Joseph Papp's First Engine Explained

For the reader going through this work for the first time, let me start by pointingout that a paper exists that is crucial to understanding where the energy comesfrom in this engine.

That paper is here: Energetic Particles Observed During Electolysis. In this paper we find the observation by Dr. Richard Oriani (University of Minnesota, Head of Coorsion Researdch Dept., Phd Electro-Chemistry)of huge bursts of Alpha radiation in the off-gasses from his Cold Fusion electrolysis cells.

This author recommends reading this paper first before reading the rest of this write-up. This would be to understand the probable source for the energy derived in the Papp engine. It cannot be emphasized enough that this author has no idea, theory, or even speculation as towhat process occurs in multi-plate electrolysis cells with an added alpha stimulus (i.e., the so called activating cells) in Papps work. The activating cells (Called by Papp, 30 in figure 2) were originally supplied with Radium (hard to obtain now).Llater, in his secondengine,they were filled with Thorium (more readily available). This makes the implicit argument that the important contribution is that of the alpha radiation, not the gamma radiation whichthe Radium also supplies.

The author will leave it to the reader to read Dr. Oriani's work and realize that what he observed was a tremendous potential energy source, at a nuclear energy level expression (i.e. Alpha radiation).

Above, Papp with his conversion of a Leland engine.

Above, actual Papp engine top head. 4 in diameter, rest can be scaled

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http://www.lenr-canr.org/acrobat/OrianiRAenergeticp.pdfhttp://www.lenr-canr.org/acrobat/OrianiRAenergeticp.pdf

This energy and observation was:

Not due to contamination in his lab (the author has had some involvement in assuring this fact).

Unique in terms of nuclear phenomenon. (i.e., never before observed).

Unexplained by any conventional theory.

Other important points from Orianis work:

It contains clues for the operation of the Papp Engine as a unique way ofexploiting the Einstein mass/energy formula (E=mc^2), and to provide

that energy in usable form (i.e. mechanical) without the hazards associated with nuclear fusion or fission, which would be the dangerousamounts of gamma, x-ray, neutrons radiation from fission or fusion.

Also there is no radioactive waste product. The only waste product that is part of the energy production isneutral Helium 4, which can be dissipated to the atmosphere. For reasons this author suggests the readerresearch on his/her own, this cannot build up more than the current six parts per million as it already exists atin the atmosphere.

Figure 1 is a top-downview of one of thecylinders in Papp's firstengine. For reference, thediameter of the outer bolthole ring is about 4inches.

It should be noted that theauthor of this write-up didhave the opportunity,through one HeinzKlosterman, who is a longtime Papp follower andproponent, to actually holdsome of the componentsillustrated herein in hisown hands in 2010. Thusthe author can give somerough dimensions to the drawings. This gives us an idea of how Papp constructed his device using a standard Volvo four-cylinder piston engine as a foundation, and modifyingfor his own use.

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Figure 2 is a transversesection taken along theplane III in Figure 1, withsome parts being in partialelevation. This assembly,from the curve (2) (Lowerleft of Figure 2.) to thetop, is about 7. All otheritems are shown inproportion in this drawing.

Because English wasPapps second language, agood deal of his verbiagemay initially seem veryturgid, and thus needstranslation. This authorwill try to do this. Bear inmind that this effort hastaken several years ofresearch. Therefore, thisauthor will attempt toexplain the Patent asconcisely as possible in aclear English.

Let us start with thestainless steel bellows,labeled 14 in Figure 2. These bellows aresignificant in that Pappsdesign using the bellowsattached to the closed cylinder 12, needs toprovide a completelysealed pressure boundary.This boundary needs to be capable of maintaining the pressure of the inert gasses and the H2 and O2 formed by electrolysis while the piston is toward Top Dead Center (TDC). At the same time the DC generator (shown in Figure 4.) would be supplying direct current tothe electrodes consisting of the arc points, 31, the gliding guides, 32 (called Capacitor Plates by Papp), and the activating cells, 30 (in Figure 2). It should be explained that there technically is no electrolyte in the water in the device. The dissolved Chlorine gas does not make an electrolyte. It is believed, however, that the water arc creates sufficient H2O3 radicals and H3O radicals to make the water conductive. (Under normal circumstances they would be transient, but in this device they are continuously replenished.) (Late 2013 note: Found out that Cecil Baumgardner told Papp to include thebellows in the patent, because of leakage problems. Actual engines ran without them.)

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Figure 3 is a section takenalong the plane III-III ofFigure 1.

Figure 4 is a diagrammaticrepresentation illustratingone form of an electricsupply and timing controlsystem.

Figures 3 and 4 are veryimportant to understandwhat Papp is doing in hisengine. But before referringto these figures, let me givea simple and direct listingof the steps which Pappdescribes, but without thesuperfluous commentsthat Papp includes.

Papp's procedure tocharge the engine foroperation is this:

1. He pumps pure, de-oxygenated waterinto a cylinder (throughthe port 24 in Figure 3).

2. He brings down thepiston and fills thevolume with clean,degassed water.

3. He then adds Chlorinegas.

He then, and I'm not surehow exactly, blows out thewater (which is nowactually a mixture ofdissolved chlorine in water)until he has about 15 to20% of the original volumeof water left, and the rest is1 to 4 Atmospheres (ATM)of his inert gas mixture.

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Once we are this far into Papps description of start-up, we find that some details are hidden, either by design or by simply just omission. Ill try to expand those areas that seem opaque.Papp says that the engine must be turned over (externally) to mix the Chlorine into the water. Originally this author thought, of course, the chlorine is completely dissolved in the water as soon as it is injected. But it turns out (again to the chagrin of this author!) that Chlorines behavior in water is much like that of CO2. It does NOT form HCL, it canbe dissolved and super saturated as CO2.However, Papp implies by the way he writes things up that:

There is some significant amount of time the engine is turned over to accomplish this mixing, and,

The A/C generator may be is turned on and off during this mixing phase.This is very important as we have here a time period described during which the engine isacting as a pure electrolysis device.

During this time, if one presumes that the original volume of H2O is about 100 ml, then that would be 5 moles of H2O. At 44,000 ml per mole, this would be 220,000 ml of gas tobe formed. If the piston had 500 ml of volume, this would generate 220,000/500 = 400 ATM of pressure, or about 6000 psi. This would clearly blow open any stainless steel bellows of the size shown, and would not be possible to achieve, as he explains, presuming a pure gas evolution in a closed volume. So some further explanation is needed.

This was problematic for this author until he realized that the way of removing hard radiation formed oxygen dissolved in the reactor coolant water in General Electric Boiling water reactors is to simply inject pure H2 into the reactor operating at 1500 psi and 500 F. The O2 from radiolysis and the H2 injected into the reactor coolant water during operation recombine automatically to make H2O.

A short research effort on Gel Cell rechargeable batteries reveals that the H2 and O2 formed in these cells recombine in the sealed cells at < 10 psi (gauge) pressure. (This low-pressure accomplishment at room temperature is due perhaps to some catalysis effects of the plates in the cells and the gel material.)

In any case, with a 10:1 compression and a 4 ATM starting pressure, Papps pistons give an almost 700 psi transient upon normal cycling. This author believes that despite a continuous formation of H2 and O2, the pulsing pressure forces the H2 and O2 so formed to recombine, and thus no net H2 and O2 pressure builds up in the closed volume. (The author has found a paper on recombining H2 and O2, purely by pressure for diesel engineresearch which tends to validate this contention.)

However, whatever the substance is that causes the massive alpha bursts of Orianis observation, stimulated during the operational application of the Water Arc (to be explained) and Gliding Arc phase of the system operation is building up all during this time. This substance is also accumulating in the water (or so this author believes). Let us note that Papp says, The engine begins to run as soon as it is turned on. This troubled this author for some years until I realized the

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difference between the Chlorine Mixing step and the operational step. What Papp probably meant by his statement was that when the AC generator was turned on (for creating an Arc Discharge during the down stroke of the piston) the engine would began to generate power and turn over on its own.Lets examine PappsFigure 4 and refer to thedetailed drawings of hispistons and internals tounderstand themechanics andelectrical functionalityof the engine.

Before I go into thesedetails, let me point outthat there exists pages andpages and website afterwebsite, written by well-meaning but generally(alas) very technicallyignorant people, talkingabout the benefits ofsupplying a flow of H2 andO2 from small multi plateelectrolysis devices intothe air intakes of standardpiston engines, to increasemileage by factors of20, 30, and up to 50percent.

Many of these people havean almost religious beliefin a magic form of Hydrogen called HHO, or Hydroxy, or any of a dozen different forms of non-scientific explanations. As a disclaimer (mentioned above), this author has no good theory as to the source of energy from Orianis cells, but has some engineering guesses.

However, this author has personal experience in obtaining 25 to 35 percent better mileageon three different vehicles with the addition of < 5 liters per minute of H2 and O2 from multi-plate electrolysis devices. These devices were being run with less than 60 watts of input power. There is enough information available about conventional combustion to allow us to know that there has to be something besides the energy from the small amountof, H2 and O2, added (which was derived from the engine being supplemented in the first place) and or any hand waving explanation of better combustion because of shifting any balances in the combustion cycle. These are concepts without merit, as the current genre of fuel injection engines is almost 100% perfect in the burn of the fuel/air

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mixture as it is. Also the limitations of the known non-idealities of the Otto cycle engine are available and well defined. None of these limitations are impacted in any significant way by the addition of .05% more(by volume) of H2or O2 in the Otto combustion cycle. (Through the air intake.)These sorts of variations in operating parameters are something that happens more pronouncedly with change in gasoline octane, and with the normal changes of density altitude (which happen day to day depending on temperature and humidity). These factors will change the amount of O2 and H2 used in the combustion processes in a normal Otto cycle engine more than will occur because of the H2 and O2 produced and added to the air intake by any HHO generation system!

Therefore, one is left with searching for a non-chemical, non-mechanical source

of the massive additional energy created by these simple devices.

This author speculates that whatever causes the massive alpha bursts of Orianis observations can be released in the Papp Engine design more regularly (than the spontaneous bursts in Oriani's experiments) by combining:

A transient pressure pulse.

A transient plasma state (such as burning gasoline, or an arc discharge into a mixture of water vapor and inert gasses, as in Papps device).

The magic substance (unknown) generated by the multi-plate electrolysis devices, which is notHHO, and not related to H2 and O2 produced by electrolysis (as they are reabsorbed and recombined, as explained above, during the normal engine operation).

Functional Outline of Papp's Engine

1. The first part of this section involves accumulating the unknown substance in the water/cylinder by running in a pure electrolysis mode for some time.

2. The second part of this section involves transition to a combined electrolysis/arc discharge mode.

The Arc Discharge comes between the two tungsten points (31 in Figure 3) as the piston goes from TDC downward.The two plates (about wide, 2 long) above the tungsten plates act as guides for a Gliding Arc. When the circuitry transitions to the AC generator, a Water Arc is started between the tungsten points as the piston goes down from TDC. This

Water Arc is continued and travels up between the capacitor plates, which really are guides for a Gliding Arc. During the fraction of a second that this occurs, the equivalent to the plasma in a normal Otto cycle engine is formed. However, no combustible substance is used (thus no input or output of a fuel in the normal sense).Here are some reference links for Water Arcs and Gliding Arcs which will be of help andshow that these are known phenomenon:

Water Arc In DC

Very Involved Water Arc and Gliding Arc Paper

1933 Paper on Investigation Water Arc Discharges

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http://jes.ecsdl.org/content/63/1/419.full.pdf+htmlhttp://jes.ecsdl.org/content/63/1/419.full.pdf+htmlhttp://www.plastep.eu/fileadmin/dateien/Events/2011/110725_Summer_School/Plasma_water_treatment.pdfhttp://www.plastep.eu/fileadmin/dateien/Events/2011/110725_Summer_School/Plasma_water_treatment.pdfhttp://ispc20.plasmainstitute.org/my_ispc/papers/692.pdf

The three links listed above are a small sampling of the one million references inGoogle for Water Arc Discharge.

Here are some Water Arc Discharge Image links.

In reading these references we can find that there are a variety of effects and mechanical/electrical considerations with regard to the formation of electrical arcs in water and water rich (i.e., moist/water droplet rich) environments.

Next we need some cross references on Gliding Arcs. This author understands that almost everyone is familiar with onetype of Gliding Arc, i.e. the Jacobs Ladder. The importance of reviewing Gliding Arcs is to clarify that in order to achieve a synthetic combustion plasma, or even a generally more complete plasma (in terms of the total ionization, extent of the plasma, etc,), again this author emphasizes that Papp isstarting with a Water Arc at the bottomof the Capacitor plates (his term, number 32 in Figure 3).

The arc then travels between the plates as a Gliding Arc as the piston is going down. It does this because of the nature of the ionization expansion, and the movement does not depend on the movement of the piston (in this authors judgment).

Reference 1.Excellent Paper Gliding Arc in Argon

Reference 2.Enhanced Combustion With A Gliding Arc

Reference 3 Gliding Arc Reactors

Here are some Gliding Arc Images

Total citations in Google: 185,000under Gliding Arc.

Thus we can find that there exists a greatdeal of information about two mechanical/electrical elements in Papps engine, i.e. Water Arcs and Gliding Arcs (also known as Guided Arcs).

ConclusionThe application of the above methods are this: When the system flips to the ACsource it creates a quick Gliding Arc inthe H2O (mist/vapor) atmosphere with Inert Gases. Then an artificial combustion plasma is created. It is the speculation of this author that subsequently a large number of alpha bursts are released. This is enough to put energy into the chamber capable of driving the piston downward (by collisions with the sidewalls and gases)

and supply useful energy to the crankshaft.

An objection may be stated that the alpha particles would merely deposit themselves in the metals, but this author believes that with the inert gasses and the properties of the metals, a system is created similar to the neutron reflectors in nuclear reactors.

This actually succeeds in causing the alpha particles to bounce right off the

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http://www.google.com/search?q=gliding+arc+plasma&start=10&hl=en&sa=N&prmd=imvns&tbm=isch&tbo=u&source=univ&ei=Cs8zULrMOZPo9gSu84HwAQ&ved=0CGcQsAQ4Cg&biw=1600&bih=805http://iupac.org/publications/pac/pdf/1994/pdf/6606x1301.pdfhttp://engine.princeton.edu/Publications/Characteristics%20of%20Gliding.pdfhttp://engine.princeton.edu/Publications/Characteristics%20of%20Gliding.pdfhttp://ispc20.plasmainstitute.org/my_ispc/papers/348.pdfhttp://www.google.com/#hl=en&output=search&sclient=psy-ab&q=gliding+arc+pictures&oq=gliding+arc+pictures&gs_l=hp.3..33i21.3096.8277.0.8349.20.17.0.0.0.0.414.4070.0j5j8j2j1.16.0.les%3B..0.0...1c.IyA0KghClqk&pbx=1&bav=on.2,or.r_gc.r_pw.r_qf.&fp=324cbb6aa9d150f5&biw=1252&bih=570

metals and actually impart mechanical energy to the system. This is done significantly enough to drive the piston and allow recovery of usable amounts of mechanical energy.

Another objection, which is viable, but must be trumped by observation, is that bursts of alpha particle would mean a source (judging from the Oriani paper) which has an atomic mass of 4,000,000.

This author has NO explanation or insight, except to hark to Fishers poly neutron theory, which seems completely insane in light of current knowledge. It should be noted, however,that this author and an associate have run

several Joe Cells. These are multi-plate electrolysis devices constructed of concentric stainless steel tubes. Typicallythese electrolysis cells form a surface tension of their own, and a froth of H2 O2 (allegedly, only thisperhaps not only H2 and O2?) on the top of the concentric tubes.

This froth is REPELLED noticeably by high field magnets, pointing at them in EITHER polarity (i.e., North or South pole). It is interesting to note this article (http://neutron.physics.ncsu.edu/PY810_06/Ezhov.pdf) on a magnetic bottle for cold neutrons. They can be contained with an inter weaved magnetic field. Theauthor derives a heuristic from this, supporting Fishers poly neutron hypothesis.

Warning Regarding Replication

One last point: If one realizes the simplicity of this concept and tries to duplicate Papp's first engine using the information I have provided, there is a strong indication that the system, without some method of damping the reaction which creates the unknown substance that causes the massive alpha bursts, is a positive feedback device. This is believed to be true because of an incident (Papp Engine Explosion) which happened with Papp and one of his first engines in 1966. Witnessing this demonstration was Richard Feynman, the Physicist (Nobel Prize in Physics).

Feymans assessment that Papp rigged the explosion was never proven. The

device Feyman unplugged (and claimed as the source of the energy running the engine) had to do with damping the reaction. he engine running rough (as Feynman claimed) was actually an over-speed with excessive energy output occurring due to the positive feedback, in this authors judgment.

That means that ultimately the basic engine design discussed herein when run over some time will over-speed and explode. (This without damping or other forms of control.)The indications are the explosion will be more than a hand grenade in size. Thus experimenters need to be aware and take extreme safety precautions (sandbags and substantial impact-

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http://www.museumofhoaxes.com/comments/papparticle2.htmlhttp://neutron.physics.ncsu.edu/PY810_06/Ezhov.pdfhttp://neutron.physics.ncsu.edu/PY810_06/Ezhov.pdf

absorbing structures about test devices should be employed).

The engine running rough (as Feynman claimed) was actually an over-speed with excessive energy output occurring due to the positive feedback, in this authors judgment.

That means that ultimately the basic engine design discussed herein when run over some time will over-speed

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and explode. (This without damping or other forms of control.)The indications are the explosion will be more than a hand grenade in size.

Thus experimenters need to be aware and take extreme safety precautions (sandbags and substantial impact-absorbing structures about test devices should be employed).

Mark Daniel Hugo, Dec. 2012

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Joseph Papp's First Engine ExplainedConclusionWarning Regarding Replication