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Pandey Govind IRJP 2 (5) 2011 115-121
IRJP 2 (5) May 2011 Page 115-121
INTERNATIONAL RESEARCH JOURNAL OF PHARMACY ISSN 2230 – 8407 Available online http://www.irjponline.com Review Article
MEDICINAL PLANTS AGAINST LIVER DISEASES
Pandey Govind* Officer-In-Charge of Rinder Pest (Animal Husbandry Dept., Govt. of MP), Jabalpur, India
Article Received on: 21/03/2011 Revised on: 28/04/2011 Approved for publication: 12/05/2011
*Officer-In-Charge of Rinder Pest (Animal Husbandry Department, Govt. of MP), Jabalpur Division, Jabalpur-482001, MP, India; E-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT India is the largest producer of medicinal plants and is rightly called the “Botanical Garden of the World”. The medicinal plants have very important place in the health and vitality of human beings as well as animals. As per the WHO estimates, about three quarters of the world’s population currently use herbs and other traditional medicines to cure various diseases, including liver disorders. Hence, several phytomedicines (medicinal plants or herbal drugs) are now used for the prevention and treatment of various liver disorders. Although experimental studies have been conducted on a number of these plants and their formulations, however, only some plants have clearly shown the hepatogenic / hepatoprotective effects against liver diseases or hepatotoxicity caused by variety of hepatotoxic agents such as chemicals, drugs, pollutants, and infections from parasites, bacteria or viruses (e.g., hepatitis A, B and C), etc. Indeed, to obtain satisfactory herbal drugs for treating severe liver diseases, the medicinal plants must be evaluated systematically for properties like antiviral activity (Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C, etc.), antihepatotoxicity activity (antioxidants and others), stimulation of liver regeneration and choleretic activity. A combination of different herbal extracts / fractions is likely to provide desired activities to cure severe liver diseases. The medicinal plants contain several phytochemicals which possess strong antioxidant property, leading to antihepatotoxic activity. KEYWORDS: Hepatogenic / Hepatoprotective effects, Hepatotoxicity, Liver diseases, Medicinal plants (Phytomedicines) INTRODUCTION Liver, the largest gland is a vital organ. It is the metabolic “engine-room of the body”. Almost all the drugs, foods and water constituents are metabolized and detoxified in the liver, and as such it is often exposed to maladies resulting in a number of clinical syndromes. Many chemicals, foods, drugs and infections (parasitic, bacterial, viral or fungal) can cause variety of liver diseases such as hepatitis, jaundice, cirrhosis, liver cancer, etc. Because of variations in liver dysfunctions and difficulties encountered in reaching to a proper diagnosis, a physician is rarely able to provide specific treatment. At the most, supportive and symptomatic treatments are given but the multiplicity of deranged functions renders the treatment still more complicated. Besides this, modern (allopathic) drugs exhibit severe toxicity, thus there is a definite need to search alternate drugs having maximum therapeutic value with no or least toxicity1-2. Liver has a pivotal role in regulation of physiological processes. It is involved in several vital functions such as metabolism, secretion and storage. Further, detoxification of a variety of drugs and xenobiotics occurs in the liver itself. The bile secreted by the liver has, among other things, an important role in digestion. Liver diseases are among the most serious disorders.
They may be classified as acute or chronic hepatitis (inflammatory liver diseases), hepatosis (non inflammatory diseases) and cirrhosis (degenerative disorder resulting in fibrosis of the liver). The liver diseases are mainly caused by toxic chemicals (certain antibiotics, chemotherapeutics, peroxidised oil, aflatoxin, carbon tetrachloride, acetaminophen, chlorinated hydrocarbons, etc.), excess consumption of alcohol, infections and autoimmune disorders1-3. Most of the hepatotoxic chemicals damage liver cells mainly by inducing lipid peroxidation and other oxidative damages in liver. Enhanced lipid peroxidation produced during the liver microsomal metabolism of ethanol may result in hepatitis and cirrhosis. It has been estimated that about 90% of the acute hepatitis is due to viruses. The major viral agents involved are Hepatitis B, A, C, D (delta agents), E and G. Of these, Hepatitis B infection often results in chronic liver diseases and cirrhosis of liver. Primary liver cancer has also been shown to be produced by these viruses. It has been reported that about 14-16 million people are infected with Hepatitis B virus in South East Asia region and approximately 6% of the total population in the region are carriers of this virus. A vaccine has become available for immunization against Hepatitis B virus. Hepatitis C and Hepatitis E infections are also common in countries of South East Asia region3.
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Until recently it was accepted like a dogma that no effective treatment of liver diseases exists. However, with the discovery of a plethora of drugs of plant origin, the situation has now markedly changed and a substantial volume of evidence indicates that these drugs exert a specific influence on the hepatic parenchyma1-2,4. Medicinal plants have very important place as they not only maintain the health and vitality of human beings and animals, but also cure several diseases, including liver disorders without causing any toxicity. India is the largest producer of medicinal plants and is rightly called the “Botanical Garden of the World”. Over the past few decades, herbal medicines have been accepted universally, and they put the impact on both world health and international trade. As per the WHO estimates, about three quarters of the world’s population currently use herbs phytomedicines (medicinal plants or herbal drugs) and other traditional medicines for the treatment of various diseases. Nowadays, more than 50% of all modern drugs in clinical use are of natural products. According to WHO, more than 80% people in developing countries depend on traditional medicine for their primary health needs, and a recent survey shows that more than 60% of patients use vitamins or phytomedicines at some point in their therapy5-8. About 80% of the world population rely on traditional medicine which is predominantly based on plant materials. The traditional medicine refers to a broad range of ancient natural health care practices including folk / tribal practices as well as Ayurveda, Siddha, Amchi and Unani. These medical practices originated from time immemorial and developed gradually, to a large extent, by relying or based on practical experiences without significant references to modern scientific principles. These practices incorporated ancient beliefs and were passed on from one generation to another by oral tradition and / or guarded literature. It is estimated that about 7,500 plants are used in local health traditions in, mostly, rural and tribal villages of India. Out of these, the real medicinal value of over 4,000 plants is either little known or hitherto unknown to the mainstream population. The classical systems of medicine such as Ayurveda, Siddha, Amchi, Unani and Tibetan use about 1,200 plants. However, in most of the severe cases, the treatments of liver diseases are unsatisfactory. Although experimental evaluations have been done on many plants and their formulations, only some plants have clearly shown the antihepatotoxic activity against liver diseases. Inspite, even common dietary antioxidants can provide such protection from liver damage caused by oxidative mechanisms of toxic chemicals. Thus, to obtain the satisfactory herbal drugs for treating severe liver
diseases, the medicinal plants must be evaluated systematically for properties like antiviral activity (Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C, etc.), antihepatotoxicity activity (antioxidants and others), stimulation of liver regeneration and choleretic activity. A combination of different herbal extracts / fractions is likely to provide desired activities to cure severe liver diseases3. Again, the liver dysfunction remains as one of the serious health problems but we do not have satisfactory antihepatotoxic drugs in the allopathic medical practice for serious liver diseases. However, a number of plants have shown to possess hepatoprotective properties by improving the antioxidant status. Yet, there is lack of scientific proofs to authenticate the hepatoprotective properties of those plants which are used traditionally to treat liver diseases9. In recent times, therefore, the focus on the plant research has increased all over the world and a large body of evidence has collected to show immense potential of medicinal plants used, and hence the importance of natural products for drug discovery has been found impressive10. REPORTS ON HEPATOGENIC /HEPATOPROTECTIVE MEDICINAL PLANTS Numerous phytomedicines or polyherbal formulations are now being used for the prevention and treatment of various liver disorders or hepatotoxicity2-3,8,11. In this article, therefore, 170 hepatogenic / hepatoprotective medicinal plants reviewed from different sources1-3,9,12-19 have been elucidated (Table 1). The medicinal plants contain several phytochemicals, which possess strong antioxidant activities. These antioxidant phytochemicals may be flavonoids (flavones, isoflavones, flavonones, anthocyanins, catechins, isocatechins, quercetin), terpenoids, polyphenols (ellagic acid, gallic acid, tannins), alkaloids, saponins, vitamins (A, C, E, K), carotenoids, minerals (selenium, copper, manganese, zinc, chromium, iodine), enzymes (superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathion peroxidase), polysaccharides, saponins, lignins, xanthones and pigments, etc. The antioxidants may cure different diseases by protecting the cells from damage caused by ‘free radicals’- the highly reactive oxygen compounds5-
8,11,20-24. In recent years, immunomodulation has attracted the interest of scientists all over the world in view of growing awareness regarding the need to modulate the immune system for achieving the objective of preventing an infection rather than treating it at an advanced stage. Hence, the concept of ‘Prohost Therapy’ has been introduced, which aims to bolster host immune function to prevent infections. Medicinal plants are known to have good immunomodulatory property. They act by
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stimulating both nonspecific and specific immunity. These plants may promote host resistance against infections by re-establishing body equilibrium and conditioning the body tissues. It is presumed that the restorative and rejuvenating power of these plant materials might be due to their action on host immune system. The immune system is complex in nature, consisting of multi-organs and cell involvement. It is one of the most sensitive systems of the body, which works through an intricate regulation of cellular and humoral components5-6,25-26. CONCLUSION The medicinal plants play an important role in the health and vitality of humans and animals lives. Several medicinal plants (phytomedicines or herbal drugs) are now prevalent for the treatment of various liver diseases. Some medicinal plants are potential hepatogenic/ hepatoprotective agents against hepatotoxicity caused by variety of hepatotoxicants. It is distinct that the medicinal plants possess versatile antioxidant, immunomodulatory and phagocytic activities, and thereby may be beneficial against liver diseases. REFERENCES 1. Pandey Govind P. Pharmacological studies of Livol(R) with special reference to liver function. MVSc & AH thesis. Jabalpur, MP, India: JNKVV; 1980. 2. Pandey Govind P. Hepatogenic effect of some indigenous drugs on experimental liver damage. PhD thesis. Jabalpur, MP, India: JNKVV; 1990. 3. Kumar CH, Ramesh A, Suresh Kumar JN, Mohammed Ishaq B. A review on hepatoprotective activity of medicinal plants. Int J Pharmaceu Sci Res 2011; 2(3):501-515. 4. Pandey Govind, Pandey SP. Phytochemical and toxicity study of Emblica officinalis (Amla). Int Res J Pharm 2011; 2(3):270-272. 5. Madhuri S. Studies on oestrogen induced uterine and ovarian carcinogenesis and effect of ProImmu in rats. PhD thesis. Jabalpur, MP, India: RDVV; 2008. 6. Madhuri S, Pandey Govind. Some anticancer medicinal plants of foreign origin. Curr Sci 2009; 96(6):779-783. 7. Pandey Govind, Madhuri S. Some anticancer agents from plant origin. Pl Arch 2008; 8(2): 527-532. 8. Pandey Govind, Madhuri S. Significance of fruits and vegetables in malnutrition cancer. Pl Arch 2010; 10(2):517-522.
9. Suky TMG, Parthipan B, Kingston C, Mohan VR, Soris PT. Hepatoprotective and antioxidant effect of Balanites aegyptiaca (Linn.) Del against CCl4 induced hepatotoxicity in rats. Int J Pharmaceu Sci. Res 2011; 2(4):887-892. 10. Jagadeesh MC, Sreepriya M, Bali G and Manjulakumari D. Biochemical studies on the effect of curcumin and embelin during N-nitrosodiethylamine / phenobarbital induced-hepatocarcinogenesis in wistar rats. Afr J Biotechnol 2009; 8(18):4618-4622. 11. Pandey Govind. Hepatogenic effect of OptiLiv on estrogen induced liver damage in female albino rat. J Pl Dev Sci, 2010; 2(2 & 3):83-87. 12. Chopra RN, Nayar SL, Chopra IC. Glossary of Indian Medicinal Plants. New Delhi: Council of Scientific and Industrial Research; 2002. 13. CSIR. The Useful Plants of India. New Delhi, India: Council of Scientific and Industrial Research; 1986. 14. IDMA. Indian Herbal Pharmacopoeia. Mumbai, India; 2002. 15. Jarald EE, Jarald SE. Colour Atlas of Medicinal Plants. New Delhi, India; 2006. 16. Kaushik P, Dhiman AK. Medicinal Plants and Raw Drugs of India. Dehra Dun, India: Bishen Singh Mahendra Pal Singh; 1999. 17. Nadkarni KM. Indian Materia Medica. Vol 1 & 2, 3rd Ed. Bombay, India: Popular Book Depot, Bombay & Dhootpapeshwar Prakashan Ltd; 1954. 18. Prajapati ND, Purohit SS, Sharma AK, Kumar T. A Hand Book of Medicinal Plants. India: Agrobios; 2003. 19. Sharma R. Medicinal Plants of India- An Encyclopedia. Delhi: Daya Publishing Home; 2003. 20. Gupta VK, Sharma, SK. Plants as natural antioxidants. Nat Prod Rad 2006; 5(4):326-334. 21. Heber D. Vegetables, fruits and phytoestrogens in the prevention of diseases. J Postgrad Med 2004; 50:145-149. 22. Kathiresan K, Boopathy NS, Kavitha S. Coastal vegetation- An underexplored source of anticancer drugs. Nat Prod Rad 2006; 5(2):115-119. 23. Kaur C, Kapoor HC. Antioxidants activity and total phenolic content of some Asian vegetables. Int J Food Sci Tech 2002; 37:153-161. 24. Ray G, Hussan SA. Oxidant, antioxidant and carcinogenesis. Indian J Exp Biol 2002; 40: 1213-1232. 25. Agrawala SK, Chatterjee S, Misra SK. Immune-potentiation activity of a polyherbal formulation “Immu-21” (Research Name). Phytomedica 2001; 2(1&2):1-22. 26. Pandey Govind, Madhuri S. Medicinal plants: Better remedy for neoplasms. Indian Drugs 2006; 43(11):869-874.
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Table 1: Hepatogenic / Hepatoprotective medicinal plants
Botanical name of the plant
Hindi/English/ Common name
Plant family
Part(s) used
Abelmoschus esculentus (Linn.) Moench (Hibiscus esculentus L.)
Bhindi (bhindi tori)/ Lady’s finger (gumbo)
Malvaceae Root, fruit, seed
Acacia catechu Willd. Khair/Cutch tree
Leguminosae/ Mimosaceae Stem bark Achillea millefolium Linn. Gandana/Milfoil (yarrow) Compositae/ Asteraceae Whole plant Aegle marmelos Correa ex Roxb. Bel/Bael tree Rutaceae Pulp, seed Aerva lanata Juss. ex Schult. Chaya
Amaranthaceae Root, whole plant Agropyron repens Beauv. Couch grass (dog grass) Gramineae/Poaceae Root, rhizome Agrostemma githago Linn. (Lychnis githago Scop.) Corn cockle Caryophyllaceae Seed Allium cepa Linn. Piyaz/Onion Liliaceae/Alliaceae Bulb Allium sativum Linn. Lasun (lasan)/Garlic Liliaceae/Alliaceae Bulb Alocasia indica (Roxb.) Schott Mankanda/Giant taro Araceae Root, tuber, leaf Aloe barbadensis Mill. (A. vera Tourn. ex Linn.) Ghee-kunvar (ghi-
kanvar)/Indian aloe
Liliaceae Root, pulp, aerial part
Aloe succotrina Lam. (A. vera Mill., non Linn.) Moka (mocha aloe)
Liliaceae Leaf, whole plant Alstonia scholaris R. Br. Chatian/Dita bark Apocynaceae Stem bark Amaranthus spinosus Linn. Kataili chaulai/ Prickly
amarnath
Amaranthaceae Whole plant
Andrographis paniculata Wall. ex Nees Kiryat (kirayat)/Creat Acanthaceae Whole plant Aphanamixis polystachya (Wall.) Parker (A. rohituka Wight & Arn.
Harinhara/Amoora Meliaceae Stem bark
Apium graveolens Linn. Shalari (ajmud)/Cerely Umbelliferae/ Apiaceae Seed Aporosa lindieyana Baill. Valaka Euphorbiaceae Root Aquilegia vulgaris Linn. (A. karelini Baker) Common columbine Ranunculaceae Root, seed Argemone mexicana Linn. Bharband (Shaikanta)/ Prickly poppy Papaveraceae Whole plant Aristolochia indica Linn. Ishvari mul/Indian birthwort Aristolochiaceae Root, seed, rhizome Artemisia absinthium Linn. Vilayathi afsanthin/ Absinthe Compositae/ Asteraceae Aerial part
Asparagus officinale Linn. Nag-down (halyun)/ Asparagus Liliaceae Root
Asparagus racemosus Willd. Satawar (satamuli) Liliaceae Whole plant Asplenium adiantoides C. Chr. (A. falcatum Lam.) Pana (nela panna) Aspleniaceae/
Polypodiaceae Whole plant
Asplenium adiantum-nigrum Linn. Black spleenwort Aspleniaceae Whole plant Azadirachta indica A. Juss. (Melia azadirachta Linn.)
Nim/Neem tree Meliaceae Stem bark, leaf, flower
Balanites aegyptiaca (Linn.) Delile (B. roxburghii Planch.)
Hingan (hingot) Balanitaceae/ Simarubaceae
Stem bark, leaf, fruit
Baliospermum montanum M.-Arg. Danti Euphorbiaceae Root Belamcanda cinensis DC. Surjakanti/Leopard lily Iridaceae Rhizome Berbaris aristata DC. Chitra (rasaut, dar-hald)/ Indian
barberry Berberidaceae Root bark
Berbaris asiatica Roxb. ex DC. Sumlu Berberidaceae Root Bixa orellana Linn. Latkan/Annatto tree Bixaceae Leaf Boerhaavia diffusa Linn. (B. repens Linn.) Sant (punarnava)/ Spreading hog-weed Nyctaginaceae
Root, whole plant
Bridelia stipularis Blume Kangiabel (khaji) Euphorbiaceae Leaf Bupleurum falcatum Linn. - Umbelliferae/ Apiaceae Root Bupleurum jukundum Kurz - Umbelliferae/ Apiaceae Root Cajanus cajan (Linn.) Millsp. (C. indicus Spreng.) Arhar (tur, tuver)/Red gram (pigeon
pea) Papilionaceae/Fab-aceae/Leguminosae
Leaf, seed
Callicarpa tomentosa (Linn.) Murr. (C. lanata Linn.)
Bastra Verbenaceae Stem bark
Calotropis procera (Ait.) R. Br. Akada (madar)
Asclepiadaceae Leaf, flower Capparis spinosa Linn. Kabra/Caper bush
Capparidaceae Root bark Carthamus tinctorius Linn. Kusum (karrah) Compositae/ Asteraceae Flower Cassia fistula Linn. Amaltas (girimalah)/ Purging
fistula
Leguminosae/ Caesalpiniaceae
Leaf
Cassia occidentalis Linn. Kasondi/Negro coffee Leguminosae/ Caesalpiniaceae
Leaf
Cassia tora Linn. (C. obtusifolia Linn.) Chakunda (panevar)
Leguminosae/ Caesalpiniaceae
Leaf
Casuarina equisetifolia Linn. Jangli saru/Beefwood Casuarinaceae Whole plant Centaurea behen Linn. Safed bahman Compositae/ Asteraceae Root
Cichorium intybus Linn. Kasani (kashini)/Chicory Compositae/ Asteraceae Leaf
Citrullus colocynthis Schrad. (Colocynthis vulgaris Schrad.)
Indrayan (makal)/ Colocynth (bitter apple)
Cucubitaceae Root, fruit
Citrus limettioides Ta. (C. medica var. limetta W. & A. of Watt)
Mithanebu/Sweet lime Rutaceae Fruit
Cleome viscosa Linn. (C. icosandra Linn.) Hulhul (hurhur)
Capparidaceae Leaf
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Clerodendrum inerme (L.) Gaertn. Lanjai (sangkupi) Verbenaceae Leaf Colchicum luteum Baker (C. autumnale Linn.) Hirantutiya (surinjan) Liliaceae Corm Cordia macleodii Hook. f. & Thoms. Dahipalas (dhaiman) Boraginaceae Stem bark, leaf Crataeva nurvala Buch.-Ham. (C. religiosa Ho. f. & Th., non Fo. f.)
Barun (barna, bilasi) Capparidaceae
Stem bark
Croton oblongifolius Roxb. Chucka
Euphorbiaceae Stem bark, aerial part Curculigo orchioides Gaertn. Kali musli Amaryllidaceae Rhizome (Tuber) Curcuma longa Linn. (C. domestica Valeton) Haldi (halada)/ Turmeric Zingiberaceae Rhizome (Tuber) Cuscuta chinensis Lam. Agamulanetirvel
Convolvulaceae Seed Cuscuta reflexa Roxb. Akasbel Convolvulaceae Whole plant Decalepis hamiltonii Wight & A. Mahali kizhangu
Asclepiadaceae Root Delphinium zali Aitch. & Hemsl. Asbarg (asbar)/
Zalil larkspur Ranunculaceae Flower, whole plant
Dorema ammoniacum D. Don Ushak Umbelliferae/ Apiaceae Gum Ecbolium viride (Forsk.) Merrill (E. linneanum Kurz)
Udajati Acanthaceae Root
Eclipta alba (Linn.) Hassk. Bhangra (safed bhangra, babri, mochkand)
Compositae/ Asteraceae Whole plant
Embelia ribes Burm. f. Baberang (wawrung) Myrsinaceae Fruit Emblica officinalis Gaertn. (Phyllanthus emblica Linn.)
Amla (amlika, aonla)/ Indian gooseberry Euphorbiaceae Fruit
Equisetum arvense Linn. Field horsetail Equisetaceae
Aerial part Ficus asperrima Roxb. Kalmnor Moraceae Stem bark Ficus dalhousiae Miq. Somavalkhom Moraceae Bark, leaf Ficus retusa Linn. Kamrup Moraceae Stem bark Flacourtia jangomas (Lour.) Raeusch. (F. cataphracta Roxb.)
Paniala (talispalri)/Punela plum Flacourtiaceae Fruit
Flacourtia ramontchi L’Herit. (F. indica Merrill) Bilangra (kanju)/ Governor’s plum Flacourtiaceae Fruit Foeniculum officinale All. (F. vulgare Mil., F. capillaceum Gil.)
Saunf (sonp, bari-saunf) Umbelliferae/ Apiaceae Seed
Fumaria indica Pugsley (F. vaillantii Loisel., F. parviflora Lam. ssp. vaillantii Hook. f.)
Pitpapra (shahterah) Papaveraceae Whole plant
Fumaria officinalis Linn. Pitpapra Papaveraceae Whole plant Gardenia jasminoides Ellis (G. florida Linn., G. augusta Merrill)
Gandharaj/Cape jasmine Rubiaceae Fruit
Gelonium multflorum Juss. Ban naringa Euphorbiaceae Stem bark Gentiana olivieri Griseb. (G. dahurica Fisch.) Agherpanrae Gentianaceae Aerial part Geranium robertianum Linn. Hreb-Robert geranium Geraniaceae Whole plant Ginkgo biloba Linn. Maidenhair tree Ginkgoaceae Fruit Glycosmis pentaphylla (Retz.) Correa (G. arborea Correa, G. cochinchinensis Pierre ex Engler)
Ban nimbu Rutaceae Leaf
Glycyrrhiza glabra Linn. Mulhatti (madhuka)/ Liquorice (licorice)
Papilionaceae/Fab-aceae/Leguminosae
Root
Hackelochloa granularis (Linn.) Kunt. (Manisuris granularis L. f.)
Trinpali (kangni) Gramineae/Poaceae Whole plant
Hedyotis corymbosa (Linn.) Lam. (Oldenlanaia corymbosa Linn.)
Daman papar (pitpapra) Rubiaceae Whole plant
Hibiscus sabdariffa Linn. Lalambari (patwa)/ Roselle Malvaceae Calyx Hygrocotyle sibthorpioides Lam. (H. rotundofolia Roxb.)
Khulkhuri Umbelliferae/ Apiaceae Root
Hygrophila spinosa T. Anders. (Asteracantha longifolia Nees)
Talimakhana Acanthaceae Root, leaf, seed
Ichnocarpus fructescans R. Br. Kalidudhi (gopvadhu, siamalata) Apocynaceae Root, whole plant Indigofera oblongifolia Forsk. (I. paucifolia Delile) Jhilla (raktapala, nila) Papilionaceae/Fab-
aceae/Leguminosae Root, whole plant
Indigofera tinctoria Linn. Nil/Indian indigo (common indigo) Papilionaceae/Fab-aceae/Leguminosae
Root
Ipomoea digitata Linn.(I. paniculata R. Br., non Burm.)
Bilaikand Convolulaceae Root (tuber)
Iris ensata Thunb. Irisa (sosun) Iridaceae Root Juniperus communis Linn. Aaraar (abhal, haubera)/ Common
juniper Cupressaceae/ Pinaceae Fruit
Kalanchoe pinnata Pers. (Bryophyllum pinnatum Kurz, B. calycinum Salisb.)
Zakhm-haiyat Crassulaceae Leaf
Lactuca remotiflora DC. Undirachakan Compositae/ Asteraceae Whole plant Lagenaria siceraria (Mol.) Standl. (L. leucantha Rusby, L. vulgaris Seringe)
Kaddu (kadutumbi, tumri)/Bottle gourd (calbash gourd)
Cucurbitaceae Leaf, fruit
Lepidum latifolium Linn. Gonyuch Cruciferae/ Brassicaceae Whole plant Lepidum latifolium Linn. Halim (hurf)/Garden
cress Cruciferae/ Brassicaceae Leaf
Luffa echinata Roxb. Bindal (devadali, koshaphala)
Cucurbitaceae Fruit, whole plant
Lychnis coronaria Desr. Rose campion Caryophyllaceae Root Momordica charantia Linn. Karela (kareli)/Bitter Gourd (carilla Cucurbitaceae Leaf, fruit, seed
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fruit) Momordica dioica Roxb. ex Willd. Kaksa (golkandra) Cucurbitaceae Leaf Moringa oleifera Lam. (M. pterygosperma Gaertn.) Mungna (soanjana, sainjna)/Drumstick
tree Moringaceae Fruit
Myrtus communis Linn. Vilayati mehndi (murad) /Common myrtle
Myrtaceae Leaf
Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn. (Nelumbium nelumbo Druce, N. speciosum Willd.)
Kamal (kanwal)/Sacred lotus (Indian lotus, Chinese water lily)
Nymphaeaceae Flower
Nigella damascena Linn. Love in a mist Ranunculaceae Seed Nigella sativa Linn. Kalonji (kalajira)/Small fennel (black
cumin) Ranunculaceae Seed
Nymphoides indicum Kuntze (Limnanthemum cristatum Griseb.)
Hinambala Gentianaceae Whole plant
Ocimum sanctum Linn. Tulsi (kala tulsi)/ Sacred basil (holy basil)
Labiatae/Lamiaceae Leaf
Orthosiphon spiralis (Lour.) Merrill (O. stamineus Benth., O. aristatus Blume Miq., O. grandiflorus Boldingh)
Java tree (kidney tea plant) Labiatae/Lamiaceae Leaf
Oxystelma secamone (Linn.) Karst. (O. esculentum R. Br.)
Dudhialata Asclepiadaceae Root
Pavetta indica Linn. Kankra (papari, katha-champa)/White pavetta
Rubiaceae Root
Phlogacanthus jenkinsil C.B. Clar. Tita gachh (titaphul) Acanthaceae Leaf Phyllanthus niruri Hook. F., non Linn. (P. fraternus Webster)
Jar-amla (jangli amli, bhumyamalaki) Euphorbiaceae Root
Physalis minima Linn. Tulatipati Solanaceae Leaf, fruit Picrorrhiza kurroa Royal ex Benth. Kutki Scrophulariaceae
Root, rhizome
Piper chaba Hunter, non Blume (P. retrofractum Vahl, P. officinarum DC.)
Chab (chavi)/Java long pepper Piperaceae Fruit
Piper longum Linn. Pipal (pipli, piplamul)/ Indian long pepper
Piperaceae Root, fruit
Plantago major Linn. Lahuriya (isafghol, gul) Plantaginaceae Seed Polycarpaea corymbosa Lam. Machechi (dholphuli) Caryophyllaceae Leaf Polygonum glabrum Willd. Bihagni (sauri arak) Polygonaceae Root Pongamia pinnata (Linn.) Merrill (P. glabra Vent.) Karanj (karanja)/Indian beech (Pongum
oil tree) Papilionaceae/Fab-aceae/Leguminosae
Root, seed
Portulaca oleracea Linn. Khursa (baralaniya)/ Common purslane Portulacaceae Whole plant Prongos pabularia Lindl. Komal Umbelliferae/ Apiaceae Fruit Pterocarpus marsupium Roxb. Bijasal (bija)/Indian kino tree Papilionaceae/Fab-
aceae/Leguminosae Stem bark
Ptrospermum acerifolium Willd. Kanak champa (kaniar, katha champa) Sterculiaceae Leaf Rheum emodi Wall. ex Meissn. Hindirevandchini (dolu)/ Himalayan
rhubarb Polygonaceae Root, rhizome
Ricinus communis Linn. Erandi (arand)/Castor Euphorbiaceae Leaf Rubia cordifolia Linn. sensu Hook. f. Manjit (majith)/Indian madder Rubiaceae Root Rubia tinctorum Linn. Bacho (mantyunth) Rubiaceae Root Saponaria officinalis Linn. Bouncing bet (soapwort) Caryophyllaceae Root, leaf Sarcostemma brevistigma Wight & Arn. (S. acidum Voigt)
Somlata (soma) Asclepiadaceae Stem
Scoparia dulcis Linn. Ghodatulsi (mithipatti)/ Sweet broomweed
Scrophulariaceae Whole plant
Silybum marianum (Linn.) Gaertn. Milk thistle Compositae/ Asteraceae Leaf Solanum dulcamara Linn. Kakmachi (ruba-barik)/ Dulcamara
(bittersweet) Solanaceae Fruit (berry)
Solanum melongena Linn. Baingan (bhanta)/Brinjal (eggplant) Solanaceae Fruit Solanum nigrum Linn. Makoi (kakmachi, vayasi)/Black
nightshade Solanaceae Whole plant
Sphaeranthus indicus Linn. Mundi (gorakh mundi) Compositae/ Asteraceae Leaf, fruit, whole plant
Spondias pinnata (Linn. f.) Kurz (S. mangifera Willd., S. acuminata Roxb., non Gamble)
Amara (amra, jangali am)/ Wild mango (hog-plum)
Anacardiaceae Stem bark, fruit
Sutherlandia frutescens R. Br. (S. microphylla Burchardt ex DC.)
Bladderseena (cancerwort) Papilionaceae/Fab-aceae/Leguminosae
Leaf
Swertia chirayita (R. ex F.) Karst. (S. chirata B.-H. ex C.B. Clarke)
Chirayita (chireta)/ Chiretta Gentianaceae Whole plant
Symplocos racemosa Roxb. Lodh Symplocaceae Stem bark Tanacetum vulgare Linn. (Chrysanthemum vulgare L. Ber.)
Peilmundi Compositae/ Asteraceae Leaf, flower
Taraxacum officinale Weber ex Wiggers Dulal (barau, kanphul)/ Common dandelion
Compositae/ Asteraceae Root, rhizome
Tecomella undulata (Sm.) Seem. (Tecoma undulata G. Don., Bignonia undulata Sm.)
Rugtrora (dadimpushpak)/ Rohida tree
Bignoniaceae Stem bark, whole plant
Tephrosia purpurea (Linn.) Pers., Baker in part Sarphonka (dhamasia)/ Wild indigo Papilionaceae/Fab-aceae/Leguminosae
Aerial part
Terminalia arjuna (Roxb.) Wight & Arn. Arjun (arjuna, kahu, dhaval) Combretaceae Stem bark, fruit
Pandey Govind IRJP 2 (5) 2011 115-121
IRJP 2 (5) May 2011 Page 115-121
Terminalia chebula Retz., C.B. Clarke in part Harra (harir, rohini)/ Chebulic myrobalan
Combretaceae Stem bark, fruit
Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Miers ex Hook. f. & Thoms.
Giloe (amrita, gulancha, gulbel, jiwantika)/ Gulancha tinospora
Menispermaceae Stem bark, fruit
Trachyspermum ammi (L.) Sprag. (T. copticum Link, Carum copti-cum Hiern, Ptychotis ajowan DC.)
Ajowan (ajwain, ugragandha)/ Carum (ajowan)
Umbelliferae/ Apiaceae Fruit, seed
Tragopogon porrifolius Linn. Salsify (purple goatsbread, oyster-plant) Compositae/ Asteraceae Root Trianthema decandra Linn. Gadabani Aizoaceae Root, leaf Trichosanthes cordata Roxb. Bhumikumra (patol) Cucurbitaceae Root Trichosanthes cucumerina Linn. Jangli-chachinda Cucurbitaceae Stem, leaf, whole
plant Tridax procumbens Linn. Coatbuttons (Mexican daisy) Compositae/ Asteraceae Leaf Trigonella foenum-graecum Linn. Methi (muthi)/ Fenugreek Papilionaceae/Fab-
aceae/Leguminosae Leaf, seed
Tylophora indica (Burm. f.) Merr. (T. asthmatica Wight & Arn.)
Antamul (jangli-pikvam)/Indian ipecacuanha
Asclepiadaceae Leaf
Uraria crinita Desv. Dieng-kha-riu Papilionaceae/Fab-aceae/Leguminosae
Whole plant
Urtica dioica Linn. Bichu (bichhu booti)/ Stinging-nettle Urticaceae Whole plant Uvaria narum Blume Pulichan (kariballi) Annonaceae Leaf Viscum album Linn. (V. costatum Gamble) Banda (ban)/Euripean mistletoe Viscaceae Whole plant Vitex negundo Linn. Nirgandi (sambhalu, shivari, nisindia) Verbenaceae Root, leaf, flower Vitex trifolia Linn. Pani-ki-sanbhalu Verbenaceae Leaf Vitis vinifera Linn. Angur (dakh)/Grape Vitaceae
Leaf Wedelia calendulacea Less., non Rich. (W. chinensis Merrill)
Pila-bhangra (bhanra, bhangra) Compositae/ Asteraceae Leaf, whole plant
Withania somnifera Dunal Ashwagandha (asgandh) Solanaceae Root Woodfordia fruticosa Kurz (W. floribunda Salisb.) Dhai (dawi, thawi, santha, dhaula,
dhaura) Lythraceae Flower
Zanthoxylum armatum DC. (Z. alatum Roxb., Z. planispinum Sieb. & Zucc.)
Tejbal (tejphal, darmar, nepali dhaniya, tumru)
Rutaceae Stem bark, fruit, seed
Zingiber officinale Rosc. Adrak (ada)/Ginger Zingiberaceae Rhizome