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Topic

Critically Analyze the Transitional Dynamics in the Agriculture sector. What is Green Revolution? How Agriculture sector can be made an engine of economic growth with special reference to Pakistan?

Importance of Agriculture Sector in PakistanAgricultural sector of Pakistan is a vital sector of Pakistan economy.It employees 41% of the labor force of Pakistan.About 21% of Pakistan's total land area is under cultivation.Large contribution to foreign exchange earning. Agriculture accounted for 20.9 percent of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in 2014-15 and is a source of livelihood of 43.5 percent of rural population.Agriculture sector has traditionally sustained a satisfactory growth to ensure food security for our growing population

Agriculture Growth Percentages Sector 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 P Agriculture 3.5 0.2 2.0 3.6 2.7 2.7 2.9 Crops 5.2 -4.2 1.0 3.2 1.5 3.2 1.0 i) Important Crops 8.4 -3.7 1.5 7.9 0.2 8.0 0.3 ii) Other Crops 0.5 -7.2 2.3 -7.5 5.6 -5.4 1.1 iii) Cotton Ginning 1.3 7.3 -8.5 13.8 -2.9 -1.3 7.4 Livestock 2.2 3.8 3.4 4.0 3.5 2.8 4.1 Forestry 2.6 -0.1 4.8 1.8 6.6 -6.7 3.2 Fishing 2.6 1.4 -15.2 3.8 0.7 1.0 5.8 Source: Pakistan Bureau of Statistics

Table 1;

important crops Important crops, such as wheat, rice, sugarcane maize and cotton account for 25.6 percent of the value added in overall agriculture and 5.3 percent of GDP.

Cotton; Area, Production and Yield of cotton Year Area Production Yield (000 Hectare) % Change (000 bales) % Change (Kgs/Hec) % Change 2010-11 2,689 - 11,460 - 725 - 2011-12 2,835 5.4 13,595 18.6 815 12.4 2012-13 2,879 1.6 13,031 -4.1 769 -5.6 2013-14 2,806 -2.5 12,769 -2.0 773 0.5 2014-15(P) 2,961 5.5 13,983 9.5 802 3.8

sugarcaneSugarcane is an important cash crop of Pakistan. It is mainly cultivated for sugar and sugar-related production along with an input for paper and board industry. Sugarcane accounts for 3.1 percent in agriculture value addition and 0.6 percent in GDP.

rice

Rice is the second largest staple food crop and is also an exportable item. It accounts for 3.2 percent in the value added in agriculture and 0.7 percent of GDP

Wheat:

Wheat is the leading food grain of Pakistan occupying the largest area under single crop. Wheat contributes 10.0 percent to the value added in agriculture and 2.1 percent to GDP.

maizeMaize grain is an important food grain and produces an array of products as raw material for multi products and value additions.It contributes 2.1 percent to the value added in agriculture and 0.4 percent to GDP

Farm Inputs

I) Fertilizers Fertilizer is the most important and expensive agriculture input. Contribution of balanced use of fertilizers towards increased yield is from 30 to 50 percent in different crop production regions of the country.ii) Improved Seed Seed is a key input in crop production on which efficiency of other inputs largely depends. Improving availability of certified seed provides sound base for sustainable agricultural production and national food securityiii) Mechanization During July-March 2014-15 a total number of 31,963 tractors were locally manufactured compared to the production of 25,186 during same period last year showing an increase of 26.9 percent.

Species 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15Cattle 38.3 39.7 41.2 Buffalo 33.7 34.6 35.6 Sheep 28.8 29.1 29.4 Goat 64.9 66.6 68.4 Camels 1.0 1.0 1.0 Horses 0.4 0.4 0.4 Asses 4.9 4.9 5.0 Mules 0.2 0.2 0.2

Livestock ;Livestock is an important sector of agriculture

Poultry ;

Poultry sector is one of the organized and vibrant segments of agriculture industry of Pakistan. This sector generates employment (direct/indirect) and income for about 1.5 million people. Poultry meat contributes 28.0 percent of the total meat production in the country. The current investment in Poultry Industry is more than Rs. 200.00 billion. Poultry sector has shown a robust growth 8-10 percent annually which reflects its inherent potential. This sector has contributed 1.3 percent in GDP during 2014-15 while its contribution in agriculture and livestock value added stood at 6.3 percent and 11.2 percent, respectively.

Fisheries

Fishery plays an important role in Pakistans economy and is considered to be a source of livelihood for the coastal inhabitants. A part from marine fisheries, inland fisheries (based in rivers, lakes, ponds, dams etc.) is also very important activity throughout the country. Fisheries share in GDP although very little but it adds substantially to the national income through export earnings.Conclusion

The government is making all efforts to make Agriculture Sector more vibrant and in this sector have initiated a number of initiatives and also focusing on Agro-base industries and strengthening linkages with the agricultural research and development to play a role in transfer of technology and knowledge to the farming community.

What is Green Revolution?Green Revolution refers to a large increase in crop production by using modern agricultural techniques.

Background of Green Revolution

The beginning of the Green Revolution are often attributed to Norman Borlaug an American scientist.In 1940s he began conducted research in Mexico and developed new disease resistance high yield verities of wheat. Due to success of the Green Revolution in Mexico Green Revolution spread World wide in 1950s and 1960s.

Causes and need of Green RevolutionPopulation GrowthIn 1940- 2,300,000,000In 1960- 3,023,358,000 with rate of 1.8

Source:United Nations Secretariat, Department of Economic and Social Affairs,The World At Six Billion(1999), p. 8.World population reached:YearTime to add 1 billion1 billion18042 billion1927123 years3 billion196033 years4 billion197414 years5 billion198713 years6 billion199912 years

Population GrowthPopulation was increasing exponentially while food production arithmetically Thomas MalthusDue to population increase per capita income and per capita food availability reduce.Thus to feed extra mouths there was a need to introduce technical progress in agriculture.

2. Frequent occurrence of Famines

The Bengal Famines (1943)The Worlds worst recorded food disaster. Four million people died of hunger that year alone in eastern India.Dutch Famines (1944): 22,000 diedVietnamese Famine (1945):2 million died (estimated)Soviet Famines (1947):1-1.5 million died (estimated)Great Chinese Famine (1959-61): 15-43 Million died(ESTIMATED)

Condition of people during Famine.

Green Revolution in Pakistan

1.Instalation of TubewellsBetween 1960-65 about 25,000 tub wells were installed.Farm area serviced by tubewells doubled. Number of tubewells increased from 34,000 to 79000 between 1964 to 1970.

Green Revolution in Pakistan

2. High Yielding Varity (HYV) SeedsTwo HYV seeds, one for wheat and other for rice was developed.More than half of the irrigated area of the country (6- million acres) was cultivated with the improved seeds.Output increased between 1960 and 1970Wheat production increased by 91 percentRice production increased by 141 percent

3. Green Revolution in Pakistan3.Use of FertilizerFertilizer consumption increased by 150 percent between 1965 and 1970.

4.Greater use of pesticides

4. Tractoriazation

IN 1959 there were 2,000 tractors in the country.Which increased by over 8,000 percent to 18,909 in 1968.

Benefits of Green Revolution

High yield varieties were introduced which gave more production.Progress in fertilizer manufacturing was observed.Better quality pesticides increased acreage of land.Manufacturing and installation of tube wells and machinery which increase production.Pakistan Government policies to provide subsidies and credit to the producers.Incentive prices were offered to the farmers through the price support program.

Criticisms of the Green Revolution

Problems of tubewells91 percent of the 76000 tubewells were in Punjab in 1968. In NWFP and Balochistan due to hard stony mountains and in Sindh ground water in saline, and thus very few tubewells were sunk.

Criticisms of the Green RevolutionGreen Revolution hasnt alleviated hunger Economic power, land controlled by fewTechnology benefits wealthyMost of the tractors were owned by those with more than 100 acres of land.Therefore Green Revolution increases inequityMore hunger and more food at same time

Criticisms of the Green RevolutionEarly, poor had little access to creditSo, they could not buy seeds, fertilizer, pesticide and modern equipmentsWealthy invested, got richer, drove out poor

Problems in Agriculture sector in Pakistan

Importance of agriculture GDP 20.9%.43.5% population depend on agriculture.But a lot of problems are there.

Limited cultivated areaTotal area of Pakistan 79.6 million acre 23.5% under use About 8-9 million area is un cultivated

LOW YEILD Low per acre yield in major cropsLike wheat, rice and cottonOther countries get more because of skillful labor and use of technology

Lack of facilitiesRural infrastructure is not good Lack of educationImproper storage Far away markets

Uneconomic land holding Increase in populationDivision of land by law of inheritanceFurther sub-divisionsMany numbers of farmers have less than 2 hectare land

Old methods of farming Traditional methodsOld implements Low yield But now, modern methods are taking place Traditional methods cannot compete with modern one

Small numbers of research centers In agricultural sector poor research Limited research centers Pakistan agriculture research councilNational agriculture research council(NARC)Ayub agriculture research instituteNo funds for research centers

Farmers poor conditionsFinancial crises of farmersNo money available for investmentBank debtsDo not get much prize from crops Far away from markets

Crop intensity Crop intensity is lower The number of crops grown on piece of land is known as crop intensity Low crop intensity than developed countries

Land tenure system land tenure system:Common law system in which land is owned by an individual Land lords buy fertile piece of land Poor farmers get nothing with hard workLow yield on defective land part

Waterlogging and salinity It causes when water-table is above 1.5 meter Salts on surfaceStagnant waterLow plant growth0.1 million acre land is affected

Poor irrigation system

No proper canals, dams and barragesDrought may happenWater storage because of more rainfallSteeling of water from canals No proper division of water

Low quality chemicals Low quality fertilizers Poor quality pesticides and other chemicalsLess availability of fertilizers to small farmers

Unavailability of funds Government is very poorHave not money to spend on agricultureFarmers are not financially strongImproper loan system

Unavailability of seeds Lack of seed industries Lack of seed production Improper seed quality Large money is required to spend on that industry

Other problemsVarious plant diseases Natural calamitiesScarcity of (HYV) SeedsUnderutilization of land

Topic;

How the agriculture sector can be made an engine of economic growth.Measures to improve the agriculture sector.

Proper use of pesticides and fertilizersProper use of best quality pesticides and fertilizers increase productivity.

Agro-based industries like poultry ,fisheries, dairy and live stock should be established. these industries indirectly lead to improve the agriculture sector.

Agricultural research Agricultural research is compulsory to remove the backwardness of agriculture sector.Major agricultural colleges and universities are only about 16 in PakistanGovernment should increase research work in the field of agriculture.

Provision of HYVsHigh yielding variety seed is not available at suitable price in Pakistan ,so farmers have to depend upon low quality of seeds that causes 20% reduction in total production.Government should provide HYVs at minimum price in this case.

ProductivitiesSome times our farmers receive low prices of their crops.There is no proper effective price policy of government.Government should set reasonable prices of agricultural productions to develop the living standard of farmers.

MECHANIZATION

Latest machinery should be provided to farmers.Sowing , cultivation ,and harvesting of crops through agricultural machinery increase the productive quality and quantity.Farm mechanization is necessary to remove the problem of agriculture sector.

Tax concessionGovernment should give tax concession on imports of agricultural technologies to enhance the process of farm mechanization.

Constructions of damesSometimes ,due to heavy unwanted rains and floods agricultural productivity destroys.To tackle this problem,it is necessary to construct dames and bands on rivers.

Conclusion Being an agrarian country, agriculture sector of Pakistan's economy is still backward.Use of modern techniques, provision of credit facilities, basic infrastructure and agricultural research facilities are needed to remove all the problems of agriculture sector.