004

1945 1982 1996 2004Tuberculosis Cerebrovascular

DiseaseCerebrovascular

DiseaseCerebrovascular

Disease

Heart Disease Heart Disease Diabetes Mellitus Diabetes Mellitus

Nephritis Malignant Neoplasm

Ischaemic Heart Disease

Ischemic Heart Disease

Syphilis Hypertension Hypertensive Diseases

Hypertensive Diseases

Pneumonia Diabetes Mellitus Homicide/Assault Other Heart Disease

Influenza Gastroenteritis Accidents and Injuries-(Accidents, poisoning

and violence)*

31Source: Chronic Disease in the Caribbean: Jamaica Case Study

Disability Adjusted Lost Years

DALYs

32

Perfect Health

0

50

100

1 2 3 4 5 10 20 30 40 60 80

Lev

el o

f H

ealt

h

Age, years

Healthy from womb to tomb

A Healthy Death

Healthy Years Lost (DALYS)

0

50

100

1 2 3 4 5 10 20 30 40 60 80

Healthy time

Non – Healthy time

Lev

el o

f H

ealt

h

Age, years

Estimated DALY’s per 100,000 population, 2004Jamaica

Communicable, maternal, perinatal and nutritional conditions

3,893

NCDs

10,250

Injuries 2,170

Total

16,314

Country profile of Environmental Burden of Disease (Jamaica)

DALys Comparison

• NCDs 10,250 • Diarrheas 280

Burden of Non Communicable Diseases (NCD)

• NCDs have resulted in a large direct and indirect economic burden for individuals in Jamaica.

• An average individual suffering from an NCD spends approximately one-third of household income (JM$ 55,503) on healthcare services and pharmaceutical purchases.

• Direct healthcare costs associated with NCDs are regressive and impose a greater burden on poor households than better-off households.

Present Health Conditions and Threats

• Chronic Diseases↑• Obesity ↑• Mental Health ↑• Violence ↑• Sedentarism ↑• Junk Food ↑• Energy Consumption per capita ↑• Environmental Pollution ↑

From Homo sapiens to Homo sedens

40

Obesity and overweight major risk factors for NCDs

Source: WHO 2012

41

DIABETES 44% CVD 23% (mainly heart d and stroke) CANCER 41% (Breast, endometrial, Colon) HYPERTENSION

Cholesterol, Dyslipidemia, LDLGall stone diseaseGlucose intolerance

Skin problems Respiratory problemsSleeping problems-ApneaPsychological Problems depression, dementiaMusculoskeletal disorders: Arthritis, Osteoporosis

Obesity Burden and its NCDs cause:

• Premature death• Long term Morbidity• S. Disability• Loss of Productivity• Reduction in quality life• High economic Burden-programs-PHC-• 77% of the cost of illness from obesity C Fray-Aiken-ERU-UWI

• Can occupy an enormous % of MOH budget

42

Disease Condition Evolution(2001 – 2008)

43

Table 1. Prevalence of selected conditions in Jamaica Health and Lifestyle Survey 1 (JHLS–1) compared to Jamaica Health and

Lifestyle Survey 2 (JHLS–2).

Disease Condition JHLS–1(2001)

JHLS–2(2008)

Diabetes mellitus 7.2 (6.0–8.3) 7.9 (6.7–9.0)

Hypertension* 20.9 (18.4–23.2) 25.2 (23.3–27.2)

Prehypertension 29.9 (27.1–32.7) 35.3 (32.6–37.9)

High cholesterol 14.6 (12.7–16.5) 11.7 (10.2–13.1)

*p < 0.05; JHLS–1 was conducted from 2000–2001 and JHLS–22007–2008.

Prevalence of cardiovascular disease risk factors by body mass index (BMI) category.

Twenty Highest Female Obesity Prevalence and Twenty Lowest Female Obesity Prevalence Countries

Ranking Most Obese Prevalence Ranking Least Obese Prevalence

1 Nauru 81.9 1 Ethiopia 0.03

2 Tonga 80.8 2 Eritrea 0.2

3 Micronesia 78.5 3 Sri Lanka 0.2

4 Cook Islands 72.5 4 Bangladesh 0.3

5 Samoa 72.4 5 Nepal 0.4

6 Niue 70.1 6 Cambodia 0.5

7 Kuwait 66.6 7 Viet Nam 1.1

8 Barbados 62.7 8 Dem Republic of the Congo 1.7

9 Palau 61.9 9 Japan 1.7

10 Trinidad and Tobago 60.7 10 Rwanda 1.7

11 Dominica 60.0 11 Central African Republic 2.1

12 Egypt 59.4 12 Zambia 2.2

13 United States 54.8 13 Burkina Faso 2.3

14 Jamaica 52.6 14 Uganda 2.4

15 United Arab Emirates 52.4 15 Afghanistan 2.9

16 Jordan 52.2 16 India 3.0

17 Nicaragua 51.2 17 Malawi 3.1

18 Mexico 51.1 18 Kenya 3.1

19 Malta 50.6 19 Burundi 3.2

20 Seychelles 50.4 20 Papua New Guinea 3.2

Climate Change Impacts• Higher temperatures

– 2 oC • Higher Relative Humidity

– 2.2% from 1973 to 2003• Rising seas• Increased risk of drought, fire and floods • Stronger storms and increased storm damage • Changing landscapes • More heat-related illness and disease • Economic losses • Wildlife at risk

It is expected an increase of 1.5 to 2.8o Celsius increase in temperature by 2050 and 2080

Infrared Image Atlanta, Georgia

Urban Area

Health Impacts

• Increase on water use: bath and laundry• Change on quality• Higher groundwater table • Increase in chronic diseases• Increase in violence• Increase in vector borne diseases• Impacts on physical activity• Impacts on occupational Health• Sick Building Syndrome

Hot Temperatures Effects

• Increase aggression by– directly increasing feelings of hostility and – indirectly increasing aggressive thoughts.

• Body exhibits changes (increased heart rate, blood

circulation and sweating, and metabolic changes) associated with sympathetic nervous system activity, which in turn is linked to fight-or-flight responses.

• Increases testosterone production, tilting that equation towards fight.

Ranson Study in USA(2012)

• Across a variety of offenses, higher temperatures cause more crime.

• For most categories of violent crimes, this relationship appears approximately linear through the entire range of temperatures experienced in in-sample counties.

• He has estimated that between 2010 and 2099, climate change will cause an additional 30,000 murders, 200,000 cases of rape, 1.4 million aggravated assaults, 2.2 million simple assaults, 400,000 robberies, 3.2 million burglaries, 3.0 million cases of larceny, and 1.3 million cases of vehicle theft in the United States.

Impact on Physical Activity

Wet Bulb Globe Temperature

• American College of Sports Medicine, developed the concept of Wet Bulb Globe Temperature (WBGT) from Temperature and Relative Humidity;

• MOH Australia using WBGT has estimated the Risk of health illness and developed advices

Wet Bulb Globe Temperature (WBGT) from Temperature and Relative Humidity and Risk for Heath Illness

Low Moderate-High High – Very High Extreme

WGBT and Risk of Thermal Injury

WGBT

Risk of Thermal Injury

Recommendation

<18 Minimal Unlimited Activity

18 - 23 ModerateKeep Alert for possible increases in the Indexand for symptoms of heat stress

23 - 28 HighActive exercise for unacclimatised persons should be restricted

28 - 30 Very HighActive execise for all should be restricted, except well acclimatised

> 30 Extreme All training should be stoppedThe higher the reading the greater the risk of thermal injury

Kingston Assessment

• Use Temperature and Relative Humidity to calculate WBGT for each month and different hours:– 4:00– 6:00– 13:00– 18:00– 20:00

Table . Climate Change Risk of Thermal Injury during different hours of the year

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 4:00 29 29 30 31 31 33 32 33 32 33 31 30 6:00 29 28 29 30 31 32 32 32 32 32 31 30

13:00 32 32 33 34 35 35 36 36 36 35 34 33 18:00 31 31 32 32 33 34 34 34 34 34 33 32 20:00 30 29 30 32 33 33 34 34 34 33 32 31

“Impact of Climate Change on Occupational Health and Safety: Are we prepared?”

Dr. Homero Silva-SerranoProfessor of Public Health Environment and Climate Change

School of Public Health and Health TechnologyUniversity of Technology, Jamaica

Informal Workforce

63

Informal Workforce

64

Informal Workforce

65

Humidex Chart

Preventive MeasuresHumidex Respone

Provide 15 minutes relief per hour

Provide adequate cool (10 - 15 oC) waterAt leas 1 cup (240 ml.) of water every 20 minutesWorkers with symptoms should seek medical attention

40-42Provide 30 minutes relief per hour in addition to the provisions listed aboveif feasible, provide 45 minutes relief per hour in addition to the provisions listed aboveIf a 75% relief period is not feasible then stop working until Humidex is 42 or less

45 or over Stop working until Humidex is 44 or less

38 - 39

43 - 44

Table No Working Risk Conditions with Climate Change

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec4:00 35 35 36 38 39 41 40 41 40 40 38 376:00 35 34 35 37 38 40 40 40 40 40 38 36

10:00 40 39 39 42 43 44 44 45 44 45 43 4113:00 40 40 41 42 44 45 45 46 45 44 43 4016:00 40 39 40 42 43 44 43 45 45 45 43 4218:00 39 39 40 41 41 43 43 44 43 42 41 4120:00 37 36 37 40 41 42 43 43 43 42 40 38

Working Risk Conditions With Climate Change

Table . Working Risk Conditions With Climate Change and Urban Heath Island Effect

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 4:00 41 41 42 44 45 47 46 47 46 47 44 43 6:00 41 40 41 43 44 46 46 46 46 46 44 42

10:00 45 43 45 46 50 51 51 52 50 50 50 46 13:00 45 45 46 48 49 51 53 53 51 50 50 47 16:00 45 45 46 47 48 51 53 51 51 50 49 47 18:00 45 44 46 46 47 49 48 50 49 48 47 47 20:00 42 42 43 46 47 48 49 49 49 48 46 44

The solution to Reduce Obesity • Reduce input of calories

– improving nutrition– changes in food availability and variety – and providing enough nutritional information on

what we eat

• Increase output of calories = increasing physical activity– Providing public parks with facilities – providing regulations for infrastructure for physical

activity and its enforcement; – change personal life style behaviors toward physical

exercise.

The Complexity Eating Healthy

71

Table 2. Impacts on Health by 10kg weight loss

Health Condition Impact

Mortality 20-25% fall in total mortality 40-50% fall in obesity related

cancer deaths

Blood Pressure Fall of 10mmHG systolic pressure Fall of 20 mmHg diastolic

pressure

Lipids Fall by 10% in total cholesterol Fall by 15% LDL cholesterol Fall by 30% triglycerides Increase by 8% in HDL

cholesterol

Diabetes Fall of 30-50% in fasting blood

glucose Fall of 15% in HbA1c

Prevalence of cardiovascular disease risk factors by physical activity levels

(PAL).

Not much progress has been achieved in increasing physical activity

73Source: Strategic Plan of Action for the Prevent and Control of NCDs for Countries in the Caribbean Communities 2011-2015

Physical Activity level of Jamaicans 15-74 yrs. old

Men more physically active than women

74

Some CalculationsSource: Professor Homero Silva Serrano

WHO Guideline is 12 m2/person

Kingston has 0.6 m2/person that means about 5 % of what is required

Montego Bay IDB estimated 0.69 m2/personUSA is 64 m2/person

76

A Physical Representation of Public Parks

Area Required = 313 Has

Available = 32 Has

77

No

With

in p

ark

acce

ss

Park

Siz

e

Layo

ut: A

ctivi

ty a

reas

Park

feat

ures

Land

scap

ing

or A

esth

etic

appe

al

Bala

nce

betw

een

sun

and

shad

e

Play

grou

nd

Ligh

ting

Irrig

ation

sys

tem

Oth

er a

esth

etic

feat

ures

Rest

room

/cha

ngin

g fa

ciliti

es

Picn

ic a

reas

Park

ing

lots

No

Vis

ual c

ues

of

inci

viliti

es

Surr

ound

ing

neig

hbor

hood

Co

nditi

ons

Recr

eatio

n pr

ogra

ms

or th

e or

gani

zed

activ

ities

Safe

ty

Gra

de

Perc

enta

ge

1 Hope Gardens 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 15 83.32 Emancipation Park 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 13 72.23 Boys Town Park 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 12 66.74 Tony Spaulding Complex 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 9 50.05 Police Offi cers Club 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 9 50.06 Barbican Football Field 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 7 38.97 Mona Reservoir 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 6 33.38 Baldwin Park ? 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 6 33.39 National Heroes Park 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 5 27.8

10 UWI Park 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 5 27.811 St. William Grant Park 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 4 22.212 Emmet Park 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 4 22.2

13 Dunrobin Privare Park 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 4 22.214 Stadium Gardens 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 3 16.715 Mandela Park 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 3 16.716 Langlard Ave. Park 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 3 16.717 Coorevill Gardens 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 3 16.718 Hope Pastures Park 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 2 11.119 Cling Cling Park 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 2 11.120 Washington Gardens Park 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 2 11.121 Trench Town Park 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 5.622 Lowell Park ?? 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 5.623 Vint Lawrence Park 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.0

Total 3 4 5 4 7 1 4 10 5 3 5 1 14 18 18 5 12 1195.174 28.7

Preliminary Evaluation of Some Kingston Parks

78

Shading characteristics of deciduous trees during the summer

Temperature Reduction using Trees

• Shading. by blocking solar radiation, trees prevent structures and surfaces from heating up beyond the ambient air temperature (Direct Effect).

• Evapotranspiration. Summer reduction of air temperature by evaporative cooling as water passes through plant leaves is important for comfort and for reducing air conditioning needs (Indirect Effect).

Shading(Direct Effect)

• Shading can reduce summer air conditioning costs by 15 to 35 percent,

• As much as 50 percent or more in certain specific situations.

• Simply shading the air conditioner – by using shrubs or vine-covered trellis – can save up to 10 percent in annual cooling energy costs

Evapotranspiration(Indirect Effect)

82

Trees transpire up to 100 gallons of water in a day In a hot dry climate, This

cooling effect equal that of

5 air conditioners running for 20 hours

When the effects of evapotranspiration are combined with the effect of strategically placed shade, temperatures can drop by as much as 9 oF in the immediate vicinity of the trees.

Contribution of Vitamin G to Human Health and Wellbeing

83

Component of health Contribution of parksPhysical Provide a variety of settings and infrastructure for

various levels of formal and informal sport and recreation, for all skill levels and abilities e.g. picnicking, walking, dog training, running, cycling, ball games, sailing, surfing, photography, birdwatching, bushwalking, rock climbing, camping

Mental Make nature available for restoration from mental fatigue; solitude and quiet; artistic inspiration and expression; educational development (e.g. natural and cultural history)

Spiritual Preserve the natural environment for contemplation, reflection and inspiration; invoke a sense of place; facilitate feeling a connection to something beyond human concerns

Social Provide settings for people to enhance their social networks and personal relationships from couples and families, to social clubs and organisations of all sizes, from casual picnicking to events days and festivals

Environmental Preserve ecosystems and biodiversity, provide clean air and water, maintain ecosystem function, and foster human involvement in the natural environment (Friends of Parks groups, etc.)

Is Drinking Water Enough?

84

Thanks for Not Snoring

[email protected]

Paradigm change in drinking water management to achieve

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